MarketDecember 2022 North American blizzard
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December 2022 North American blizzard

From December 21 to 26, 2022, an extratropical cyclone, referred to unofficially as Winter Storm Elliott by the Weather Channel and numerous media outlets, and sometimes dubbed The Blizzard of the Century and the 2022 Buffalo blizzard in New York State, created crippling winter storm conditions, including blizzards, high winds, snowfall, and record cold temperatures across the majority of the United States and parts of Canada. Impacted areas included parts of Minnesota, Iowa, Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, Pennsylvania, New York, and Ontario, with Buffalo, New York and the Fort Erie and the Kingston area of Ontario experiencing two full days of hazardous conditions and zero visibility. The cold wave affected all U.S. states from Colorado to the Eastern Seaboard, with effects felt as far south as Miami, Florida. On December 24, 110 million people across 36 states were subject to wind chill alerts.

Meteorological history
The storm began to form on December 21, 2022, strengthening over the Northern Plains. It intensified over the next day, with The Weather Channel predicting that it would turn into a bomb cyclone. Blizzard conditions (visibility less than due to snow and wind gusts greater than ) were met in the rural areas of southern Minnesota, northern Iowa and southwestern Wisconsin. Duluth and Grand Marais Harbor, Minnesota, experienced wind gusts of and , respectively, on December 23, causing damage to some buildings. Snowfalls on the northern Plains included up to in Minnesota, up to in Iowa, up to in Missouri and up to in Wisconsin. This blizzard, combined with the blizzard from the previous week, contributed to the wettest December on record in North Dakota. As the storm swept from Indiana into Ontario between the afternoons of December 23 and 24, the storm's pressure plummeted —well over the threshold of for a bomb cyclone—creating a massive wind field with bitterly frigid air. Grand Rapids, Michigan, had blizzard conditions/zero visibility from 10 a.m. to 10 p.m. on December 23, reduced visibility of or less until 5 p.m. on December 24, and received of snow between December 22 and 26. Baraga, in northwestern Michigan, received the most snowfall from the blizzard in the state, with of lake-effect snow. Cleveland received a total of of snow that day, while other parts of Ohio received up to and Kentucky received up to . The blizzard's intense wind gusts blowing over the warm waters of Lake Erie triggered record lake-effect snow to Buffalo, New York, which at first fell as of rain but later converted to snow and accumulated to over five days in Snyder adjacent to Buffalo, ending on December 27. At Buffalo Niagara International Airport, snowfall reached a total of . To the north, Niagara Falls received of snowfall over the period. Buffalo's 37.5 consecutive hours of blizzard conditions was the longest blizzard in the city's history. Buffalo's first blizzard since January 6, 2014 (as defined by the National Weather Service) forced snow into massive drifts, shuttering the city and leaving hundreds stranded. Winds in Buffalo gusted over and at times exceeded . The blizzard also deposited high lake-effect snowfall amounts on northern New York; Henderson Harbor, near Watertown, recorded with the Watertown area experiencing blizzard conditions for parts of December 23, 24 and 25. Other parts of New York generally received between zero and of snowfall with New York City and other coastal areas of the northeast receiving only a dusting. The storm's winds created a seiche on Lake Erie, resulting in record-low water levels in the lake's western basin. In the northeastern U.S., snowfall totals were as much as in Pennsylvania, in Maryland, in Massachusetts, in Vermont and in New Hampshire. Shortly after, a severe thunderstorm warning was put in place for New York City and for Long Island. The cold air left in the wake of the storm brought ocean-effect snow to Cape Cod. In Ontario, among airport weather stations reporting wind speeds and visibility (Sarnia, London, Kitchener, Toronto, Hamilton, St. Catharines, Wiarton, Peterborough, Kingston, Ottawa), Kingston had blizzard conditions (visibility reduced to or less due to blowing snow) from 2 p.m. on December 23 until 7 p.m. on December 24 along with a peak wind gust of . Nearby Prince Edward County had some snow drifts as high as traffic signs and some even as high as telephone poles and also experienced blizzard and zero visibility conditions for much of December 23 and 24. Wiarton had blizzard conditions from noon until 9 p.m. on December 23, and Chatham had visibility of from 8 a.m. until 7 p.m. on December 23, with peak wind gusts of . In addition, St. Catharines had seven hours of visibility of or less on December 23, with peak wind gusts of 96 km/h on both that day and December 24, and Hamilton had six hours of or less visibility, including one hour of zero-meter visibility, on December 23. The southern half of the Niagara Region, including Fort Erie, had blizzard conditions for most of December 23 and 24, leading the Niagara Region to declare a state of emergency. An average of of snow fell in Fort Erie with drifts as high as while peak wind gusts of 125 km/h were recorded in nearby Port Colborne. In Quebec, Montreal experienced four hours of visibility and winds exceeding overnight from December 23 to 24, while Quebec City experienced the same for four hours early the morning of December 24. A gust of was recorded in Quebec City, while Baie-Comeau experienced a gust measured at ; both are new all-time December records. Baie-Comeau experienced three hours of blizzard conditions on December 25. == Preparations ==
Preparations
On December 21, Georgia governor Brian Kemp declared a state of emergency and warned the public. On December 22, 2022, President Joe Biden asked Americans to "please take this storm extremely seriously". Additionally, South Dakota governor Kristi Noem declared a winter storm emergency for the state and activated the National Guard. States of emergency were also declared in Colorado, Connecticut, Kansas, Kentucky, Maryland, Missouri, North Carolina, New York, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Wisconsin. Ahead of the winter storm, many people decided to cancel Christmas celebrations. Environment Canada issued a blizzard warning for a large swath of southwestern and midwestern Ontario (notably not including the Greater Toronto Area), as well as southern Niagara Region, areas east of Georgian Bay and the eastern end of Lake Ontario, including Kingston and Prince Edward County, while winter storm warnings were issued for the remainder of Southern Ontario. On December 24, the City of Buffalo issued a post on social media, which some viewed as "the scariest tweet I've ever seen" as they announced that the city currently had "no emergency services available" for Buffalo and a number of other towns. ==Impact==
Impact
Deaths Storm-related deaths reached above 100 and occurred from diverse causes, including cold exposure outside or inside homes without heat or inside marooned cars, traffic accidents, falling trees or branches, electrocutions, carbon monoxide poisonings and a house fire caused by unsafe heating methods. Missouri had three deaths from vehicular collisions In Pennsylvania, a person died when trees and hydro poles fell onto their car. Four people died in other vehicular collisions, On December 28, the National Guard went door to door in parts of Buffalo to check on people who had been without electricity due to the blizzard. The 2022 storm was even deadlier than the Blizzard of 1977 for the region. Two other people died within New York, including one from carbon monoxide poisoning in Lockport in eastern Niagara County. By December 22, Flight-aware reported that more than 10,000 flights had been delayed or canceled. By December 28, FlightAware.com reported that greater than 18,200 flights for between December 22 and 28 had to be canceled. Chicago's two airports canceled more than 820 flights by December 23 at 5 p.m. due to the poor weather. In Canada, WestJet cancelled all flights (140) in Ontario and Quebec for December 23. Air Canada canceled hundreds of flights across Canada on December 23 and 24. Two-thirds of arrivals and one-third of departures for Toronto Pearson International Airport were canceled on December 23. WestJet canceled 126 flights in British Columbia. On December 25, 2022, Southwest Airlines canceled 48% of its scheduled flights. The following day, December 26, Southwest canceled another 2,886 flights, which represented approximately 70% of its scheduled flights for that day. The United States Department of Transportation called the cancellations "unacceptable" and said it would "closely examine" Southwest's actions. On December 28, it was announced Southwest Airlines had canceled more flights for an extended period as a result of damage to operational systems which occurred from the storm. Road closures and crashes Road closures were prevalent during the storm. In North Dakota, portions of I-94, U.S. 281, U.S. 52 and ND 46 were closed due to icy and near zero-visibility conditions. More than 100 vehicles were left struck in intense snow on I-90 between Rapid City and Wall in South Dakota prompting authorities to move in to rescue all of the motorists by transporting them to shelter. In Minnesota, all of Interstate 90 west of Albert Lea closed. Portions of I-435 closed in Kansas City, Missouri, as well. I-94 had multiple major crashes in western Michigan. In Gallatin County, Kentucky, I-71 was closed multiple times due to multiple crashes and icy conditions with some drivers stranded in traffic for up 34 hours. On I-69 near Fort Wayne, Indiana, a 12-vehicle pile-up, including a snow plow, blocked the highway on December 23, while smaller collisions also blocked I-94 and I-65 in Indiana. A 50-vehicle pileup, including at least 15 commercial vehicles such as semi-trailer trucks, occurred Friday afternoon on the eastbound Ohio Turnpike in Sandusky County, Ohio. Both directions of the turnpike were closed for the stretch between SR 53 and SR 4 until mid-afternoon Saturday while crews cleared the road. All major highways in western New York were closed for four to five days due to the blizzard. The morning of December 23, the city of Niagara Falls, New York, issued a travel ban with exceptions for essential travel. Erie County, New York, which includes the city of Buffalo, followed suit shortly afterwards. As of the morning of December 27, the travel ban remained in effect only for Buffalo. On December 27, state and military police were sent to Buffalo to enforce the driving ban to enable snow-clearing efforts to progress. The Erie County Sheriff indicated that over 420 EMS calls had gone unanswered because emergency vehicles were unable to travel through the deep snow. Buffalo announced a two-day effort for December 27 and 28 to clear at least one lane on every street in the city to accommodate emergency vehicles. Hundreds of vehicles, including tractor-trailer rigs and buses, were snowed in and abandoned all over the city; over 500 people were rescued from snowed-in cars, some having been trapped for up to two days. After more than five-and-a-half days in effect, the City of Buffalo lifted its driving ban at 12:01 a.m. December 29 on the basis that streets had been adequately cleared. In northern New York, Jefferson County, which includes Watertown, had a driving ban in effect from December 23 until December 25. In New York City, part of the Henry Hudson Parkway closed in the Bronx. The Verrazzano–Narrows Bridge was also closed down, and in southern Long Island, parts of the Meadowbrook State Parkway and Wantagh State Parkway were shut down. In southwestern Ontario, Highway 401 was closed December 23 between London and Tilbury, west of Chatham, due to about 100 vehicles, including numerous tractor trailers, being involved in multiple collisions, while Highway 402 was closed between London and Sarnia because of a 50-vehicle pileup and deteriorating conditions. Early in the afternoon, the Ontario Provincial Police (O.P.P.) announced that all highways and roads in Perth and Huron counties were closed due to blizzard conditions While Highway 401 was reopened in the early evening of December 24, Highway 402 and all roads in Perth, Huron, Bruce, Grey, and Dufferin counties remained closed the evening of December 24. All bridges between the Niagara Region of Canada and the Niagara Falls/Buffalo area of New York State were closed at 4:30 p.m. on December 23 due to county-wide travel bans in western New York. The QEW in southern Niagara Region was closed from December 23 to 25 due to heavy snowfall and blizzard conditions. Highway 417 between Ottawa and the Ontario-Quebec border was closed from 11 a.m. December 24 until 9 a.m. December 25 while Highway 401 between Quinte West and the Ontario-Quebec border was closed from the morning of December 24 until 10 a.m. December 25. In central Ontario, Highway 11 was closed from Orillia to Huntsville beginning on December 24. On Christmas Eve in British Columbia, icy road conditions resulted in a bus rolling over and crashing on Highway 97C between Kelowna and Merritt due to icy roads following another storm, killing four people and injuring 36. Intra-city transit disruptions In the Chicago area, the extreme cold and storm conditions caused transit disruptions, including service suspension on the South Shore for the afternoon on December 23 and on December 24, with both the CTA and Metra reporting issues with freezing track switches and mechanical failures. In the Buffalo-Niagara area, all transit service was suspended from the morning of December 23 until the morning of December 27, at which time reduced Metro Rail Service—trains departing every 30 minutes—was restarted; bus service was resumed on some routes the morning of December 28. In the New York Metropolitan Area, trains experienced delays due to flooding. The Long Beach Branch of the Long Island Rail Road was shut down in both directions between Penn Station and Long Beach due to flash flooding, and the Metro North Hudson line was temporarily suspended between Poughkeepsie and Peekskill because of flooding as well. The New Jersey Transit experienced up to 30-minute delays. The Staten Island Ferry was suspended for around an hour. All buses in Queens were delayed, with the Q53-SBS being totally suspended. In Ontario, GO Transit (servicing the Greater Golden Horseshoe around Toronto) implemented its snow plan on December 23, which reduced peak train service and suspended express trains, and canceled some buses in the Niagara Region, where winds of 100 km/h were anticipated. The Toronto Transit Commission suspended service at 41 bus stops at hilly locations and suspended service on Line 3 Scarborough of the Toronto subway for December 23. In the Seattle area, a separate storm resulted in all buses operated by King County Metro and Sound Transit being canceled due to icy road conditions. The Seattle Center Monorail was also suspended. BC Transit suspended all bus service to Victoria for the day. Inter-city train delays and cancellations Numerous Amtrak trains were delayed, ran on modified schedules, or were canceled entirely between December 22 and 24, due to the storm. Canada's VIA Rail experienced weather-related issues with nine trains in the Quebec City–Windsor Corridor being delayed on December 23 and 24 due to trees and branches falling on the tracks or on the trains themselves; passengers on some trains were stranded near Cobourg for more than 18 hours. In the afternoon of December 24, a freight train derailed forcing VIA to cancel all trains between Toronto and Ottawa or Montreal for that day, December 25 and 26. Energy emergencies The Federal Motor Carrier Safety Administration declared an emergency covering 44 U.S. states and Washington, D.C., on December 22, suspending statutory driving time limits and other regulatory restrictions. Colorado, Iowa, North Carolina, South Dakota, and Wisconsin all made similar declarations on a state level. Power outages On December 23, PowerOutage.us reported that nearly 1.5 million customers were without power. Of those power outages, Maine recorded over 250,000 customers without power, North Carolina over 180,000, and more than 100,000 in Virginia, Tennessee, and New York each. High load caused the Tennessee Valley Authority in the southeastern U.S. to announce several hours of rolling blackouts throughout much of their service area. Duke Energy followed suit because of cold temperatures on December 24. The Buffalo-Niagara Falls area had 108,000 customers without power at different times during the storm. In total, over the course of the storm, 6.3 million households across the U.S. were without power at some point. In Ontario, 430,000 households were without power at different points in time during the storm. The Sabres' road game against the Columbus Blue Jackets on December 27 was also postponed as the Buffalo area's travel ban remained in effect and the Buffalo airport remained closed. The National Football League postponed kickoff for a game between the Tennessee Titans and Houston Texans for an hour because of the rolling blackouts in the area. Corporate and institutional closures Food processor Tyson Foods suspended operations at some of its plants as a result of the storm. Many delivery services, including Amazon, FedEx, UPS, and USPS, had major delays at hubs or closures of processing sites due to weather conditions. In Southern Ontario, most school boards, including those as far east as Ottawa, closed schools for December 23. In Vaughan, Ontario, Canada's Wonderland closed WinterFest on December 23 due to the storm. Many national parks in the United States closed due to the winter storm. These included, but are not limited to, the Knife River Indian Villages National Historic Site in North Dakota, Badlands National Park in South Dakota, Appomattox Court House National Historical Park in Virginia, and Carl Sandburg Home National Historic Site in North Carolina. However, Big Bend National Park remained open, despite wind chills predicted to sink as low as . In Pigeon Forge, Tennessee, Dollywood was closed on December 23, 24 and 25 due to the wind chill being below zero. The park opened on December 26 at 1:00 p.m., two hours later than the scheduled opening time, but closed three hours early at 6:00 p.m. due to snow and ice. The park was closed again on December 27. Animals In Houston, Texas, about 1,600 roosting bats lost their grip due to hypothermia and fell to the ground. They were saved by animal activists who administered fluids and kept them warm in incubators. Once recovered, the bats were released back to their habitats—two Houston-area bridges. == Post-storm cold wave ==
Post-storm cold wave
After the storm struck, a widespread cold wave moved through the United States from bitterly cold air that entered the United States from Siberia, sending states into a deep freeze with temperatures and wind chills reaching well below zero, from the West to the East coast. Rocky Mountain region Denver saw of snow, as temperatures fell to , the coldest temperature in the city since exactly 32 years earlier in 1990, and just one degree shy of tying the monthly record low. Parts of the state saw over a foot () of snow. Denver saw their largest hourly temperature drop on December 21 from 4–5 p.m., as temperatures fell from to , and the total drop from to became the second-largest two-day temperature swing in Denver. With a high of just , the mean temperature in Denver of was their second-coldest mean temperature on record. The cold wave was responsible for six deaths across the state. In Casper, the low of set an all-time record for the lowest temperature ever in Casper. In Elk Park, Montana, the wind chill reached as low as . The low of was likely as low as the sensor could detect. In Alberta, the city of Calgary set a daily record for December 20 at , with parts of the province reaching . Central United States Overnight in Kansas City, temperatures dropped from to in just six hours. Austin, Texas experienced their second-ever wind chill warning, with the first occurring in February 2021. In Nashville, the low of on December 23 was the coldest low temperature in the city since 1996, although no daily record was set. However, Tulsa, Oklahoma, set a daily record low that morning of . Chicago recorded 29 hours below , and their coldest December day since 1983. Youngstown, Ohio, also set a record low that morning of . Cincinnati, Ohio, experienced the largest twelve-hour temperature drop on record of as well as the coldest wind chill since the January 1994 North American cold wave, reaching with an air temperature of the morning of December 23, 2022. In Gas City, Indiana, wind chills reached as low as . Jackson, Mississippi, which had already experienced a water crisis in August 2022, had pipes break and water pressure problems, causing mayor Chokwe Antar Lumumba to declare a state of emergency in addition to a boil-water advisory the city had already issued. Schools had to switch to remote learning as the boil-water notice still had not been lifted as of January 4 and some areas still had little or no water pressure. Eastern United States On December 23, Athens, Georgia, saw its coldest temperature since 1989 and set a daily low-temperature record of after the cold front moved through. That day, the Blue Ridge Parkway closed due to ice on the roads and wind chills as low as on Grandfather Mountain in North Carolina. On December 24, new daily record-low temperatures were established in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, and Charleston, South Carolina, at and , respectively. Most of the New York Metropolitan Area observed record cold highs on December 24, though Central Park's high of did not break the record. The extreme temperature drop, combined with flooding in the morning of December 23, caused several cars to be stuck in frozen floodwaters in Edgewater, New Jersey. Frozen floodwaters also resulted in Orient Beach State Park being ordered to close. Several cities in the East Coast saw record cold highs on Christmas Eve, however. Washington, D.C., set a record for the coldest high temperature on Christmas Eve at , Philadelphia set a record cold high at , Baltimore tied its record cold high of , and Mount Pocono, Pennsylvania, smashed their record cold high for the date reaching . A wind chill advisory was issued for Philadelphia as wind chills were forecast to reach as low as . The extreme cold in Philadelphia followed their largest daily temperature drop on record, as temperatures fell from to on December 23. In Baltimore, the Baltimore Ravens experienced their coldest kickoff temperature on record, at , with a wind chill of only . The Carolina Panthers in Charlotte also had their coldest-ever home game with a kickoff temperature of . In Asheville, North Carolina, water outages that lasted as much as a week resulted when basins at an intake location froze, and leaks developed elsewhere in the system. Within the city of Richmond, Virginia, low temperatures hovered around with the highs briefly reaching , tying a daily record. Heavy winds in the area reached , leading to over 80,000 residents without electricity. Wind chills reached in Richmond. The bitter cold resulted in $3.5 million in damage across West Virginia. Lingering cold air left over Atlanta combined with a clipper resulted in of snow on December 26, tying a daily record. Further south in Florida, Tampa froze on consecutive nights for the first time since 2010. Some parts of Central Florida even recorded sleet and snow flurries on Christmas. This caused some of the tallest rides at Universal Studios Orlando to close. 2022 became the coldest for high temperatures in Miami at , Fort Lauderdale at , Naples at and tied the record at Palm Beach at . In Fort Lauderdale, the high tied for the second-coldest high on record. The high in Marathon was also a record-cold . Saint Petersburg also set a record cold high on Christmas, at . == See also ==
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