Oceania Australia Australia has nine dental schools: •
University of Sydney, NSW •
Charles Sturt University, NSW* •
Griffith University, QLD* •
University of Queensland, QLD •
James Cook University, QLD* •
University of Adelaide, SA •
La Trobe University, VIC* •
University of Melbourne, VIC •
University of Western Australia, WA (*) indicates new university dental programs that have opened up to aim at increasing the number of rural dental students entering and to return to rural practice. Traditional
"sandstone" universities have been Sydney, Melbourne, Queensland, Adelaide and Western Australia. Sydney (as of 2001), Melbourne (as of 2010) and Western Australia (as of 2013) have switched to 4-year graduate program that require a previous bachelor's degree for admission. Postgraduate training is available in all dental specialties. Degrees awarded used to be Master of Dental Surgery/Science (MDS/MDSc), but lately have changed to Doctorate in Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent).
New Zealand New Zealand has only one dental school: •
Faculty of Dentistry,
University of Otago,
Dunedin The Faculty of Dentistry awards Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) and Master of Community Dentistry (MComDent) for public health & community dentistry, and Doctorate in Clinical Dentistry (DClinDent) for the other dental specialties. The body responsible for registering dental practitioners is the Dental Council of New Zealand (DCNZ).
Trans Tasman mutual recognition Both Australia and New Zealand recognize the educational and professional qualifications and grant professional licenses via reciprocity identical to the United States and Canada.
General Dental Council of the UK The United Kingdom
General Dental Council had been recognizing the Australian and New Zealand dental qualification as registrable degree until 2000. Graduates who have applied for dental license registration in the United Kingdom now have to sit the Overseas Registration Exam (ORE), a three-part examination.
Canadian registration Australia and Canada have a reciprocal accreditation agreement, which allows graduates of Canadian or Australian dental schools to register in either country. However, this only applies to the graduates of 2011 class and does not apply to the previous years' graduates.
Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (RACDS) is a postgraduate body that focuses on postgraduate training of general practitioners and specialist dentists. Additional postgraduate qualifications can be obtained through the college after the candidate has completed the Primary Examination (basic science examination in anatomy, histology, physiology, biochemistry, pathology and microbiology) and the Final Examination (clinical subjects in dentistry). After the successful completion of the examinations and meeting the college requirements, the candidate is awarded the title of Fellow of Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons (FRACDS). For the dental specialists, the exam pathway is similar (Primary Examinations) and then clinical/oral examinations just prior to completing the specialist training leads to the award of the title Member of Royal Australasian College of Dental Surgeons in Special Field Stream (MRACDS (SFS)). For the busy GP dentists, MRACDS in general stream is also available.
Bangladesh The graduation in Dentistry is named here as Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) also have diploma in Dentistry. At present there are three universities that have medical faculty that offer dental degrees: The University of Dhaka, the University of Chittagong, the University of Rajshahi, and diplomas also by the state medical faculty. These public universities have dental colleges and hospitals that may be publicly or privately funded, that offer education for the degree. At present, postgraduate degrees in specialized dentistry exist in main four clinical specialities: • Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery • Conservative Dentistry and Endodontics • Prosthodontics
Canada There are ten approved dental schools in Canada: •
University of Toronto (1868) [D.D.S.] •
McGill University (1905) [D.M.D.] •
Université de Montréal (1905) [D.M.D.] •
Dalhousie University (1908) [D.D.S.] •
University of Alberta (1923) [D.D.S.] •
University of Manitoba (1958) [D.M.D.] •
University of British Columbia (1964) [D.M.D.] •
University of Western Ontario (1966) [D.D.S.] •
University of Saskatchewan (1968) [D.M.D.] •
Université Laval (1971) [D.M.D.] Several universities in Canada offer the DDS degree, including the
University of Toronto, the
University of Western Ontario, the
University of Alberta, and
Dalhousie University, while the remaining Canadian dental schools offer the Doctor of Dental Medicine degree to their graduates. Additional qualifications can be obtained through the
Royal College of Dentists of Canada (RCDC), which administers examinations for qualified dental specialists as part of the
dentistry profession in
Canada. The current examinations are known as the
National Dental Specialty Examination (NDSE). Successful completion may lead to
Fellowship in the college (FRCD(C)) and may be used for provincial registration purposes. Canada has a reciprocal accreditation agreement with Australia, Ireland, and the United States, which recognize the dental training of graduates of Canadian dental schools. Obtaining licensure to work in any of the three other countries often requires additional steps, such as successfully completing national board examinations and fulfilling requirements of local governing bodies.
China China has many universities teaching dental degrees both at undergraduate and postgraduate level. Chinese universities have adapted the programmes of American and European degrees. The undergraduate degree is Bachelor of Medicine with a major in stomatology or dental surgery, and the postgraduate degree is Master of Medicine in stomatology (). Recently, China has a new name for its master's degree as Master of Stomatological Medicine (MSM). The MSM has been offered by top class Chinese universities. This program includes a comprehensive syllabus to produce graduates with extensive knowledge in respective specialties, skills in clinical practice, and research potential. The other branches of dentistry remain the same as American universities.
Finland In Finland, education in dentistry is through a 5.5-year Licenciate of Dental Medicine (DMD or DDS) course, which is offered after high school graduation. Application is by a national combined dental and medical school entry examination. As of 2011, dentistry is provided by Faculties of Medicine in four universities: •
University of Helsinki •
University of Turku •
University of Oulu •
University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus The first phase of training begins with a unified two-year preclinical training for dentists and physicians. Problem-based learning (PBL) is employed depending on university. The third year-autumn consists of clinico, theoretical phase in pathology, genetics, radiology and public health, and is partially combined with physicians' second phase. Third-phase clinical training lasts for the remaining three years and includes periods of being on call at University Central Hospital Trauma Centre, Clinic of Oral and Maxillofacial Diseases, and the Children's clinic. Candidates who successfully complete the fourth year of training qualify for a paid summer rotation in a
Community health center of their choice. Annual intake of dentists into Faculties of Medicine is a national total 160 students.
Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) research is strongly encouraged alongside postgraduate training, which is available in all four universities and lasts an additional 3–6 years. Starting in 2014, the University of Helsinki introduced a new doctoral training system. In this new system, all doctoral candidates belong to a doctoral programme within a doctoral school. FINDOS Helsinki – Doctoral Programme in Oral Sciences – is a programme in the Doctoral School in Health Sciences. The 11 postgraduate programs are: • Clinical dentistry: • Periodontology • Pedodontology and Preventive Dentistry • Cariology and Endodontology • Prosthodontology and Stomatognathic Physiology • Diagnostic dentistry: • Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology • Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology • Oral and Maxillofacial Medicine • Oral Clinical Microbiology (starts in 2014) • Other: • Orthodontics • Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery • Oral Public Health
India In India, training in dentistry is through a five-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery (BDS) course, which includes four years of study followed by one year of internship. As of 2019, 310 colleges (40 run by the government and 292 in the private sector) were offering dental education. This amounts to an annual intake of 33,500 graduates. The three-year, full-time postgraduate Master of Dental Surgery (MDS) is the highest degree in dentistry awarded in India, and its holders are bestowed as consultants in one of these specialties: • Prosthodontics (fixed, removable, maxillofacial, and implant prosthodontics) • Periodontics • Oral and maxillofacial surgery • Conservative dentistry and endodontics • Orthodontics and dentofacial orthopaedics • Oral pathology and microbiology • Community dentistry • Pedodontics and preventive dentistry • Oral medicine diagnosis and radiology • Master in Public Health Dentistry
Israel Israel has two
dental schools, the
Hebrew University-
Hadassah School of Dental Medicine in
Jerusalem, founded by the
Alpha Omega fraternity and the
Tel Aviv University School of Dental Medicine in
Tel Aviv. The two schools have six-year program and grant the Doctor of Dental Medicine (DMD) degrees. In recent decades,
students are eligible for the
Bachelor of Medical Sciences (BMedSc) degree after the first three years of training.
Nigeria Many universities award BDS and a few BChD (Baccalaureus Chirurgiae Dental) degrees. In Nigeria, training in dentistry is through a six-year course, typically, three years of preclinical training followed by three years of clinical training after passing part I exams comprising anatomy, biochemistry, and physiology. This is followed by one year of internship or housemanship, after which graduates can go into clinical practice as general dentists. Some go on to specialty training by completing a residency program, to become hospital consultants. As of 2022, 11 dental schools, were active, including two with partial accreditations. Fully accredited programs are at the University of Lagos, University of Ibadan, University of Benin, University of Port-Harcourt, University of Nigeria (Enugu), University of Maiduguri, Bayero University (Kano), Lagos State University, and Obafemi Awolowo University (Ile-Ife).
South Africa :
Related: Medical education in South Africa. Training in South Africa generally comprises the five-year Bachelor of Dental Surgery, followed by one year's compulsory medical service/internship. The country has five universities with dental faculties: Until 2003,
Stellenbosch University offered the BChD degree. In 2004, the dental faculties of the University of the Western Cape and Stellenbosch University merged and moved to the University of the Western Cape, which is currently the largest dental school in Africa.
Specialisation is through one of the universities as a
Master of Dentistry, or through the
College of Dentistry within the
Colleges of Medicine of South Africa, with certifications offered in
oral medicine and
periodontics,
orthodontics, and
prosthodontics. Research degrees are the
MSc(Dent) / MDS and
PhD(Dent).
Ireland and United Kingdom Many universities award BDS degrees, including the University of Sheffield, the University of Bristol, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, the University of Birmingham, the University of Liverpool, the University of Manchester, the University of Glasgow, the University of Dundee, the University of Aberdeen, King's College London, Cardiff University, Newcastle University, Queen's University Belfast, the University of Central Lancashire, and Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry. In the Republic of Ireland, the University College Cork awards BDS degrees and Trinity College Dublin awards BDentSc degrees. The University of Leeds awards BChD and MChD (Bachelor/Master of Dental Surgery) degrees. The
Royal College of Surgeons of England,
Edinburgh,
Glasgow, and
Ireland award LDS (Licence/Licentiate in Dental Surgery) degrees.
United States In the United States, at least three years of undergraduate education are required to be admitted to a dental school; however, most dental schools require at least a
bachelor's degree. No particular course of study is required as an undergraduate other than completing the requisite "predental" courses, which generally includes one year of general
biology,
chemistry,
organic chemistry,
physics,
English, and higher-level mathematics such as
statistics and
calculus. Some dental schools have requirements that go beyond the basic requirements such as
psychology,
sociology,
biochemistry,
anatomy,
physiology, etc. The majority of predental students major in a science, but this is not required as some students elect to major in a nonscience-related field. In addition to core prerequisites, the
Dental Admission Test, a
multiple-choice standardized examination, is also required for potential dental students. The DAT is usually taken during the spring semester of one's junior year. The vast majority of dental schools require an interview before admissions can be granted. The interview is designed to evaluate the motivation, character, and personality of the applicant. For the 2009–2010 application cycle, 11,632 applicants applied for admission to dental schools in the United States. Just 4,067 were eventually accepted. The average dental school applicant entering the school year in 2009 had an overall GPA of 3.54 and a science GPA of 3.46. Additionally, their mean DAT Academic Average (AA) was 19.00, while their DAT Perceptual Ability Test (PAT) score was 19.40.
Dental education and training Dental school is four academic years in duration and is similar in format to medical school: two years of basic medical and dental sciences, followed by two years of clinical training (with continued didactic coursework). Before graduating, every dental student must successfully complete the National Board Dental Examination Part I and II (commonly referred to as NBDE I & II). The NBDE Part I is usually taken at the end of the second year after the majority of the didactic courses have been completed. The NBDE Part I covers
gross anatomy,
biochemistry,
physiology,
microbiology,
pathology, and
dental anatomy and
occlusion. The NBDE Part II is usually taken during winter of the last year of dental school and consists of operative dentistry,
pharmacology,
endodontics,
periodontics,
oral surgery,
pain control,
prosthodontics,
orthodontics,
pedodontics,
oral pathology, and
radiology. NBDE Part I scores are Pass/Fail since 2012. Since the COVID-19 pandemic, nearly all jurisdictions now utilize the INBDE system. After graduating, the vast majority of new dentists go directly into practice, while others enter a residency program. Some residency programs train dentists in advanced general dentistry such as General Practice Residencies and Advanced Education in General Dentistry Residencies, commonly referred to as GPR and AEGD. Most GPR and AEGD programs are one year in duration, but several are two years long or provide an optional second year. GPR programs are usually affiliated with a hospital and thus require the dentist to treat a wide variety of patients including trauma, critically ill, and medically compromised patients. Additionally, GPR programs require residents to rotate through various departments within the hospital, such as anesthesia, internal medicine, and emergency medicine, to name a few. AEGD programs are usually in a dental-school setting where the focus is treating complex cases in a comprehensive manner.
DDS vs DMD degree In the United States, the Doctor of Dental Surgery and Doctor of Dental Medicine are terminal professional doctorates, which qualify a professional for licensure. The DDS and DMD degrees are considered equivalent. The
American Dental Association specifies:
Harvard University was the first dental school to award the DMD degree. Harvard only grants degrees in Latin, and the Latin translation of Doctor of Dental Surgery, "Chirurgiae Dentium Doctoris", did not share the "DDS" initials of the English term. "The degree 'Scientiae Dentium Doctoris', which would leave the initials of DDS unchanged, was then considered, but was rejected on the ground that dentistry was not a science." Some other prominent dental schools that award the DMD degree are the University of Florida, Midwestern University-IL, Midwestern University-AZ, Medical University of South Carolina, Augusta University (formerly Medical College of Georgia), University of Connecticut, University of Alabama at Birmingham, University of Louisville, University of Puerto Rico, Rutgers University, Tufts University, Oregon Health and Sciences University, University of Pennsylvania, Case Western Reserve University, University of Illinois at Chicago, Boston University, Temple University, Western University of Health Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, University of Nevada, Las Vegas, and East Carolina University. The United States Department of Education and the
National Science Foundation do not include the DDS and DMD among the degrees that are equivalent to research doctorates.
Licensing examinations To practice, a dentist must pass a licensing examination administered by an individual state or more commonly a region. A handful of states maintain independent dental licensing examinations, while the majority accept a regional board examination. The
Northeast Regional Board (NERB),
Western Regional Board (WREB),
Central Regional Dental Testing Service (CRDTS), and
Southern Regional Testing Agency (SRTA),
Council of Interstate Testing Agencies (CITA) are the five regional testing agencies that administer licensing examinations. Once the examination is passed, the dentist may then apply to individual states that accept the regional board test passed. Each state requires prospective practitioners to pass an ethics/jurisprudence examination, as well, before a license is granted. To maintain one's dental license, the doctor must complete Continuing Dental Education (CDE) courses periodically (usually annually). This promotes the continued exploration of knowledge. The amount of CE required varies from state to state, but is generally 10-25 CE hours a year. The completion of a dental degree can be followed by either an entrance into private practice, further postgraduate study and training, or research and academics.
Dental specialties in the United States Twelve
dental specialties are recognized in the United States. Becoming a specialist requires one to train in a residency or advanced graduate training program. Once residency is completed, the doctor is granted a certificate of specialty training. Many specialty programs have optional or required advanced degrees such as a master's degree: (MS, MSc, MDS, MSD, MDSc, MMSc, MPhil, or MDent), doctoral degree: (DClinDent, DChDent, DMSc, PhD), or
medical degree: (MD/MBBS specific to
maxillofacial surgery). •
Anesthesiology: 3–4 years •
Orthodontics: 2–3 years •
Endodontics: 2–3 years •
Oral and maxillofacial surgery: 4–6 years (additional time for MD/MBBS degree granting programs) •
Periodontics: 3 years •
Prosthodontics: 2–3 years •
Maxillofacial prosthodontics 1 year (a prosthodontist may elect to sub-specialize in maxillofacial prosthodontics) •
Oral and maxillofacial radiology: 3 years •
Oral and maxillofacial pathology: 3–5 years •
Oral medicine: 2–4 years •
Orofacial pain: 1–3 years •
Pediatric dentistry: 2–3 years •
Dental public health: 3 years The following are currently recognized as dental specialties in the US under the American Board of Dental Specialties (ABDS): •
Oral medicine: 2–4 years •
Orofacial pain: 1–3 years •
Oral implantology/Implant dentistry: seven or more years of experience in the practice of implant dentistry and have completed at least 75 implant cases. Applicants must successfully complete both the Part I and Part II examination within four year • Dental Board of Anesthesiology: 3–4 years The following are not currently recognized as dental specialties in the US. •
Special needs dentistry: 3 years •
Geriatric dentistry: ranges from a weekend course to a 2-year masters course depending on the certificate issuing agency. •
Cosmetic dentistry: ranges from a weekend course to a 1-year course depending on the certificate issuing agency. Dentists who have completed accredited specialty training programs in these fields are designated registrable (U.S. "Board Eligible") and warrant exclusive titles such as anesthesiologist, orthodontist, oral and maxillofacial surgeon, endodontist, pedodontist, periodontist, or prosthodontist upon satisfying certain local (U.S. "Board Certified"), (Australia/NZ: "FRACDS"), or (Canada: "FRCD(C)") registry requirements. ==See also==