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Epithets of Zeus

The numerous epithets of Zeus indicate the diversity of the god's functions and roles. Over one thousand of Zeus's epithets survive in literary and epigraphic sources.

Local variation
) Popular conceptions of Zeus differed widely from place to place. Local varieties of Zeus often have little in common with each other except the name. They exercised different areas of authority and were worshiped in different ways; for example, some local cults conceived of Zeus as a chthonic earth-god rather than a god of the sky. These local divinities were gradually consolidated, via conquest and religious syncretism, with the Homeric conception of Zeus. Local or idiosyncratic versions of Zeus were given epithets surnames or titles which distinguish different conceptions of the god. ==List==
List
AAbrettenus (Ἀβρεττηνός) or Abretanus: surname of Zeus in MysiaAchad: one of his names in Syria. • Acraeus (Ακραίος): his name at Smyrna. Acraea and Acraeus are also attributes given to various goddesses and gods whose temples were situated upon hills, such as Zeus, Hera, Aphrodite, Pallas, Artemis, and others • Acrettenus: his name in Mysia. • Adad: one of his names in Syria. • Adados: A Hellenization of the Canaanite Hadad and Assyrian Adad, particularly his solar cult at HeliopolisAdultus: from his being invoked by adults, on their marriage. • Aegiduchos (Αἰγιδούχος) or Aegiochos (Αἰγίοχος): Usually taken as Zeus as the bearer of the Aegis, the divine shield with the head of Medusa across it, although others derive it from "goat" () and okhē () in reference to Zeus's nurse, the divine goat Amalthea. • Aeneius (Αἰνήιος) or Aenesios ( Αἰνήσιος), was worshipped in Cephalonia, where he had a temple on Mount Ainos. • Aethiops (Αἰθίοψ), meaning the glowing or the black. He was worshipped in Chios. • Aetnaeus (Αἰτναῖος), due to the Mount Etna. There was a statue of Zeus and a festival was celebrated there. • Agamemnon (Ἀγαμέμνων), was worshipped at Sparta. Eustathius believes that the epithet is because of the resemblance between Zeus and Agamemnon, while others believe that it signifying the Eternal, from ἀγὰν and μένων. • Agetor (Ἀγήτωρ), leader and ruler of men. • Agonius (Ἀγώνιος), helper in struggles and contests. • Agoreus (Ἀγοραίος), of the market/agoraAleios (Ἄλειος), from "Helios" and perhaps connected to water as well. • Alexicacus (Ἀλεξίκακος), the averter of evil. • Amboulios (Αμβουλιος, "Counsellor") or Latinized AmbuliusApemius (Apemios, Απημιος): Zeus as the averter of ills • Apesantius (Ἀπεσάντιος): of mount Apesas. • Apomyius (Απομυιος): Zeus as one who dispels flies • Aphesios (Αφεσιος; "Releasing (Rain)") • Areius (Αρειος): either "warlike" or "the atoning one". • Argikeravnos (ἀργικέραυνος; "of the flashing bolt"). • Athous (Αθώος), derived from Mount Athos, on which the god had a temple. • Aithrios (Αἴθριος, "of the Clear Sky"). "Belos" comes from Marduk’s title of Bel meaning "lord" or "master" in Akkadian. • Bottiaeus/ Bottaios (Βοττιαίος, "of the Bottiaei"): Worshipped at Antioch Libanius wrote that Alexander the Great founded the temple of Zeus Bottiaios, in the place where later the city of Antioch was built. • Zeus Bouleus/ Boulaios (Βουλαίος, "of the Council"): Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Naos • Brontios and Brontaios (Βρονταῖος, "Thunderer"): Zeus as a weather god CCenaean (Kenaios/ Kenaius, Κηναῖος): a surname of Zeus, derived from cape CenaeumChthonios (Χθόνιος, "of the earth or underworld") DDiktaios (Δικταιος): Zeus as lord of the Dikte mountain range, worshipped from Mycenaean times on Crete • Dodonian/ Dodonaios (Δωδωναῖος): meaning of DodonaDylsios (Δύλσιος) EEilapinastes (Εἰλαπιναστής, "Feaster"). He was worshipped in Cyprus. • Ephestios (Ἐφέστιος, "of the domestic hearth"). Some writers said that was called "of freedom" because free men built the portico near his shrine, while others because Athenians escaped subjection to the power of Persia and they were free. • Epidôtês/ Epidotes (Επιδωτης; "Giver of Good"): an epithet of Zeus at Mantineia and SpartaEuênemos/ Euanemos (Ευηνεμος; "of Fair Winds", "Giver of Favourable Wind") or Latinized Evenemus/ Evanemus GGenetaeus (Γενηταίος), derived from Cape Genetus on the Euxine. • Genethlios (Γενέθλιός; "of birth"). • Helioupolites ("Heliopolite" or "Heliopolitan Zeus"): A Hellenization of the Canaanite Baʿal (probably Hadad) worshipped as a sun god at Heliopolis (modern Baalbek) • Hikesios (Ἱκεσιος; "of Suppliants") or Latinized HicesiusHomagyrius (Ὁμαγύριος; "Assembler"), he had a sanctuary at Aegium. According to tradition, he was given this surname because Agamemnon assembled the most eminent men of Greece there to consult on how to wage the Trojan War. • Horios (Ὅριος; "of the borders"). • Horkios (Ὅρκιος): Zeus as keeper of oaths. Pausanias writes that at Olympia, in the Council Chamber (Bouleuterion), there was a statue of Zeus Horkios (Oath) which was the most fearsome to wrongdoers, holding thunderbolts in both hands. Athletes, along with their families and trainers, swore oaths on slices of boar’s flesh to compete fairly and adhere to training rules. Officials who judged the races also swore to be honest and keep all information confidential. A bronze plate inscribed with warning verses stood before the statue, intended to intimidate anyone who might break their oath. • Homognios (ὁμόγνιος; "of kindred") • Hyperdexios (Ὑπερδέξιος), from the village Hyperdexion. • Hypsibremetes (Ὑψιβρεμέτης, "High-thundering"). • Ikmaios (Ικμαιος; "of Moisture") or Latinized IcmaeusIthomatas (Ιθωμάτας), an annual festival celebrated at Ithome for Zeus Ithomatas. KKasios ("Zeus of Mount Kasios" the modern Jebel Aqra) or Latinized Casius: a surname of Zeus, the name may have derived from either sources, one derived from Casion, near Pelusium in Egypt. Another derived from Mount Kasios (Casius), which is the modern Jebel Aqra, is worshipped at a site on the Syrian–Turkish border, a Hellenization of the Canaanite mountain and weather god Baal ZephonKataibates (Καταιβάτης, "descending") or Latinized Cataebates, because he was sending-down thunderbolts or because he was descending to earth due to his love of women. • Katharsios (Καθάρσιος, "purifying"). • Ktesios (Κτησιος; "of the House, Property") or Latinized CtesiusLaoetas or Laoitas (Λαοίτας; "of the People"). • Limenoskopos (Λιμενοσκοπος; "Watcher of Sea-Havens") or Latinized Limenoscopus occurs as a surname of several deities, Zeus, Artemis, Aphrodite, Priapus and PanLepsinos, there is a temple of Zeus Lepsinos at Euromus. • Leukaios (Λευκαῖος Ζεύς; "Zeus of the white poplar") • Lykaios or Lycean (Λύκαιος), there was a temple of Zeus Lykaios ("Wolf") on Mount Lykaion in Arcadia, where according to sources a lycanthropic cult was performed, sometimes including human sacrifices. MMaimaktês (Μαιμάκτης; "Boisterous", "the Stormy") or Latinized Maemactes, a surname of Zeus, from which the name of the Attic calendar month 'Maimakterion' (Μαιμακτηριών, Latinized Maemacterion) was derived and which that month the Maimakteria was celebrated at Athens. • Meilichios/ Meilikhios (Μειλίχιος; "Zeus the Easily-Entreated") • Mêkhaneus (Μηχανευς; "Contriver") or Latinized Mechaneus NZeus Naos: Worshipped at Dodona, the earliest oracle, along with Zeus Bouleus • Nemeian or Nemean or Nemeus: There was a sanctuary of Nemean Zeus at Argos, and an upright bronze statue of the god made by Lysippus. • Nephelegereta (Νεφεληγερέτα; "cloud-gatherer"). OOlympios (Ολύμπιος): Zeus as king of the gods and patron of the Panhellenic Games at OlympiaOmbrios (Ομβριος; "of the Rain", "Rain-Giver") In addition, on the island of Delos a dedication to Zeus Ourios was found. The dedication was made by a citizen of Ascalon, named Damon son of Demetrius, who escaped from pirates. • Osogoa (Ὀσογῶα), the Carian name of Zeus at Mylasa. There was a sanctuary of him in the city. PPalaimnios (Παλαμναῖος; "of Vengeance") • Panhellenius (Πανελλήνιος, "of all the Greeks/Common to all Greeks"): worshipped at Aeacus's temple on AeginaPankrates (Πανκρατής; "the almighty") • Panomphaeus (Πανομφαῖος; "the one who originates and gives meaning to all signs and omens"). • Patrios (Πάτριος; "paternal") • Phratrios (Φράτριος), as patron of a phratryPhilios (Φιλιος; "of Friendship") or Latinized PhiliusPhyxios (Φυξιος; "of Refuge") or Latinized PhyxiusPlousios (Πλουσιος; "of Wealth") or Latinized PlusiusPolieus (Πολιεὺς; "from cities (poleis"). • Soter (Σωτήρ; "Saviour") • Splanchnotomus ("Entrails cutter"), he was worshipped in Cyprus. • Stratios (Στράτιος; "Of armies"). after the Battle of the 300 Champions, Othryades, dedicated the trophy to "Zeus, Guardian of Trophies" . XXenios (Ξενιος; "of Hospitality, Strangers") or Latinized Xenius: == Notes ==
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