Fridays for Future

In November 2006, the Australian Youth Climate Coalition was formed to organise climate change actions involving youth and school children. In 2010, in England there were school walkouts over climate change, linked to a Climate Camp. In late-November 2015, an independent group of students invited other students around the world to skip school on the first day of the 2015 United Nations Climate Change Conference in Paris. On 30 November, the first day of the conference, a "Climate strike" was organised in over 100 countries; over 50,000 people participated. The movement focused on three demands: 100% clean energy; keeping fossil fuels in the ground, and helping climate refugees. == Greta Thunberg and beginnings, 2018 ==

in front of the Swedish parliament in Stockholm, August 2018 on 11 September 2018: "The climate change must be treated as a crisis! The climate is the most important election issue!" On 20 August 2018, the Swedish climate activist Greta Thunberg, then in ninth grade, decided to not attend school until the 2018 Sweden general election on 9 September after heat waves and wildfires in Sweden. Thunberg protested by sitting outside the Riksdag every day during school hours with a sign that read "" ("school strike for climate"). Among her demands were that the Swedish government reduce carbon emissions per the Paris Agreement. On 7 September, just before the general elections, she announced that she would continue to strike every Friday until Sweden aligns with the Paris Agreement. She coined the slogan Fridays for Future, which gained worldwide attention, and inspired school students across the globe to take part in student strikes. School strikes for climate began to be organised around the world, inspired by Thunberg. The first strike to number more than one person took place in The Hague in September outside the Dutch parliament, led by Sandor van Gessel, Anne-Laure Stroek, Ianthe Minnaert and Ellis van der Borgh. In the days that followed, in Australia, thousands of students began to strike on Fridays, ignoring Prime Minister Scott Morrison's call for "more learning in schools and less activism". Galvanised by the COP24 Climate Change Conference in Katowice, Poland, strikes continued at least in 270 cities Belgium, Canada, the Netherlands, Germany, Finland, Denmark, Japan, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. == Growing movement, 2019 ==

, 24 January 2019 on 25 January 2019 In 2019, strikes were organised again in the countries listed above and in other countries, among them Colombia, New Zealand, and Uganda. Mass strikes took place on 17 and 18 January 2019, when at least students protested in Switzerland and Germany alone, against insufficient policies on global warming. In August 2019 Thunberg travelled to New York City on a two-week journey by sailboat to continue calling attention to the work needed to address the climate crisis. She participated in school strikes being planned in the United States on 20 September, and soon after she spoke at the UN Climate Summit on 23 September 2019, in New York City. , 15 February 2019 In Germany, regional groups were organised, communicating autonomously within WhatsApp groups and spreading their messages using flyers and social media. By February 2019, more than 155 local groups were counted by the movement. In United States, organizers coordinated on a state-by-state level and communicated autonomously within Slack groups and spreading their messages using flyers and social media. By February 2019, more than 134 groups were counted by the movement. The organizations Sunrise Movement, 350.org, OneMillionOfUs, Earth Uprising, Future Coalition, Earth Guardians, Zero Hour, and Extinction Rebellion helped to coordinate. In the United Kingdom, on 13 February 2019, following open letters in support of the socio-political movement Extinction Rebellion in 2018, 224 academics signed an open letter giving their "full support to the students" attending the School Strike for Climate action. On Friday 15 February, more than 60 actions in towns and cities within the United Kingdom took place, with an estimated strikers taking part. On 21 February 2019, the President of the European Commission, Jean-Claude Juncker, stated his intent to spend hundreds of billions of euros on climate-change mitigation, amounting to a fourth of the EU budget. He announced this in a speech next to Greta Thunberg, and media credited the school-strike movement with provoking the announcement. On 5 March 2019, 700 German-speaking researchers signed a statement in support of the school strikes in that country. Other researchers were invited to support the statement and it has been signed by over scientists from mainly Germany, Austria and Switzerland. On 9 May 2019, during a European Union summit in Sibiu, representatives of the movement from all over Europe met with several national leaders of European countries and handed them an open letter, which was signed by over European climate strikers and their supporters. Global Climate Strike for Future of 15 March 2019 On 15 March 2019, a series of school strikes took place, urging adults to take responsibility and stop climate change. More than a million people demonstrated in about events worldwide across 125 countries. On 1 March 2019, 150 students from the global coordination group of the youth-led climate strike (of 15 March), including Thunberg, issued an open letter in The Guardian, saying: In Scotland, city councils of Glasgow, Edinburgh, Highland and Fife gave permission for children to attend the strikes. In Finland parental consent letters were sent to schools and in the Finnish city of Turku the school board proclaimed that children had a constitutional right to take part in the strikes. On the morning of 15 March in a Guardian guest editorial, titled "Think we should be at school? Today's climate strike is the biggest lesson of all", school-climate-strikers Thunberg, Anna Taylor, Luisa Neubauer, Kyra Gantois, Anuna De Wever, Adélaïde Charlier, Holly Gillibrand and Alexandria Villaseñor, reiterated their reasons for striking. In Germany, more than pupils demonstrated in 230 cities with more than in Berlin alone. The striking students were supported by newly-founded initiative Parents for Future. In Italy more than students demonstrated ( in Milan according to the organisers). In Montreal more than attended; Stockholm to , Melbourne , Brussels , and Munich . Other cities included Paris, London, Washington, Reykjavík, Oslo, Helsinki, Copenhagen and Tokyo. In New Zealand, the strikes were quickly overshadowed by Christchurch mosque shootings which took place the same day. The strike in Christchurch was abandoned for safety reasons, with students told to go home or otherwise shelter-in-place. The strikes continued in other New Zealand centres, many strikers oblivious to the shootings. One striker only learned of the shootings when she turned on the evening television news expecting to see the strikes as the top story. File:Koululakko ilmaston puolesta 20190315.jpg|School Strike for Climate in front of the Parliament House, Helsinki, 15 March 2019 File:Activist Alienor Rougeot-Fridays for future;march 15-2019;Photographer Dina Dong.jpg|"Fridays for Future" 15 March Toronto File:San Francisco Youth Climate Strike - March 15, 2019 - 22.jpg|School strike in San Francisco on 15 March 2019 File:Climate strike Cleveland Public Square 01.jpg|School strike in Cleveland on 15 March 2019 File:School Strike for Climate in Wellington 13.jpg|School strike for climate in Wellington on 15 March 2019 File:Grève des lycéens contre le déréglement climatique à Dijon.jpg|A speech being delivered from the stairs of the Jardin Darcy, in Dijon (Côte-d'Or, Burgundy, France) for the global climate strike on 15 March 2019 Second Global Climate Strike on 24 May 2019 on 24 May 2019 on 24 May 2019 A second wave of global climate strikes began with actions in New Zealand and Australia on 24 May 2019. Hundreds of thousands of school students around the world struck in more than 1600 towns in at least 125 countries. On 9 August 2019, the conference ended with a demonstration and the publication of the Lausanne Climate Declaration stating the values, objectives and measures proposed by the movements' participants in Lausanne. the protests were planned in 4500 locations across 150 countries. Organizers of 20 September protests reported that over 4 million people participated in strikes worldwide, including 1.4 million participants in Germany and protesters in Australia. On 27 September, an estimated two million people participated in demonstrations worldwide, including over one million protesters in Italy and several hundred thousand protesters in Canada. Fourth Global Climate Strike on 29 November 2019 On 29 November 2019, three days before the start of the United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP25) in Madrid, demonstrations took place in 2,400 cities across 157 countries to protest government inaction on the climate crisis. The organizers estimated the number of participants at 2 million, including about people in Germany. A week later, the central COP25 protest took place in Madrid, with an estimated turnout of half a million, in which FFF activists from all over the world participated. == Later events, 2020s ==

Global Climate Strike on 25 September 2020 On 25 September 2020, a global climate strike took place. Strikes were scheduled in thousands of locations around the globe. Global Climate Strike on 19 March 2021 On Friday 19 March 2021, another global climate strike saw protests in hundreds of places around the planet; due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic, the scale of in-person gatherings was much reduced compared to previous years. Dissolution of Auckland chapter in June 2021 On 15 June 2021, the Auckland chapter of New Zealand's School Strike 4 Climate movement formally disbanded on the grounds that it had been racist towards BIPOC (Black, Indigenous and people of colour). The group said that it would no longer organise strikes and instead pledged to "uplift BIPOC-led climate justice spaces." The dissolution of the Auckland chapter of the NZ School Strike movement drew mixed responses. Mary Moeono-Kolio, the Wellington coordinator of 350 Pacific Climate Warriors, and School Strike founder and national coordinator Sophie Hanford stated there was no room for racists in the climate movement and called for indigenous leadership on climate justice. Indigenous youth climate advocacy group Te Ara Whatu spokesperson Anevili welcomed the decision as a means of tackling racism but expressed concerned that activists of colour could be blamed for the Auckland chapter's dissolution. Global Climate Strike on 24 September 2021 On 24 September 2021 strikes were scheduled in more than 1400 locations around the globe. Strikes were held in more than 90 countries with big events in Europe, America and Africa. Some of the largest demonstrations were held in Germany. Greta Thunberg addressed more than 100,000 people in Berlin and declared that "No political party is doing enough". Global Climate Strike on 25 March 2022 On 25 March 2022, a global climate strike took place. Global Climate Strike on 23 September 2022 On 23 September 2022, a global climate strike took place. More than 30,000 people took part in Berlin. Global Climate Strike on 3 March 2023 On 3 March 2023, a global climate strike took place. In Germany strikes were scheduled in more than 240 locations, including in Berlin where more than 18,000 people took part. According to FFF Germany more than 220,000 people protested against German climate policies, especially in the transport sector. In New Zealand, climate strikes were held in several cities and towns including Auckland, Wellington, Christchurch, Dunedin, Nelson, Napier, New Plymouth and Palmerston North. ==Digital climate strike==

The climate strike online movement, sometimes referred to as "digital strike", was started by two Asian-American climate activists, Iris Zhan, from Howard County, Maryland, United States; and George Zhang, from Los Angeles, California; in April 2019. This branch of climate striking was created in order to make climate activism accessible to those unable to strike physically. In March 2020, following the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic, Greta Thunberg encouraged the movement to not gather in the streets or town squares, but to instead sit at home with a sign and post the image on the Internet. The movement has since amassed notable popularity due to restrictions passed regarding large gatherings during the COVID-19 pandemic lockdowns, receiving attention from organizations such as Greenpeace and Amnesty International. Since its formation, the Fridays for Future Digital movement has engaged in a series of campaigns aimed at raising awareness of various climate justice issues. These include efforts to teach climate change education in schools and protect indigenous climate activists from harmful government policies. ==Scientific background==

The emission of vast amounts of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases by human activities is warming the climate, through the greenhouse effect. In the historical past the greenhouse effect, driven by volcanic and microbial carbon dioxide emission, prevented the earth from being permanently encased in ice, but since humanity industrialised, atmospheric carbon dioxide has increased and is causing ever more harmful global warming and climate change. The only processes that take carbon dioxide out of the atmosphere (once takeup by acidifying the oceans is saturated) are geological—locking up of carbon by weathering and formation of rocks as carbonates and other compounds, on a timescale of hundreds of thousands of years—and botanical, uptake of carbon by vegetation, locking it up unless the vegetation burns or rots without being replaced, on a timescale of, at best, centuries. Adults in positions of authority, in the form of fossil fuel corporations and global governments, are seen as being responsible for large carbon dioxide emissions, and doing far too little to reduce them. A 2019 statement by over 12,000 scientists says that "Young people's concerns are justified and supported by the best available science". The letter reads "On the basis of the facts supplied by climate science, the campaigners are right. That is why we, as scientists, support them." This was followed by an open letter in support of the school strikes in the Netherlands, signed by 340 scientists, and by researchers in Finland signing a letter, on 11 March 2019, supporting the strikes. An article published in Nature in March 2019 listed many other expressions of support, and no criticisms, from scientists, with comments such as "The idea of a climate strike is innovative. It's provocative, and I think it's the right form of non-violent civil disobedience". In Germany, Austria, and Switzerland a group of scientists founded Scientists for Future (S4F) in support of the factual correctness of the claims formulated by the movement. The statement was signed by over German-language scientists and scholars. On 14 October 2020, FFF Germany released a report from the Wuppertal Institute it had earlier commissioned. The underlying numerical study utilized scenario analysis to articulate a credible pathway for Germany to be carbon neutral by 2035. Fridays For Future International created an appeal endorsed by Scientist Rebellion and 61 scientists, including Michael Meeropol, Don Trent Jacobs Allan J. Singer, Stefan Sommer. The appeal is linking peace, justice and climate. The central argument of the appeal is that addressing the ecological crisis requires ending overconsumption, which cannot be achieved while wars continue, as economic growth (GDP) directly fuels military capacity. Since climate change poses a threat to all, including the wealthy, the appeal advocates for the establishment of peace and justice as a shared interest for all parties. 24 organizations endorsed the appeal as well as some prominent activists like Tori Tsui, Betsy Rosenberg. == Reactions by schools, politicians, and parents ==

in Dili, East Timor The strikes have been both praised and criticised by adults in positions of authority. In the European Union, the movement enjoyed significant support by the pan-European party Volt Europa which, according to a report by Parents for Future before the European Elections 2019, shared all demands published by Fridays for Future in April 2019. Conservative politicians in the United Kingdom and Australia have described the strikes as truancy; some children have been punished or arrested for striking or demonstrating. Then UK Prime Minister Theresa May criticised the strikes as wasting lesson and teaching time. Jeremy Corbyn, former leader of the Labour Party and Leader of the Opposition, and Sir Vincent Cable, Leader of the Liberal Democrats, both voiced their support for the strikes, as did leaders of other UK parties. Australia's Education Minister Dan Tehan said that if school students think that issues are important, they should take action after school or on weekends. In New Zealand, there was mixed response from politicians, community leaders, and schools. Students were threatened to be marked as truant by some principals for attending the strike without their parents' or school's permission. Judith Collins, and several other Members of Parliament were dismissive of the impact of the strike, while Climate Change Minister James Shaw expressed support noting that little attention would be paid to marchers protesting on the weekend. On 15 March 2019 the UN Secretary-General António Guterres embraced the strikers, admitting that "My generation has failed to respond properly to the dramatic challenge of climate change. This is deeply felt by young people. No wonder they are angry." Guterres invited world leaders to a UN summit in September 2019 with "concrete realistic plans to enhance their nationally determined contributions by 2020". Many parents, including public figures, have supported the children's climate strikes. A spokesperson for the "Our Kids' Climate" organization says that "an adult's presence can help keep strikers safe," and "suggests bringing a sign that will resonate with other parents, for example a sign that says "I'm a concerned mom." Moms Clean Air Force recommends contacting school officials, providing snacks for the children, and standing with signs in solidarity. The Elders Climate Action organization has created T-shirts which feature a grandparent hand in hand with a child, and seeks to mobilize "grandparents, great aunts and great uncles ... while there is still time to protect the well-being of our grandchildren." Showing a trend of new environment-related dictionary terms, "climate strike" was named Collins Dictionary's 2019 word of the year. == Censorship ==

India In July 2020, the website of the Indian collective of Fridays for Future groups was blocked by the Government of India. The groups were leading a campaign against a controversial new EIA Draft proposed by the government. == Awards ==

On 7 June 2019, Fridays for Future and Greta Thunberg were honoured with Amnesty International's Ambassador of Conscience Award. Secretary General Kumi Naidoo said: We are humbled and inspired by the determination with which youth activists across the world are challenging us all to confront the realities of the climate crisis. Every young person taking part in Fridays for Future embodies what it means to act on your conscience. They remind us that we are more powerful than we know and that we all have a role to play in protecting human rights against climate catastrophe. == See also ==