Haplogroup H (Y-DNA)

H-L901/M2939 is a direct descendant of Haplogroup GHIJK. There are, in turn, three direct descendants of H-L901/M2939 – their defining SNPs are as follows: • H1 (L902/M3061) • H1a previously haplogroup H1 (M69/Page45, M370) • H1b B108, Z34961, Z34962, Z34963, Z34964 • H2 previously haplogroup F3, (P96, L279, L281, L284, L285, L286, M282) • H2a FGC29299/Z19067 • H2b Z41290 • H2c Y21618, Z19080 • H3 (Z5857) • H3a (Z5866) • H3b (Z13871) == Ancient distribution ==

H-L901/M2939 is believed to have split from HIJK 48,500 years before present. Ancient samples of H1a have been found in Iran, Turkmenistan, Afghanistan etc., and ancient H2 samples have been found in Levant, Anatolia and Europe. It may have been present in pre-Neolithic inhabitants of South Asia. Possible site of introduction may be West Asia or (for H1) northwest part of South Asia, since it is highly concentrated there. H1a Shahr-i Sokhta and Gonur sites Shahr-e Sukhteh, Iran and Gonur, Turkmenistan. H1a1d2 - Bronze Age, 3200-1900 BCE. Gogdara and Barikot sites With limited ancient DNA testing in South Asia, accordingly there is a limited amount of ancient samples for H1a, despite it being a populous and well distributed haplogroup today. The first set of ancient DNA from South Asia was published in 2019. 65 samples were collected from the Swat Valley of northern Pakistan, 2 of which belonged to H1a. H2 was found in Neolithic Anatolia, as well as in multiple later Neolithic cultures of Europe, such as the Vinča culture in Serbia, More Neolithic H2 samples have been found in Germany and France. == Modern distribution ==

H1a South Asia H-M69 is typical among populations of India, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Pakistan and Afghanistan, in both Indo-Aryan and Dravidian speaking groups. Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in: • India - Divided into zones below: • North India - According to a study (Trivedi2007) it is found 24.5% (44/180) in both Caste and tribal population of North India. Most frequently found : 65.0% among Brahmins from Jaunpur district, Uttar Pradesh, 59% among Uttar Pradesh (UP) Gonds, Haplogroup H is found in high frequencies among Dravidian-speaking Koraga at 87% and Koya at around 70%. 31.3% (5/16) of Dhangars, 26% (13/50)among Dawoodi Bohra, 27.27 (6/22) among Bhils, 20% (3/15) among Chitpavan Brahmins, and 17.72% (115/649) among Bengali samples from various areas of the country. • Sri Lanka – in 25.3% (23/91) of a sample of unspecified ethnic composition In another study, Y-DNA that belongs to Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in 25.7% (5/37 = 13.5% H-M69 from a village in Morang District, 9/57 = 15.8% H-M69 from a village in Chitwan District, and 30/77 = 39.0% H-M69 from another village in Chitwan District) of Tharus in Nepal. • Pakistan – in 20.5% Kalash, 4.2% Pashtun, 4.1% Burusho and 6.3% in other Pakistanis. Another study has found haplogroup H-M69 in approximately 8% (3/38) of a sample of Burusho (also known as Hunza), including 5% (2/38) H-M82(xM36, M97, M39/M138) and 3% (1/38) H-M36. • Afghanistan – in 7.1% Tajik., A 2-bp deletion at M82 locus defining this haplogroup was also reported in one-third of males from traditional Roma populations living in Bulgaria, Spain, and Lithuania. Important studies show a limited introgression of the typical Roma Y-chromosome haplogroup H1 in several European groups, including approximately 0.61% in Gheg Albanians and 2.48% in Tosk Albanians. Europe, Caucasus, Central Asia & Middle East Haplogroup H1a is found at much lower levels outside of the Indian subcontinent and the Roma populations but is still present in other populations: • Europe - 0.9% (1/113) H-M82 in a sample of Serbians, 1% (1/92 H-M82) 5.19% (7/135) H-M69 in a sample of Salar from Qinghai, 5.13% (2/39) H (including 1/39 H(xH1,H2) and 1/39 H1) in a sample of Uyghurs from Darya Boyi Village, Yutian (Keriya) County, Xinjiang, 0.99% (1/101) H-M69 in a sample of Kazakhs from the Hami area, Xinjiang. 4.3% (7/164) of males from the United Arab Emirates, 2% of males from Oman, 1.9% (3/157) of males from Saudi Arabia, 1.4% (1/72 H-M82) of males from Qatar, East & South-East Asia At the easternmost extent of its distribution, Haplogroup H-M69 has been found in Thais from Thailand (1/17 = 5.9% H-M69 Northern Thailand; 2/290 = 0.7% H-M52 Northern Thai; 2/75 = 2.7% H-M69(xM52) and 1/75 = 1.3% H-M52(xM82) general population of Thailand), Balinese (19/551 = 3.45% H-M69), Chams from Binh Thuan, Vietnam (1/59 = 1.7% H-M69), Only discovered in 2015, H1b was detected in a single sample from an individual in Myanmar. Due to only being classified recently, there are currently no studies recording H1b in modern populations. H2 H2 (H-P96), which is defined by seven SNPs – P96, M282, L279, L281, L284, L285, and L286 – is the only primary branch found mainly outside South Asia. While being found in numerous ancient samples, H2 has only been found scarcely in modern populations across West Eurasia. == See also ==