Abrahamic religions while wearing symbols of two Abrahamic religions.
Abrahamic religions (namely
Judaism,
Samaritanism,
Christianity, the
Baháʼí Faith, and
Islam) have traditionally affirmed and endorsed a
patriarchal and
heteronormative approach towards
human sexuality, favouring exclusively
penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of
marriage over all other forms of
human sexual activity, believing and teaching that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered
sinful, However, the status of LGBTQ people in
early Christianity and
early Islam is debated. The
Abrahamic religions have traditionally forbidden
sodomy, believing and teaching that such behavior is
sinful. Today some denominations within these religions are accepting of homosexuality and inclusive of homosexual people, such as
Reform Judaism, the
United Church of Christ and the
Metropolitan Community Church. Some
Presbyterian,
Anglican, Lutheran, and Methodist churches welcome members regardless of same-sex sexual practices, with some provinces allowing for the ordination and inclusion of gay and lesbian clerics, and affirmation of same-sex unions. Reform Judaism incorporates lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex marriage liturgies, while
Reconstructionist Judaism and Conservative Judaism in the US allows for lesbian and gay rabbis and same-sex unions.
Judaism protesters holding Anti-LGBT Protest signs during the Gay Pride parade in
Haifa, Israel (2010) The
Torah (first five books of the
Hebrew Bible) is the primary source for Jewish views on homosexuality. It states that: "[A man] shall not lie with another man as [he would] with a woman, it is (, "abomination")" (
Leviticus 18:22). (Like many similar commandments, the stated punishment for willful violation is the
death penalty, although in practice
rabbinic Judaism no longer believes it has the authority to implement death penalties.)
Orthodox Judaism views homosexual acts as sinful. In recent years, there have been approaches claiming that only the sexual anal act is forbidden and considered an abomination by the Torah, while sexual orientation and even other sexual activities are not considered a sin.
Conservative Judaism has engaged in an in-depth study of homosexuality since the 1990s, with various rabbis presenting a wide array of
responsa (papers with legal arguments) for communal consideration. The official position of the movement is to welcome homosexual Jews into their
synagogues, and also campaign against any discrimination in
civil law and public society, but also to uphold a ban on anal sex as a religious requirement. in
Tel Aviv on the second Shabbat of
Hanukkah with a rainbow
menorah Reform Judaism and
Reconstructionist Judaism in
North America and
Liberal Judaism in the
United Kingdom view homosexuality to be acceptable on the same basis as
heterosexuality. Progressive Jewish authorities believe either that traditional laws against homosexuality are no longer binding or that they are subject to changes that reflect a new understanding of human sexuality. Some of these authorities rely on modern biblical scholarship suggesting that the prohibition in the Torah was intended to ban coercive or ritualized male-male sex, such as those practices ascribed to
Egyptian and
Canaanite
fertility cults and
temple prostitution. The American branch of
Conservative Judaism formally approves of same-sex marriage ceremonies. As of 1992 with the
Report of the Reconstructionist Commission on Homosexuality, the Reconstructionist Movement of Judaism has expressed its support for same-sex marriages as well as the inclusion of gay and lesbian people in all aspects of Jewish life. The
Jewish Reconstructionist Federation leaves the choice of whether or not to perform same-sex marriages to individual rabbis but the procedure is included in the Reconstructionist ''Rabbi's Manual
and many choose to use the traditional language and symbols of kiddushin''. Reform Judaism, the largest Jewish denomination in the United States, is generally supportive of LGBTQ rights and marriage.
Christianity (
Episcopal Church in the United States) at
D.C. Gay Pride (2014) 's motto which expresses its support for LGBTQ rights , San Francisco, a church-place that is supportive to LGBTQ people , an LGBT-affirming Christian church in
New York City at the
First Unitarian Universalist Church in
Houston indicates that the church welcomes LGBTQ-identifying people. Throughout the majority of
Christian history, most
Christian theologians and
denominations have considered homosexual behavior as
immoral or
sinful. Currently,
Christian denominations have a variety of beliefs about LGBTQ people, and the moral status of same-sex sexual practices and gender variance. LGBTQ people may be barred from membership, accepted as
laity, or ordained as
clergy, depending on the denomination. The
Hebrew Bible/
Old Testament and its traditional interpretations in
Judaism and
Christianity have historically affirmed and endorsed a
patriarchal and
heteronormative approach towards
human sexuality, favouring exclusively
penetrative vaginal intercourse between men and women within the boundaries of
marriage over all other forms of
human sexual activity, believing and teaching that such behaviors are forbidden because they are considered
sinful, cf.
Genesis 19:4–25;
Judges 19:22–20:48;
2 Peter 2:6–10;
Jude 7).
HIV/AIDS has also been portrayed by some
Christian fundamentalists such as
Fred Phelps and
Jerry Falwell as a punishment by God against homosexuals. In the 20th century, theologians like
Karl Barth,
Jürgen Moltmann,
Hans Küng,
John Robinson,
Bishop David Jenkins,
Don Cupitt, and
Bishop Jack Spong challenged traditional theological positions and understandings of the Bible; following these developments some have suggested that passages have been mistranslated, are taken out of context, or that they do not refer to what is generally understood as "homosexuality." protesters at a 2006
San Francisco Pride event
Christian denominations hold a variety of views on
homosexual sex, ranging from outright condemnation to complete acceptance. Most Christian denominations welcome people attracted to the same sex, but teach that homosexual sex is
sinful. the
Oriental Orthodox churches,
Confessional Lutheran denominations such as the
Lutheran Church–Missouri Synod and the
Wisconsin Evangelical Lutheran Synod, and some other
mainline denominations, such as the
Anglican Church in North America,
Global Fellowship of Confessing Anglicans,
Reformed Church in America,
Presbyterian Church in America,
Global Methodist Church, and the
American Baptist Church, as well as
Conservative Evangelical organizations and churches, such as the
Evangelical Alliance, and
fundamentalist groups and churches, such as the
Southern Baptist Convention.
Pentecostal churches such as the
Assemblies of God, as well as
Restorationist churches, like
Iglesia ni Cristo, the
Jehovah's Witnesses and
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, also take the position that homosexual sexual activity is sinful. and
LGBTQ people, combining the
Christian cross and
LGBTQ rainbow flag Liberal Christians are generally supportive of homosexuals. Some Christian denominations do not view
monogamous same sex relationships as bad or
evil. These include the
United Church of Canada, the
United Church of Christ, the
Episcopal Church, the
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the churches of the
Old Catholic Union of Utrecht, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the
Church of Sweden, the Lutheran, reformed and united churches in
Evangelical Church of Germany, the
Church of Denmark, the
Icelandic Church, the
Church of Norway and the
Protestant Church of the Netherlands. In particular, the
Metropolitan Community Church, a denomination of 40,000 members, was founded specifically to serve the Christian LGBT community, and is devoted to being open and affirming to
LGBTQ people. The United Church of Christ, the
United Methodist Church (UMC) and the
Alliance of Baptists also condone
gay marriage, and some parts of the
Anglican and
Lutheran churches allow for the blessing of gay unions. Within the Anglican communion there are openly gay clergy; for example,
Gene Robinson and
Mary Glasspool are openly homosexual bishops in the US Episcopal Church and
Eva Brunne in Lutheran Church of Sweden. The Episcopal Church's recent actions vis-a-vis homosexuality have brought about increased ethical debate and tension within the
Church of England and worldwide Anglican churches. In the United States and many other nations, the religious people are becoming more affirming of same-sex relationships. Even those in denominations with official stances are liberalizing, though not as quickly as those in more affirming religious groups. Conservative denominations generally oppose same-sex sexual relations based on Old Testament and
New Testament texts that describe human sexual relations as strictly
heterosexual by God's design. As such, it is argued that sexual desires and actions that contradict God's design are deemed sinful and are condemned by God (e.g.
Leviticus 18:22; cf.
Leviticus 20:13). Since love does not rejoice in unrighteousness or iniquity (cf.
1 Corinthians 13:6), and since homosexual desires and actions are believed to remain contrary to God's design and condemned by God as sinful/iniquity (e.g.
in general,
Romans 126–27;
passively, 1 Corinthians 6:96:9;
actively, including but
not limited to
pederasty, 1 Corinthians 6:9;
1 Timothy 1:9-11; considered sexually
immoral,
Galatians 5:19-21;
Colossians 3:5-7;
Ephesians 5:3), adherents of conservative denominations believe that genuine love for God and humanity is best expressed by following God rather than the world (
Acts 5:29; cf.
Jeremiah 23:1-40;
Romans 12:9). The
Catholic Church teaches that those who are attracted to persons of the same sex are called to practice
chastity, The
Catholic Church welcomes people attracted to the same sex, while maintaining its teaching that homosexual relationships and acts are
sinful. The Roman Curia considers transgender individuals to be their
biological sex and admits no distinction between "sex" and "gender". The
Orthodox Church holds similar stances on same-sex attraction and conjugal relations.
Protestant denominations have a wide range of views. Some denominations espouse similar views to Catholicism and Orthodoxy, and teach that all sexual relations outside of traditional marriage between a man and a woman are sinful, such as the
Reformed Church in America, and
Jehovah's Witnesses. While the Catholic view is founded on a
natural law argument informed by scripture and proposed by
Thomas Aquinas, the traditional conservative Protestant view is based on an interpretation of scripture alone. Protestant conservatives also see homosexual relationships as an impediment to heterosexual relationships. They interpret some Biblical passages to be commandments to be heterosexually married. Catholics, on the other hand, have accommodated unmarried people as priests, monks, nuns and single lay people for over 1,000 years. A number of self-described gay and '
ex-gay' Christians have reported satisfaction in
mixed-orientation marriages. Even within the scope of Christianity, the Jehovah’s Witnesses (JW) denomination demonstrates some of the most intolerant views towards LGBTQ members and the larger LGBTQ community. Noted in its spiritual teachings, this religious organization instructs its members to suppress same-sex behaviors and feelings. The organization preaches that homosexuality (queerness) is a choice that can be rejected. Embracing queerness within the JW organization will result in disfellowshiping, which involves a public denouncement of the congregant and an expulsion from the congregation. In the Jehovah's witness branch of Christianity, LGBTQ is seen as something to be shamed. Within a study of 245 Jehovah's witnesses, 76% agreed that LGBTQ practices should be discouraged, while only 16% thought these ideas should be encouraged. The remaining 8% seemed to have no opinion or were neutral on the situation. Another study was conducted on Jehovah's witnesses with a range of ages from 18 to 29, 30–49, 50–64,65+. The majority of those who were against LGBTQ practices came from the 30–49 age range, with the percentage being 34%. Homosexual or LGBTQ practices would fall under the category of a sin which could lead to disfellowshipping. Within a survey of 187 Jehovah's witnesses, 90% strongly opposed same-sex marriage and would classify it as something against their religion.
United Church of Canada, the
United Church of Christ, the
Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.), the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in Canada, the
Evangelical Lutheran Church in America, the Lutheran
Church of Sweden, the Lutheran
Church of Denmark, the Lutheran
Church in Norway, the Lutheran
Church of Iceland, the
Protestant Church of the Netherlands, the
United Protestant Church in Belgium, the
United Protestant Church of France, the German Lutheran, Reformed and United Churches in
Evangelical Church in Germany, the
Old Catholic Church, the
Anglican Church in Canada, the
Episcopal Church in United States, and the
Scottish Episcopal Church do not consider same-sex relations immoral, and will ordain
LGBTQ clergy and celebrate
blessings of same-sex marriages. Liberal Quakers, those in membership of
Britain Yearly Meeting and
Friends General Conference in the United States, approve of same-sex marriage and unions and conduct same-sex marriage ceremonies in the United Kingdom. All homosexual or same-sex sexual activity is forbidden by
the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church) in its
law of chastity, and the church teaches that
God does not approve of
same-sex marriage and may punish same-sex sexual behavior with a
disciplinary council. Members of the church who experience homosexual attractions, including those who
self-identify as gay, lesbian, or bisexual remain in good standing in the church if they abstain from same-sex marriage and all sexual relations outside an opposite-sex marriage, but all, including those participating in same-sex activity and relationships, are allowed to attend weekly church worship services. However, in order to receive
church ordinances such as
baptism, and to enter church
temples, adherents are required to abstain from same-sex relations. Additionally, in the church's
plan of salvation noncelibate gay and lesbian individuals will not be allowed in the top tier of
heaven to receive
exaltation unless they repent, and a heterosexual marriage is a requirement for exaltation. The LDS Church previously taught that homosexuality was a curable condition and counseled members that they could and should change their attractions and provided therapy and programs with that goal. From 1976 until 1989 the
Church Handbook called for church discipline for members attracted to the same sex equating merely being homosexual with the seriousness of acts of adultery and child molestation—even celibate gay people were subject to excommunication. Church publications now state that "individuals do not choose to have such attractions", its church-run therapy services no longer provides
sexual orientation change efforts, and the church has no official stance on the
causes of homosexuality. These current teachings and policies leave homosexual members with the options of entering a
mixed-orientation opposite-sex marriage, or living a
celibate lifestyle without any sexual expression (including
masturbation).
Unification Church Unification Church views heterosexual marriage which becomes "fruitful" by raising their children as God's ideal. Any other sexual relationship, than between husband and wife, is considered a sin. Unification Church founder
Sun Myung Moon opposed homosexuality and free sex and in some of his speeches compared such relationships to "dirty dung filled water" and that "Satan and dirty dung-eating dogs go after that". He prophesied that "gays will be eliminated" in a "purge on God's orders".
Islam seven countries still retain capital punishment for homosexual behavior:
Saudi Arabia,
Yemen (for adultery),
Iran,
Brunei,
Afghanistan,
Mauritania, and northern
Nigeria. Classical Islamic jurists did not deal with homosexuality as a sexual orientation, since the latter concept is modern and has no equivalent in traditional law, which dealt with it under the technical terms of
liwata and
zinā. Most legal schools treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of
zinā, but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment, as evident from an eleventh-century discussion among the scholars of
Baghdad, some scholars argued that homosexual desires are natural, but only allowed in the afterlife. Some gay individuals undergo sex reassignment surgery to transition into the opposite gender to legally marry. The discourse on homosexuality in Islam is primarily concerned with activities between men. There are, however, a few hadiths that mention homosexual behavior among women. Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories,
al-Tabari records an example of the execution in the year 170
AH (786 or 787
AD) of a pair of lesbian slavegirls in the
harem of
al-Hadi in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that
Caliph's actions as ruler. Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a
phallus, hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little as the
corona of the phallus into a partner's orifice. Today, most LGBTQ-affirming Islamic organizations and individual congregations are primarily based in the
Western world and
South Asian countries; they usually identify themselves with the
liberal and progressive movements within Islam. Homosexual acts are
forbidden in traditional
Islamic jurisprudence and they are liable to different punishments, including
flogging,
stoning, and the
death penalty, Islamic views on homosexuality are also influenced by the rulings prescribed by the
Quran and the teachings of the
Islamic prophet Muhammad. The mainstream interpretation of some Quranic verses and
hadith condemn sexual acts between members of the same sex, along with most forms of
extramarital relations. In the late 1980s, Mufti
Muhammad Sayyid Tantawy of
Egypt issued a
fatwa supporting the right for those who fit the description of
mukhannathun to have
sex reassignment surgery;
Ayatollah Khomeini of
Iran issued similar
fatwas around the same time. Khomeini's initial
fatwa concerned
intersex individuals as well, but he later specified that
sex reassignment surgery was also permissible in the case of transgender individuals. Therefore, transgender people are generally more accepted, provided they conform to traditional gender norms post-transition; for example, the Iranian government not only allows and recognizes
sex reassignment surgery, but also subsidizes the procedure for transgender citizens. In some regions of
South Asia such as
India,
Bangladesh, and
Pakistan, the
hijras are officially recognized as a
third gender that is neither male nor female, a concept that some have compared to
mukhannathun. In Paris in November 2012 a room in a Buddhist prayer hall was used by gay Muslims and called a "gay-friendly mosque", and a French Islamic website is supporting religious same-sex marriage. The
Ibn Ruschd-Goethe mosque in Berlin is a liberal mosque open to all types of Muslims, where men and women pray together and LGBTQ worshippers are welcomed and supported. Other significant LGBTQ-inclusive mosques or prayer groups include the El-Tawhid Juma Circle Unity Mosque in Toronto, Masjid an-Nur al-Isslaah (Light of Reform Mosque) in Washington D.C., Masjid Al-Rabia in Chicago, Unity Mosque in Atlanta, People's Mosque in Cape Town South Africa, Masjid Ul-Umam mosque in Cape Town, Qal'bu Maryamin in California, and the Nur Ashki Jerrahi Sufi Community in New York City.
Muslims for Progressive Values, based in the United States and
Malaysia, is "a faith-based, grassroots, human rights organization that embodies and advocates for the traditional Qur'anic values of social justice and equality for all, for the 21st Century." MPV has recorded "a lecture series that seeks to dismantle the religious justification for homophobia in Muslim communities." The lectures can be viewed at MPV Lecture Series. The Mecca Institute is an LGBT-inclusive and progressive online Islamic seminary, and serves as an online center of Islamic learning and research.
Baháʼí Faith and
LGBTQ community combining the Bahai
nine-pointed star and
LGBTQ rainbow flag. The
Baháʼí Faith considers same-sex sexual behavior and same-sex marriage to be against
God's will. Sex is only permitted in a
marriage between a man and a woman for Baháʼís. Baháʼís have been discouraged from both promoting or opposing efforts to legalize
same-sex marriage. The
Baháʼí Faith teaches that the only acceptable form of sexual expression is within
marriage, and
Baháʼí marriage is defined in the religion's texts as exclusively between one man and one woman. Baháʼís stress the importance of absolute
chastity for any unmarried person, and focus on personal restraint. The
Universal House of Justice, the elected governing body of the Baháʼí Faith, has stated that "the Faith does not recognize homosexuality as a 'natural' or permanent phenomenon." The Universal House of Justice has approved of and encouraged Shoghi Effendi's idea of possible medical treatment. However, membership in the Baháʼí community is open to lesbian and gay adherents, who are to be "advised and sympathized with".
Dharmic religions , the
androgynous form (half-male and half-female) of the
Hindu deity Shiva combined with his consort
Parvati. Tiruvenkadu, Chola, 11th century CE. Among the
religions that originated in ancient and medieval India, including
Hinduism,
Buddhism,
Jainism and
Sikhism, teachings regarding homosexuality are less clear than among the Abrahamic traditions, and religious authorities voice diverse opinions.
Sikhism has no specific teachings about
homosexuality and the Sikh holy scripture, the
Guru Granth Sahib, does not explicitly mention
heterosexuality, homosexuality or
bisexuality. The universal goal of a Sikh is to have no hate or animosity to any person, regardless of factors like race, caste, color, creed or gender. Hinduism is diverse, with no supreme governing body, but the majority of
swamis opposed same-sex relationships in a 2004 survey, and a minority supported them. Ancient religious texts such as the
Vedas do not restrict homosexuality and often refer to people of a
third gender, who are neither female nor male. Some see this third gender as an ancient parallel to
lesbian,
gay,
bisexual,
transgender and
intersex identities.
Hinduism Hinduism does not have a central authority. Many Hindu sects have taken various positions on homosexuality, ranging from positive to neutral or antagonistic. Referring to the nature of
Samsara, the
Rigveda, one of the four canonical sacred texts of Hinduism says 'Vikruti Evam Prakriti' (
Perversity/diversity is what nature is all about, or,
What seems unnatural is also natural), which some scholars believe recognizes homosexuality as natural, if not an approval of homosexuality.. Sexuality is rarely discussed openly in Hindu society, and LGBTQ issues are largely a
taboo subject — especially among the strongly religious. A "
third gender" has been acknowledged within numerous Hindu texts. Several Hindu texts, such as
Manu Smriti and
Sushruta Samhita, assert that some people are born with either mixed male and female natures, or sexually neuter, as a matter of natural biology (while at the same time there are examples of speaking negatively in regards to male homosexuality as shown by the Manu Smriti and Arthashastra). They worked as
hairdressers, flower-sellers, servants,
masseurs and
prostitutes. In addition, each Hindu denomination had developed distinct rules regarding sexuality, as Hinduism is not unified and is decentralized in essence. Today, many people that identify as
hijras are officially recognized as a
third gender that is neither male nor female in India; Several Hindu religious laws contain injunctions against homosexual activity, while some Hindu mythologies speaks favorably of lesbian relations and some third-gendered individuals were highly regarded by Hindu legends. Hindu groups are historically not unified regarding the issue of homosexuality, each one having a distinct doctrinal view. The Indian
Kama Sutra, written in the 4th century CE, contains passages describing
eunuchs or "third-sex" males performing
oral sex on men. The text describes
Kama as one of the three objectives to be achieved in life. Though it forbids the educated Brahmins, bureaucrats and wisemen from practicing
Auparishtaka (oral sex). Similarly, some medieval Hindu temples and artifacts openly depict both male homosexuality and lesbianism within their carvings, such as the temple walls at
Khajuraho. Some infer from these images that Hindu society and religion were previously more open to variations in human sexuality than they are at present. ,
India In some Hindu sects (specially among the hijras), many divinities are
androgynous. There are Hindu deities who are
intersex (both male and female); who manifest in all three genders; who switch from male to female or from female to male; male deities with female moods and female deities with male moods; deities born from two males or from two females; deities born from a single male or single female; deities who avoid the opposite sex; deities with principal companions of the same sex, and so on. However, this is not accepted by the majority of Hindus, and is often considered heretical in nature. Those who do accept it justify with the belief that both God and nature are unlimitedly diverse and God is difficult to comprehend.
Ayoni sex, which includes oral and anal sex, never came to be viewed as much of a sin like in Christianity nor a serious crime and could be practiced in some cases. Close friendship between people of same genders has also been seen as permissible in Hindu texts. Several Hindu priests have performed same-sex marriages, arguing that love is the result of attachments from previous births and that marriage, as a union of spirit, is transcendental to gender. It is often regarded that Hinduism does not condemn homosexuality.
Buddhism (: "Temple of the Ray of Spring Light") in
Kyoto,
Japan, is a Buddhist temple that performs same-sex marriage ceremonies. The most common formulation of Buddhist ethics are the
Five Precepts and the
Eightfold Path, one should neither be attached to nor crave sensual pleasure. The third of the Five Precepts is "To refrain from committing sexual misconduct": this precept has sometimes been interpreted to include homosexuality. However, "sexual misconduct" is a broad term, and is subjected to interpretation relative to the social norms of the followers. The determination of whether or not
same-gender relations are appropriate for a layperson is not considered a religious matter by many Buddhists. According to the
Pāli Canon and
Āgama (the
early Buddhist scriptures), there is nothing saying that same or opposite gender relations have anything to do with sexual misconduct, and some
Theravādin Buddhist monks express that same-gender relations do not violate the rule to avoid sexual misconduct, which means not having sex with
people under age (thus protected by their parents or guardians), someone
betrothed or
married, and those who have taken vows of
religious celibacy. and
LGBTQ people shown by the
Buddhist flag and
rainbow flag. Views on homosexuality and LGBTQ rights differ in the
Buddhist tradition. However, many Buddhist leaders and groups have been historically supportive and continue to be supportive of LGBTQ people. The renowned
Thiền Buddhist master,
Thích Nhất Hạnh, remarked that the spirit of Buddhism is inclusiveness and stated that "when you look at the ocean, you see different kinds of waves, many sizes and shapes, but all the waves have water as their foundation and substance. If you are born gay or lesbian, your ground of being in the same as mine. We are different, but we share the same ground of being."
Japan's
culture and
major religions don't have a history of hostility towards homosexuality. Same-sex marriages are performed at
Shunkō-in, a
Rinzai Zen Buddhist temple in
Kyoto, Japan. Some modern Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in
Taiwan, which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019. Some adherents of the
Navayāna (Ambedkarite) Buddhist tradition are supporting LGBTQ rights within their larger activist activities. In
Thailand, some leaders in the
Theravāda tradition including Phra Payom Kalayano have expressed support for LGBTQ rights. The
Dalai Lama of the
Gelug sect of Tibetan Buddhism previously interpreted sexual misconduct to include lesbian and gay sex, and indeed any sex other than penis-vagina intercourse, including oral sex, anal sex, and masturbation or other sexual activity with the hand; the only time sex is acceptable is when it performed for its purpose of procreation. In 1997, the
14th Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso declared: "From a Buddhist point of view, men-to-men and women-to-women is generally considered sexual misconduct." However, this view expressed by the Dalai Lama is not based on the teachings of
Gautama Buddha but derived from some later
Abhidharma texts. Moreover, the Dalai Lama has repeatedly "voiced his support for the full recognition of human rights for all people, regardless of sexual orientation." In 2009, when interviewed by Canadian TV news anchor Evan Solomon on
CBC News: Sunday about whether or not homosexuality is acceptable in Buddhism, the Dalai Lama responded that "it is sexual misconduct." However, the Dalai Lama supports human rights for all, "regardless of sexual orientation." In the most recent interview with the Dalai Lama on this topic (10 March 2014), the Dalai Lama said gay marriage is "OK", provided it's not in contradiction with the values of one's chosen religion. Also in the Tibetan tradition, the
Nalandabodhi sangha has stated that they are welcoming of all sexual orientations and well-known Bhutanese lama
Khyentse Norbu has expressed support for LGBTQ rights in
Bhutan. In
Western Buddhist denominations, there is widescale support for LGBTQ rights from Buddhist groups and organizations, including the
European Buddhist Union, the Buddhist Churches of America, many Shin Buddhist groups, and Zen leaders such as
Thích Nhất Hạnh. Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBTQ rights. American
Soka Gakkai Buddhists have performed same-sex union ceremonies since the 1990s. In a
Pew Research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted. This was a higher level of support than any other religious group studied. This non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct view is not based on Buddha's teachings, but from later
Abhidharma texts. Buddhism is often characterized as distrustful of sensual enjoyment and sexuality in general. Traditionally, sex and lust are seen as hindering to spiritual progress in most schools of Buddhism; as such
monks are expected to refrain from all sexual activity, and the
Vinaya (the first book of the
Tripitaka) specifically prohibits
sexual intercourse, then further explain that anal, oral, and vaginal intercourse amount to sexual intercourse, which will result in permanent exclusion from Sangha. A notable exception in the history of Buddhism occurred in Japan during the
Edo period, in which male homosexuality, or more specifically, love between young novices and older monks, were celebrated. References to
pandaka, a
eunuch/
impotence category that is sometimes interpreted to include homosexual males, can be found throughout the
Pali canon as well as other
Sanskrit scriptures. In the Chinese version of
Sarvastivada Vinaya, the pandaka is mentioned as also trying to have sex with women, not just men. Leonard Zwilling refers extensively to
Buddhaghosa's
Samantapasadika, where
pandaka are described as being filled with defiled passions and insatiable lusts, and are dominated by their
libido. Some texts of the
Abhidharma state that a
pandaka cannot achieve enlightenment in their own lifetime, (but must wait for rebirth) and Asanga and Vasubandhu discussed if a pandaka was able to be enlightened or not. According to one scriptural story,
Ananda—Buddha's cousin and disciple—was a
pandaka in one of his many previous lives. Some later classic Buddhist masters and texts disallow contact between monks/
Bodhisattva and
pandakas/women and classify non-vagina sex as sexual misconduct, including for lay followers. In
Thailand, some accounts propose that "homosexuality arises as a
karmic consequence of violating Buddhist proscriptions against heterosexual misconduct. These karmic accounts describe homosexuality as a congenital condition which cannot be altered, at least in a homosexual person's current lifetime, and have been linked with calls for compassion and understanding from the non-homosexual populace." However, in Thailand, several leaders in the Theravada tradition including Phra Payom Kalayano have expressed support for LGBT rights. A later popular Japanese legend attributed the introduction of monastic homosexuality to Japan to Shingon founder
Kukai, although scholars now dismiss the veracity of this assertion, pointing out his strict adherence to the Vinaya. Nonetheless, the legend served to "affirm same sex relation between men and boys in seventeenth century Japan." However, Japanese Buddhist scholar and author of "
Wild Azaleas" Kitamura Kigin argued that there was a tendency in monasteries to avoid heterosexuality and to encourage homosexuality. Although Mahayana Buddhism has some texts against homosexuality (from later Abhidharma texts and
Buddhist apocrypha), the majority of its teachings assert that all beings who correctly practice the dharma may reach enlightenment, since all possess an innate Buddha nature. Enlightenment being achievable even in a single life. Some Mahayana Buddhist leaders were active in the movement for same-sex marriage rights in Taiwan which legalized same-sex marriages in 2019. The capacity of Buddhism to reform itself and its great variety of distinct beliefs and schools, provide many liberal streams of Buddhism, which are accepting of all sexual orientations. Reformists of Buddhism are mainly predominant in cosmopolitan cities. In global traditions, there is a widescale support for LGBT rights including the European Buddhist Union, the Buddhist Churches of America, many Shin Buddhist groups, and Zen leaders such as Thich Nhat Hanh. Soka Gakkai International-USA (SGI-USA) is the most diverse Buddhist community in the United States with more than 500 chapters and some 100 centers throughout the country supports LGBT rights. In a PEW research poll, 88% of American Buddhists stated that homosexuality should be accepted. The universal goal of a Sikh is to have no hate or animosity to any person, regardless of factors like race, caste, color, creed or gender. Some modern Sikh leaders have condemned homosexuality. Giani Joginder Singh Vedanti of the temporal Sikh authority (
Akal Takht), has condemned homosexuality while reminding visiting Sikh-Canadian
Members of Parliament (MPs) of their religious duty to oppose
same-sex marriage. The Sikh religious body, the
Akal Takht, has issued an edict condemning gay marriage. Other Sikhs point out that Sikhism does not condemn homosexuality or gay marriage reminding them that the Guru Granth Sahib leaves this as a matter of personal conscience. Gurbani based view:
Eastern and Southeast Asian religions Among the
Taoic religions of
East Asia, such as
Taoism, passionate homosexual expression is usually discouraged because it is believed to not lead to human fulfillment.
Burmese folk religion Many
Nat Kadaws in traditional Burmese folk religion are members of the LGBT community.
Chinese folk religion Tu'er Shen, also known as the Rabbit God, is a gay
Chinese deity. which has been called the world's only religious shrine for gay people. About 9,000 pilgrims visit the temple each year praying to find a suitable partner.
Confucianism Confucianism, being primarily a social and political philosophy, focused little on sexuality; whether homosexual or heterosexual. However, the ideology did emphasize male friendships, and
Louis Crompton has argued that the "closeness of the master-disciple bond it fostered may have subtly facilitated homosexuality".
Homosexuality is not mentioned in the
Analects of Confucius.
Đạo Mẫu In Vietnam, many LGBT people find a safe community within the
Đạo Mẫu religion, which is worship of the mother god
. Many LGBT people act as mediums during
Đạo Mẫu rituals
. Shinto Historically, the
Shinto "had no special code of morals and seems to have regarded sex as a natural phenomenon to be enjoyed with few inhibitions." While
Shinto beliefs are diverse, Shinto doesn't condemn homosexuality, Multiple Shinto leaders advocated in support of
gay marriage in Hawaii.
Taoism There is no single official position on homosexuality in Taoism, as the term Taoism is used to describe a number of disparate religious traditions encompassing a variety of views. Although Taoist alchemy generally emphasized that ejaculation in heterosexual relationships represented a draining of the male's "life essence," this concept was not generally extended to non-heterosexual sex. In a similar way to Buddhism, Taoist schools sought throughout history to
define what would be sexual misconduct. Broadly speaking, the precept against "sexual misconduct" in Taoism relates to extramarital sex. The term for a married couple (夫婦) usually in Chinese suggests a male with a female, though Taoist scripture itself does not explicitly say anything against same-sex relations. Many sorts of precepts mentioned in the
Yunji Qiqian (), The Mini Daoist Canon, does not explicitly say anything against same-gender relations as well. Homosexuality is not unknown in Taoist history, such as during the Tang dynasty when Taoist nuns exchanged love poems. As a sexual misconduct however would depend on what sect or school they were from as some traditions considered homosexuality to be misconduct and others did not mention it at all. There are also certain
talismans recorded in different traditions that claim to "cure" a person of the "homosexual disease/desire". Attitudes about homosexuality within Taoism often reflect the values and sexual norms of broader Chinese society and what region of China the sect resided in (see
Homosexuality in China).
Zoroastrianism The
Vendidad, one of the later
Zoroastrian texts composed in the Artificial Young
Avestan language, has not been dated precisely. It is thought that some concepts of law, uncleanliness,
dualism, and
salvation were shared between the religions, and subsequent interactions between the religions are documented by events such as the release of the Jews from the
Babylonian captivity by Zoroastrian
Cyrus the Great in 537 BC, and the Biblical account of the
Magi visiting the infant
Jesus. The Vendidad generally promotes procreation: "the man who has a wife is far above him who lives in continence; he who keeps a house is far above him who has none; he who has children is far above the childless man; he who has riches is far above him who has none." It details the penance for a worshipper who submits to
sodomy under force as "Eight hundred stripes with the Aspahe-astra, eight hundred stripes with the Sraosho-charana." (equal to the penalty for breaking a contract with the value of an ox), and declares that for those participating voluntarily "For that deed there is nothing that can pay, nothing that can atone, nothing that can cleanse from it; it is a trespass for which there is no atonement, for ever and ever". However, those not practicing the
Religion of Mazda were pardoned for past actions upon conversion. It has been argued that, in ancient times, those prohibitions against sodomy did not apply to
eunuchs.
African diasporic religions Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in
Haitian Vodou. Within
Candomblé, a
syncretic religion primarily found in Brazil, there is widespread (though not universal) support for gay rights, many members are LGBT, and have performed gay marriages. Practitioners of
Santería, primarily found in Cuba, generally (though not universally) welcome LGBTQ members and include them in religious or ritual activities. Also a Brazilian syncretic religion,
Umbanda houses generally support LGBTQ rights and have performed gay marriages. Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in
Haitian Vodou.
Candomblé Within
Candomblé, a
syncretic religion found primarily in Brazil, there is widespread (though not universal) support for gay rights, many members are LGBT, and have performed gay marriages. Homosexuality would be more probable in a man with a female orisha, a woman with a male orisha, or any of them with an androgynous orisha (such as
Olokun).
Haitian Vodou Homosexuality is religiously acceptable in
Haitian Vodou. The lwa or loa (spirits) Erzulie Dantor and Erzulie Freda are often associated with and viewed as protectors of queer people.
Santería Practitioners of
Santería, primarily found in Cuba, generally (though not universally) welcome LGBT members and include them in religious or ritual activities.
Umbanda Also a Brazilian syncretic religion,
Umbanda houses generally support LGBT rights and have performed gay marriages.
New religious movements Since the beginning of the
sexual liberation movement in the Western world, which coincided with
second-wave feminism and the
women's liberation movement initiated in the early 1960s, new religious movements and alternative spiritualities such as
Modern Paganism and the
New Age began to grow and spread across the globe alongside their intersection with the sexual liberation movement and the
counterculture of the 1960s, There have been UUA resolutions supporting people regardless of sexual orientation since 1970, and a popular program of becoming a "Welcoming Congregation" since 1989. The UUA has officially supported UUA clergy performing Services of Union between same-sex couples since 1984, and has supported
same-sex marriage since 1996. The
Canadian Unitarian Council (CUC) similarly operates a Gender and Sexual Diversity Monitoring Group and, like the UUA (of which it became autonomous in 2002), has Welcoming Congregations. The Canadian Unitarian Universalist congregations perform same-sex marriages and the CUC supports this work through its Lay Chaplaincy program. The first ordained minister of a major religious sect in the U.S. or Canada to
come out as gay was the UU Minister
James Stoll in 1969. There have been denominational resolutions supporting LGBTQ people since 1970, when a resolution was passed that condemned discrimination against homosexuals. Unitarian Universalism was the first denomination to accept openly
transgender people as full members with eligibility to become clergy; in 1988 the first openly transgender person was ordained by the
Unitarian Universalist Association (UUA). The UUA has supported marriage equality since 1996 and compared those who resisted such equality to the resistance to the
abolition of slavery, women's
suffrage, and the end of anti-
miscegenation laws. Three-quarters of all UU congregations have undertaken a series of organizational, procedural, and practical steps to become acknowledged as a "Welcoming Congregation": a congregation that is intentionally welcoming and inclusive of LGBTQ members. On June 29, 1984, the UUA became the first major denomination "to approve religious blessings on homosexual unions." Unitarian Universalists were in the forefront of the work to make same-sex marriages legal in their local states and provinces, as well as on the national level. In May 2004,
Arlington Street Church, Boston, was the site of the first state-sanctioned same-sex marriage in the United States. LGBTQ people are regularly ordained as ministers, and have also served at the highest levels of leadership in the denomination, including as president of the Canadian Unitarian Council, interim co-president of the Unitarian Universalist Association, and co-moderator of the UUA.
Antoinism Antoinism, a
new religious movement founded in Belgium in 1910, does not provide any prescription on issues such as sexuality, as it considers that this is not related to spirituality; homosexuality is not deemed a sin and there is nothing wrong to be gay and antoinist.
Eckankar Eckankar, an American
new religious movement founded by
Paul Twitchell in 1965, says on its website that "where legally recognized,
same-sex marriages are performed, in the form of the ECK Wedding Ceremony, by ordained ministers of Eckankar".
Neo-Druidism The
Order of Bards, Ovates and Druids is a worldwide group dedicated to practicing, teaching, and developing modern
Druidry and has more than 25,000 members in 50 countries. The Order is LGBT-affirming within a larger framework of support for civil rights, love of justice, and the love of all existences.
Santa Muerte The cult of
Santa Muerte is a
new religious movement centered on the worship of Santa Muerte, a
cult image,
female deity, and
folk saint which is popularly revered in
Mexican Neopaganism and
folk Catholicism. A
personification of death, she is associated with healing, protection, and safe delivery to the
afterlife by her devotees. Santa Muerte is also revered and seen as a saint and protector of the
lesbian, gay, bisexual, transgender, and queer (LGBTQ+) communities in Mexico, since LGBTQ+ people are considered and treated as outcasts by the
Catholic Church,
evangelical churches, and Mexican society at large. The
Iglesia Católica Tradicional México-Estados Unidos, also known as the Church of Santa Muerte,
recognizes gay marriage and performs religious wedding ceremonies for homosexual couples. According to R. Andrew Chesnut,
Ph.D. in
Latin American history and
professor of
Religious studies, the cult of Santa Muerte is the single fastest-growing new religious movement in the Americas. Many Heathen groups in Northern Europe perform
same-sex marriages, and a group of self-described "Homo-Heathens" marched in the 2008
Stockholm Pride carrying a statue of the Norse god
Freyr. Research found a greater proportion of LGBTQ practitioners within Heathenry (21%) than wider society, although noted that the percentage was lower than in other forms of modern Paganism.
Wicca, like other religions, has adherents with a broad spectrum of views, ranging from conservative to liberal. It is a largely nondogmatic religion and has no prohibitions against sexual intercourse outside of marriage or relationships between members of the same sex. The religion's ethics are largely summed up by the
Wiccan Rede: "An it harm none, do as thou wilt", which is interpreted by many as allowing and endorsing responsible sexual relationships of all varieties. Specifically in the Wiccan tradition of modern witchcraft, one of the widely accepted pieces of
Craft liturgy, the Charge of the Goddess instructs that "...all acts of love and pleasure are [the Goddess'] rituals", giving validity to all forms of sexual activity for Wiccan practitioners. In the
Gardnerian and
Alexandrian forms of Wicca, the "
Great Rite" is a sex ritual much like the
hieros gamos, performed by a priest and priestess who are believed to embody the Wiccan God and Goddess. The Great Rite is almost always performed figuratively using the athame and chalice as symbols of the penis and vagina. The literal form of the ritual is always performed by consenting adults, by a couple who are already lovers and in private. The Great Rite is not seen as an opportunity for casual sex. Pagan groups tend to be relatively accepting of LGBTQ people, same-sex romance, and gender diversity. This has led to a growth in the number of LGBTQ adherents. Some groups continue to use gender essentialist notion causing conflict around non-cisgender individuals and single-gender groups of Pagan people.
Radical Faeries The
Radical Faeries are a worldwide
queer spiritual movement, founded in 1979 in the
United States.
Wicca The Wiccan
Charge of the Goddess, one of the most famous texts in
Neopaganism, states in the words of the Goddess, "all acts of love and pleasure are my rituals". In traditional forms of Wicca, such as
Gardnerian and
Alexandrian Wicca, magic is often performed between a man and a woman, and the "
Great Rite" is a sex ritual performed between a Priest and Priestess representing the God and Goddess; however, this is not generally seen as excluding homosexuals or magic between same-sex couples. While many groups still insist that initiations be conferred from man to woman or woman to man, Wicca has become a very diverse religion with varying views. As there is no central governing body nor a core authoritative text, individual covens and practitioners often establish their own guidelines. Many self-initiates are LGBTQ+ and form queer-centered covens and traditions.
Raëlism (2014)
Raëlism, an international
new religious movement and
UFO religion which was founded in France in 1974, promotes a
positive outlook towards human sexuality, including homosexuality. Its founder
Raël recognised same-sex marriage, and a Raëlian press release stated that sexual orientation is genetic and it also likened
discrimination against gay people to
racism. Some Raëlian leaders have performed licensed same-sex marriages.
Satanism Both major Satanic traditions,
The Satanic Temple and the
Church of Satan, emphasise the right of the individual to free sexual expression.
Lucien Greaves, spokesperson of The Satanic Temple, has stated the Temple "will always fight... to the death to ensure that there are equal rights for the gay community." The Church of Satan has always accepted gays, lesbians and bisexuals since its foundation in 1966. The church supports legalization of same-sex marriages. The group
Order of Nine Angles released several texts including homosexual versions of
sex magic rites. However, the ONA-inspired
Black Order, originally founded by
Kerry Bolton, split into two separate groups because the new grandmaster, Abaaner Incendium (former editor of
Key of Alocer) was openly homosexual and a transvestite who would later undergo
gender-affirming surgery. The American section of the order therefore considered the new grandmaster unsuitable and formed the
White Order of Thule. In July 1997, two members of the
Misanthropic Luciferian Order committed the
Keillers Park murder. According to the
Svenska Mord website, the exact motives were never elucidated, but Satanism and homophobia may have been relevant factors. According to a later statement from the secretary of the band one of the perpetrators played in, the man had harassed them and was killed out of anger.
Scientology The
Church of Scientology opposes same-sex marriage and its founder
L. Ron Hubbard called homosexuality a dangerous perversion. The Church of Scientology's perspectives on homosexuality are based on the writings of its founder, and his statements about homosexuality have led critics to assert that
Scientology promotes
homophobia, and being gay or accused of being gay is viewed as negative in the Scientology community. According to a 2018 source, currently used, updated editions of Hubbard's
canonical book,
Dianetics, continue to use
heteronormative and
anti-gay language and list gay people as perverts who are physically ill and extremely dangerous to society. Some critics have stated that the church tried to
change their gay attractions through forms of therapy.
Other religions Ancient Mesopotamian religion Individuals who went against the traditional
gender binary were heavily involved in the cult of
Inanna, an ancient Mesopotamian goddess. During Sumerian times, a set of priests known as
gala worked in Inanna's temples, where they performed elegies and lamentations. During the Akkadian Period,
kurgarrū and
assinnu were servants of Ishtar who
dressed in female clothing and performed war dances in Ishtar's temples.
Pre-colonial religions of the Americas (1796–1872) while on the
Great Plains among the
Sac and Fox Nation. Depicting a group of male warriors dancing around a male-bodied person in a woman's dress, non-Native artist George Catlin titled the painting
Dance to the Berdache. Among the
Indigenous peoples of the Americas prior to the
European colonization, many Nations had respected ceremonial, religious, and social roles for homosexual, bisexual, and gender-nonconforming individuals in their communities and in many contemporary
Native American and
First Nations communities, these roles still exist. Homosexual and gender-variant individuals were also common among other pre-
conquest civilizations in
Latin America, such as the
Aztecs,
Mayans,
Quechuas,
Moches,
Zapotecs, and the
Tupinambá of Brazil and were accepted in their various religions. Many Nations had respected ceremonial, religious, and social roles for gender nonconforming
Native American and
First Nations communities, and these roles still exist. However, the indigenous peoples of the Americas include hundreds of cultures with varying views on sex, gender, and spirituality. Additionally, First Nations and indigenous views on gender and sexuality may not fall within modern Western categorizations of sex and gender.
Pre-colonial religions of the Philippines Filipino shamans, often known as
babaylan held positions of authority as religious leaders or healers in some precolonial Philippine societies
. Cross-dressing or gender nonconforming males sometimes took on the role of the female babaylan. Early historical accounts record the existence of male
babaylans who wore female clothes and took the demeanor of a woman. Anatomy was not the only basis for gender. Being male or female was based primarily on occupation, appearance, actions and sexuality. A male
babaylan could partake in romantic and sexual relations with other men without being judged by society. A small number of Filipinos practice local indigenous religions today.
Humanism Humanism is a non-religious, non-theistic approach to life that supports full equality for LGBTQ individuals, including the right to marry.
Humanism and Its Aspirations, a statement of humanist principles from the
American Humanist Association, states that "humanists are concerned for the well being of all, are committed to diversity, and respect those of differing yet humane views...work to uphold the equal enjoyment of human rights and civil liberties in an open, secular society and maintain it is a civic duty to participate in the democratic process and a planetary duty to protect nature's integrity, diversity, and beauty in a secure, sustainable manner." The American Humanist Association provides an LGBT Humanist Pride award and has funded an LGBT-inclusive prom for Itawamba County Agricultural High School in Mississippi. The organisation
LGBT Humanists UK "is a United Kingdom-based not-for-profit that campaigns for lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgender (LGBT) equality and human rights and promotes Humanism as an ethical worldview." It was formerly an independent group, but since 2012 has been a part of the charity
Humanists UK. In 2009 they gave
Stephen Fry an award "for his services to humanism and gay rights." Humanists UK Chief Executive
Andrew Copson, who is gay, once wrote that "humanists have always been champions of LGBT rights" and cited his organisation's many years campaigning for decriminalisation and LGBT equality in the UK, including legal same-sex marriages. He pointed out the large number of LGBT people in the movement, including Stephen Fry,
Christian Jessen, and
Peter Tatchell, as well as historical associations with humanism like the writer
Virginia Woolf and
E M Forster. In a statement following the
Orlando nightclub shooting for the
International Humanist and Ethical Union, of which Copson is also President, he went further, saying "Humanism is the ultimate, long-standing and unfaltering ally of LGBTI people everywhere". ==See also==