List of rulers of Bengal

Ancient geopolitical divisions The founders of Angas, Vangas, Kalingas, Pundras, Odras and Suhmas shared a common ancestry. They were all adopted sons of a king named Bali, born by a sage named Gautama Dirghatamas, who lived in Magadha close to the city of Girivraja. ;Bengal from c. 1100 to c. 600 BCE c. 1100–600 BCE ;Bengal from c. 600 to c. 350 BCE c. 600–350 BCE ;Bengal in c. 350 BCE in 350 BCE Anga kingdom (c. 1100–530 BCE) The earliest mention occurs in the Atharvaveda (V.22.14) where they are listed alongside the Magadhas, Gandharis and the Mujavatas. Anga was annexed by Magadha in the time of Bimbisara. This was the one and only conquest of Bimbisara. Known Anga rulers include: • Maharaj Anga – (founder of the kingdom and son of King Bali) • Romapada • Brihadratha • Angaraj Karna • Vrishaketu – (son of Karna) • Tamralipta • Lomapada • Chitraratha • Vrihadratha • Vasuhoma • Dhatarattha • Dhadivahana • Brahmadatta – (last king of Anga kingdom) Vanga kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE) Vanga was an ancient kingdom and geopolitical division on the Ganges delta. It was located in southern Bengal, with the core region including present-day southwestern Bangladesh and southern West Bengal (India). Known Vanga rulers are: • Samudrasena • Chandrasena • Karna • Bhagabhatta Pundra kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE) Pundravardhana or Pundra Kingdom, was an ancient kingdom, that included parts of present-day Rajshahi and Rangpur Divisions of Bangladesh as well as the West Dinajpur district of West Bengal in India. Known Pundra rulers are: • Paundraka Vasudeva Suhma kingdom (c. 1100–340 BCE) Suhma kingdom was an ancient state during the Vedic period on the eastern part of the Bengal.This kingdom was mentioned in the epic Mahabharata along with its neighbouring kingdom Prasuhma. Chola Empire(c. 848–1279 BCE) Videha dynasty of Mithila (Tirabhukti) (c. 1100–700 BCE) Tirabhukti or Mithila region is bounded by the Mahananda River in the east, the Ganges in the south, the Gandaki River in the west and by the foothills of the Himalayas in the north. Mithila region firstly ruled by Videha dynasty. There were 52 Janaka (kings) ruled Videha dynasty of Mithila- • Mithi (founder of Mithila and the first Janaka) • Udavasu • Nandivardhana • Suketu • Devarata • Brihadvrata • Mahavira • Sudhriti • Dristaketu • Haryasva • Maru • Pratindhaka • Kritiratha • Devamidha • Vibhuta • Mahidhrata • Kirtirata • Mahorama • Swarnorama • Hrisvaroma • Seeradhwaja • Bhaanumaan • Shatadyumn • Shuchi • Oorjnaamaa • Kriti • Anjan • Kurujit • Arishtnemi • Shrutaayu • Supaarshwa • Srinjaya • Kshemaavee • Anenaa • Bhaumarath • Satyarath • Upagu • Upagupt • Swaagat • Swaanand • Suvarchaa • Supaarshwa • Subhaash • Sushrut • Jaya • Vijaya • Rit • Sunaya • Veetahavya • Dhriti • Bahulaashwa • Kriti (last King of Videha or Janaka dynasty, Kirti Janak was atrocious ruler who lost control over his subjects. He was dethroned by public under leadership of Acharyas (Learned Men). During this period of fall of Videha dynasty, the famous republic of Licchavi was rising in Vaishali and Mithila region came under control of Licchavi clan of Vajji confederacy in around eighth century BCE. Gangaridai kingdom (c. 350–100 BCE) Gangaridae is a term used by the ancient Greco-Roman writers to describe a people or a geographical region of the ancient Indian subcontinent. Some of these writers state that Alexander the Great withdrew from the Indian subcontinent because of the strong war elephant force of the Gangaridai. However, the geographical region was annexed and governed by the Nanda Empire at the time. A number of modern scholars locate Gangaridai in the Ganges Delta of the Bengal region, although alternative theories also exist. Gange or Ganges, the capital of the Gangaridai (according to Ptolemy), has been identified with several sites in the region, including Chandraketugarh and Wari-Bateshwar. == Magadha dynasties of Bengal ==

Brihadratha dynasty (c. 1700–682 BCE) ;Rulers- (Ripunjaya was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pradyota in 682 BCE) Pradyota dynasty (c. 682–544 BCE) ;Rulers- (Varttivarddhana was the last ruler of the dynasty and was dethroned by Bimbisara in 544 BCE) Haryanka dynasty (c. 544–413 BCE) ;Rulers- (Nāgadāsaka was the last ruler of the dynasty and was overthrown by Shishunaga in 413 BCE) Shishunaga dynasty (c. 413–345 BCE) ;Rulers- (Mahanandin lost his empire to his illegitimate son Mahapadma Nanda in 345 BCE) Nanda Empire (c. 345–322 BCE) ;Rulers- (Dhana Nanda lost his empire to Chandragupta Maurya after being defeated by him in 322 BCE) Maurya Empire (c. 322–184 BCE) ;Rulers- (Brihadratha was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Pushyamitra Shunga in 185 BCE) Shunga Empire (c. 185–73 BCE) ;Rulers- (Devabhuti was the last ruler of the dynasty dethroned by Vasudeva Kanva in 73 BCE) Kanva dynasty (c. 73–28 BCE) ;Rulers- (Susarman was the last ruler of dynasty, dethroned by Simuka of the Satavahana Empire) == Classical Era ==

Chandra dynasty (c. 202–1050 CE) The Chandra Kingdom, which ruled the Vanga-Samatata region of Bengal, as well as northern Arakan. Later it was a neighbour to the Pala Empire to the north. Rulers of the Chandra kingdom were followers of Hinduism. ;Rulers- Pushkarana Kingdom (c. 4th century CE) • Simhavarman • Chandravarman Gupta Empire (c. 240–550 CE) ;Rulers- • Sri-Gupta I (240–280), the founder of the dynasty. • Ghatotkacha (280–319) • Chandra Gupta I (320–335) • Samudra Gupta (335–380) • Rama Gupta (6 Months) • Chandra Gupta II (Chandragupta Vikramaditya) (380–413/415) • Kumara Gupta I (415–455) • Skanda Gupta (455–467) • Puru Gupta(467–473) • Kumara Gupta II (473–476) • Buddha Gupta (476–495) • Narasimha Gupta(495–540) • Vainyagupta (~507) • Kumara Gupta III (500–540) • Vishnugupta (540–550), the last imperial Gupta ruler. Independent Vanga Kingdom (c. 525–575 CE) • Gopachandra • Dharmadiya • Samachardeva Jaintia kingdom (c. 525–1835 CE) Old dynasty rulers • Urmi Rani (?–550) • Krishak Pator (550–570) • Hatak (570–600) • Guhak (600–630) Partitioned Jaintia rulers • Jayanta (630–660) • Joymalla (660–?) • Mahabal (?) • Bancharu (?–1100) • Kamadeva (1100–1120) • Bhimbal (1120) Brahmin dynasty rulers • Kedareshwar Rai (1120–1130) • Dhaneshwar Rai (1130–1150) • Kandarpa Rai (1150–1170) • Manik Rai (1170–1193) • Jayanta Rai (1193–1210) • Jayanti Devi • Bara Gossain New dynasty rulers • Prabhat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1500–1516) • Majha Gosain Syiem Sutnga (1516–1532) • Burha Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1532–1548) • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga I (1548–1564) • Bijay Manik Syiem Sutnga (1564–1580) • Pratap Ray Syiem Sutnga (1580–1596) • Dhan Manik Syiem Sutnga (1596–1612) • Jasa Manik Syiem Sutnga (1612–1625) • Sundar Ray Syiem Sutnga (1625–1636) • Chota Parbat Ray Syiem Sutnga (1636–1647) • Jasamanta Ray Syiem Sutnga (1647–1660) • Ban Singh Syiem Sutnga (1660–1669) • Pratap Singh Syiem Sutnga (1669–1678) • Lakshmi Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1678–1694) • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga I (1694–1708) • Jay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1708–1731) • Bar Gosain Syiem Sutnga II (1731–1770) • Chattra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1770–1780) • Yatra Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1780-1785) • Bijay Narayan Syiem Sutnga (1785–1786) • Lakshmi Singh Syiem Sutnga (1786-1790) • Ram Singh Syiem Sutnga II (1790–1832) • Rajendra Singh Syiem Sutnga (1832–1835) Gauda kingdom (c. 550–626 CE) ;Rulers- • Early Gauda rulers are unknown • Shashanka (590–625), the first recorded independent Hindu king of Bengal, who created the first unified polity in Bengal. • Manava (625–626), ruled for 8 months before being defeated by Harshavardana and Bhaskarvarmana in 626 CE. Pushyabhuti (Vardhana) Empire (c. 606–647 CE) ;Rulers of Bengal- • Harshavardhana (606–647), unified Northern India and ruled it for over 40 years. he was the last non-Muslim emperor to rule a unified Northern India Khadga dynasty (c. 625–730 CE) ;Rulers Bhadra dynasty (6th to 7th century) The Bhadra dynasty was a Bengali Hindu royal house of Brahmin origin; their rule flourished during the first half of the 7th century, though little is known about their history. The kings of the dynasty bore names with the suffix "Bhadra". ;Known rulers are- • Narayanabhadra • Jyeshthabhadra Mallabhum kingdom (c. 694–1147 CE) ;Rulers- == Post-Classical era ==

Pala Empire (c. 750–1161 CE) Most of the Pala inscriptions mention only the regnal year as the date of issue, without any well-known calendar era. Because of this, the chronology of the Pala kings is hard to determine. Based on their different interpretations of the various epigraphs and historical records, different historians estimate the Pala chronology as follows: Sena dynasty (c. 1070–1230 CE) The Sena dynasty ruled southwestern Bengal from 1070 and ruled East Bengal until 1230. Vijaya Sena conquered the entirety of Bengal by 1154 CE. ;Rulers- • Hemanta Sena (1070–1096) • Vijaya Sena (1096–1159) • Ballala Sena (1159–1179) • Lakshmana Sena (1179–1206) • Vishvarupa Sena (1206–1225) • Keshava Sena (1225–1230) Deva dynasty (c. 1150–1294 CE) ;List of rulers is disputed- • Purushottamadeva • Madhusudanadeva • Vasudeva • Shantideva • Viradeva • Anandadeva • Bhavadeva • Damodaradeva (1231–1243) • Dasharathadeva (1243–1281) • Vikramadityadeva (1281–1294) ==Delhi Sultanate, Ghurid Empire period==

Khalji dynasty The Khalji dynasty of Bengal () were initially representatives of the Ghurid Empire, later becoming independent, although at times being subordinate to the Delhi Sultanate. Delhi Sultanate ===Governors of Bengal under Mamluk dynasty (1227–1287)=== Governors of Bengal under the Mamluk dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate- House of Balban The House of Balban () came about as a result of Mamluk governor Nasiruddin Bughra Khan declaring independence. ===Governors of Bengal under Tughlaq dynasty (1324–1338)=== == Bengal Sultanate era ==

Rulers of Sonargaon, Satgaon and Lakhnauti (1338–1352) Sultanate of Bengal (1352–1576) Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1352–1414) In 2009 a coin of a ruler named Nasiruddin Ibrahim Shah was found in Bangladesh, which was struck in 818 AH (around 1416 CE). It is possible he was a claimant to the throne. Undated coin of another ruler called Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah was found in southwestern Bengal in 2014. MD. Sharif Islam theorizes that this Siraj-al Din is the same Siraj-al Din mentioned by Riyaz As Salatin, who was a judge serving under Ghiyasuddin Azam Shah. House of Raja Ganesha (1414–1435) Two ephemeral rulers: Qutbuddin Azam Shah and Ghiyasuddin Nusrat Shah ruled Eastern Bengal for a brief period and struck coins from Muazzamabad (modern Sonargaon) in AH 837 (1434 CE). Siraj-al Din Sikandar Shah is only known from his undated coins, it is possible he belongs to this time period. It is not known if any of them were related to Shamsuddin Ahmad Shah or the Ilyas Shahis. Restored Ilyas Shahi dynasty (1435–1487) ==== Habshi dynasty (1487–1494) ==== ==== Hussain Shahi dynasty (1494–1538) ==== === Governors of Bengal under Sur Empire (1532–1556) === Restoration of Bengal Sultanate (1554–1576) Muhammad Shah dynasty (1554–1564) ==== Karrani dynasty (1564–1576) ==== === Baro Bhuyan === • Isa Khan • Masum khan • Musa khan • Fazal Ghazi • Bahadur Ghazi • Khwaja Usman Khan Lohani • Bayezid Karrani • Pratapaditya • Bir Hambir • Kedar Roy • Chad Ray • Mukundaram Roy == Mughal Empire Era ==

Mughal Emperors of Bengal Mughal Subahdars of Bengal Subah (1574–1717) === During the reign of Akbar === ===During the reign of Jahangir === ===During the reign of Shah Jahan=== ===During the reign of Aurangzeb=== == Medieval dynasties of Bengal (Autonomy Rulers Under Sultans, Mughals & Nawabs) ==

Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1949 CE) Rulers of undivided Koch dynasty (c. 1515–1586 CE) • Biswa Singha (1515–1540 CE) • Nara Narayan (1540–1586 CE) Rulers of Koch Behar (c. 1586 – 1949) • Lakshmi Narayan • Bir Narayan • Pran Narayan • Basudev Narayan • Mahindra Narayan • Roop Narayan • Upendra Narayan • Devendra Narayan • Dhairjendra Narayan • Rajendra Narayan • Dharendra Narayan • Harendra Narayan • Shivendra Narayan • Narendra Narayan • Nripendra Narayan • Rajendra Narayan II • Jitendra Narayan (father of Gayatri Devi) • Jagaddipendra Narayan (ruled till 1949) Kingdom of Bhurshut (c. 16th–18th century) • Maharaja Shivanarayan • Maharaja Rudranarayan, Maharaja (16th century) • Bhavashankari, Maharani (16th century) • Pratapnarayan, Maharaja (17th century) • Naranarayan, Maharaja (17th century) • Lakshminarayan, Maharaja (c. 1695–1712) Maharaja of Lower Bengal region ;Known rulers are- ; ;* Raja Sitaram Ray (1688–1714 CE) Maharaja of Bhawal region Rulers of Gazipur and Madhupur forest are in central Bangladesh. Kingdom of Tripura Kingdom of Assam & North East ==Nawabs of Bengal==

Independent Nawabs of Bengal (1717–1757 CE) Shamsher Gazi's Kingdom . The advent of the British East India Company with its "exploitation and oppression" alongside zamindari subjugation, made life of the peasants and farmers difficult and despondent. Shamsher Gazi's efficient rule freed them of this control. With the granting of rent exemption to the peasants, he managed to govern the economy in an appropriate manner, leading to the reduction of the prices of essential commodities. He was generous to both the Hindus and Muslims. He had ponds dug, naming them after himself, and built many schools in and outside his capital Jagannath Sonapur. 'Kaiyar Sagar' was one of the larger ponds in the area. Nawabs of Bengal under East India Company (1757–1881 CE) Nawabs of Murshidabad == Bangalah Emirates ==

== East India Company governors, British Raj and Bengal Presidency Era in Bengal ==

Governors of British East India Company in Bengal (1757–1773) • Robert Clive 1757 – 1760 • Henry Vansittart 1760 – 1764 • Robert Clive (again) 1765 – 1766 • Harry Verelst 1767 – 1769 • John Cartier 1769 – 1772 • Warren Hastings 1772 – 1773 As per the treaty of Allahabad in 1765, the British East India Company (BEIC) was given the right to collect revenue (Diwani right). From 1769, the company collected revenue from Bengal. Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal – Dual government (1773–1793) Following the Regulating Act 1773, the Governor of Bengal was officially called Governor-General of Fort William. • Warren Hastings 1773 – 1785 • Charles Cornwallis 1786 – 1793 Governors-General of British East India Company in Bengal (1793–1833) In 1793, the British East India Company abolished Nizamat, i.e. local rule by Mughal emperor- appointed Nawabs and annexed Bengal. • Sir John Shore 1793 – 1798 • Richard Wellesley 1798 – 1805 • Charles Cornwallis 1805 – 1805 • Sir George Barlow, 1st Baronet 1805 – 1807 • Gilbert Elliot-Murray-Kynynmound, 1st Earl of Minto 1807 – 1813 • Francis Rawdon-Hastings, 1st Marquess of Hastings 1813 – 1823 • John Adam 1823 – 1823 • William Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst 1823 – 1828 • William Butterworth Bayley 1828 – 1828 • Lord William Bentinck 1828 – 1833 Governor-Generals of British East India Company (1833–1858) As per Charter Act 1833, the Governor-General of Bengal would be called Governor-General of India • Lord William Bentinck 1833 – 1835 • Charles Metcalfe, 1st Baron Metcalfe 1835 – 1836 • George Eden 1836 – 1842 • Edward Law 1842 – 1844 • William Bird 1844 – 1844 • Henry Hardinge 1844 – 1848 • James Broun-Ramsay 1848 – 1856 • The Viscount Canning 1856 – 1858 British Raj era With the establishment of the Empire of India in 1858, the position of Governor-General was replaced with Governor-General and Viceroy of India. Calcutta, the capital of Bengal also became the capital of India. As a result, the position of Lieutenant-Governor of Bengal was established to look after provincial matters. Lieutenant-Governors (1858–1912) • Frederick James Halliday 1858–1859 • John Grant 1859–1862 • Sir Cecil Beadon 1862–1866 • Sir William Grey 1866–1871 • George Campbell 1871–1874 • Sir Richard Temple 1874–1877 • Sir Ashley Eden 1877–1879 • Steuart Bayley 1879–1882 • Sir Augustus Thompson 1882–1885 • Horace Cockerell 1885–1887 • Sir Steuart Bayley 1887–1890 • Charles Eliott 1890–1893 • Anthony MacDonnell 1893–1895 • Alexander Mackenzie 1895–1897 • Charles Cecil Stevens 1897–1898 • Sir John Woodburn 1898–1902 • James Bourdillon 1902–1903 • Sir Andrew Fraser 1903–1905 • Sir Andrew Fraser (Western Bengal); Sir Bampfylde Fuller (Eastern Bengal and Assam) 1905–1906 • Francis Slacke (Western Bengal) 1906–1908; Lancelot Hare (Eastern Bengal and Assam) 1906–1911 • Sir Edward Baker (Western Bengal) 1908–1911 • Sir William Duke (Western Bengal); Sir Charles Stuart Bayley (Eastern Bengal and Assam) 1911–1912 Governors (1912–1947) In late 1911, the Indian Government decided to move the capital to New Delhi. As a result, the Governorship of Bengal Presidency was now necessary. Prime Minister of Bengal (1937–1947) The Government of India Act 1935 introduced provincial autonomy in India and the position of Chief Minister or Premier of Bengal became very prominent. Office holders in Kolkata, the former seat of the Government of undivided Bengal of Huq, Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy in Dhaka Subsequently, all three Bengali chief ministers moved to East Pakistan, where they continued to be influential statesmen. Nazimuddin and Suhrawardy became Prime Ministers of Pakistan, while Huq served as the chief minister and governor of East Pakistan. ==After Independence of India and Pakistan==

British colonial period ended when India and Pakistan became independent nations in 1947. Bengal fell into two parts – one in India, named West Bengal and the other part in Pakistan as East Bengal, later renamed to East Pakistan in 1955. East Bengal (1947–1955) Governors of East Bengal (1947–1955) Political Party Legend East Pakistan (1955–1971) Governors of East Pakistan (1955–1971) In late 1955, the prime minister Muhammad Ali Bogra initiated the One Unit policy which resulted in East Bengal province being renamed to East Pakistan. Political Party • Legend } ----As Governor of Eastern Wing : (1873 - 1962) Sramik Party (Acting) (1906-1972) (1902-1977) ----Sworn in: (1898-1971) ----Sworn in: ----Ayub Khan Azam Khan, PA (1908-1994) (Acting) (1910-2003) (1899-1992) (1899-1971) (1919-1991) Muzaffaruddin, PA (Martial Law Administrator) Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA (1920-2016) (Martial Law Administrator) Syed Mohammad Ahsan, PN (1921-1989) Sahabzada Yaqub Khan, PA (1920-2016) (Head of Civil Administration ) Tikka Khan, PA (1915-2002) ----Sworn in: ----Officially announced: (1905-1977) ----Sworn in: A. A. K. Niazi, PA (1915-2004) (Supreme Authority of East Pakistan) Chief ministers of East Pakistan (1955–1971) Political Party } (1893 – 1974) ----Malik Ghulam Muhammad (1873 - 1962) (1894 - 1969) ----Sir Thomas Hobart Ellis (Acting) ----Muhammad Shahabuddin (Acting) ----Iskander Mirza (1907 - 1991) ----Sher-e-BanglaA. K. Fazlul Huq (1894 - 1969) ----Muhammad Hamid Ali (Acting) (1907 - 1991) ----Sultanuddin Ahmad ----Ayub Khan (1894 - 1969) (1907 - 1991) On 7 October 1958, the post of Chief Minister of East Pakistan was abolished. And after the independence of Bangladesh on 16 December 1971, the province of East Pakistan was dissolved. West Bengal (1947–present) Governors of West Bengal Premiers of West Bengal Chief Ministers of West Bengal == After independence of Bangladesh ==

East Pakistan seceded from West Pakistan on 16 December 1971 after the end of Bangladesh Liberation War and was named Bangladesh as an independent nation. The President was the executive Head of state of Bangladesh during Presidential system of government from 1975 to 1991. Thereafter, the Prime Minister is the executive head of government of this parliamentary republic while the President is the ceremonial Head of state, elected by the parliament. Presidents of Bangladesh ;Political parties ;Other factions ;Status ;Symbols Died in office Vice presidents of Bangladesh (1975–1991) ;Political parties ;Other factions Prime Ministers of Bangladesh Note that numbering for Prime Minister is given either bracketless, or with ( ) brackets. Numbering for Chief Adviser is given in [ ] brackets. Acting Prime Ministers or Chief Advisers are not numbered and instead denoted as "—". There have been 11 Prime Ministers, 1 Acting Prime Minister, 5 Chief Advisers, and 1 Acting Chief Adviser of Bangladesh so far. ;Political parties ;Status ;Symbols Died in office == See also ==