Sexuality in Islam

Modesty Islam has strongly emphasized the concept of decency and modesty (haya) and chastity; besides the lawful sexuality, priority is given to modesty and chastity both inside and outside the marital relationships. The Quran warns against immoral lust (fahisha), and the hadith literature, modesty has been described by Muhammad as "a part of faith" in hadith traditions. Islam strictly discourages nudity and public nakedness, and it is also forbidden for spouses to spread the secrets of what happens between them in their private marital life. Education Adult Islam has a long tradition of pragmatism with respect to sex education, with sex being readily discussed and not subject or taboo as long as the topics under discussion were Islamically permissible. A hadith attributed to Muhammad's wife Aisha states that the Ansar women in particular were not shy about asking questions regarding sexual matters as long as they are halal. From as early as the 14th-century, entire manuscripts devoted to Islamic sexual education were being written in Arabic in Baghdad, which at that time was a great literary centre within the Muslim world. The Perfumed Garden of Sensual Delight (Arabic: الروض العاطر في نزهة الخاطر) is a fifteenth-century Arabic Islamic sex manual and work of erotic literature by Muhammad ibn Muhammad al-Nefzawi, also known simply as "Nefzawi". The book presents opinions on what qualities men and women should have to be attractive and gives advice on sexual technique, warnings about sexual health, and recipes to remedy sexual maladies. It gives lists of names for the penis and vulva, and has a section on the interpretation of dreams. Interspersed with these there are a number of stories which are intended to give context and amusement. Children According to Abdullah Nasih Ulwan, sex education is not recommended until the approach of puberty, and children are expected to be taught the signs of this as well as the characteristics which distinguish men from women. Islamic tradition also encourages that sexual education be entwined with morality, explaining Islamic rules involving the covering the intimate parts of the body, 'awrah, and the Islamic positions on modesty, chastity and avoiding promiscuity. Whether or not it should be carried out after converting to Islam is debated among Islamic scholars. The Quran does not mention circumcision, either explicitly or implicitly—in any verse—while some hadiths mention circumcision in a list of practices known as fitra (acts considered to be of a refined person). However, different hadiths contradict on whether circumcision is part of fitra or not. According to some traditions Muhammad was born without a foreskin (aposthetic), while others maintain that his grandfather Abd al-Muttalib circumcised him when he was seven days old. Islamic sources that advocate for circumcision also do not fix a particular time for circumcision, which can depend on family, region, and country. The preferred age is usually seven although some Muslims are circumcised as early as the seventh day after birth and as late as the commencement of puberty. The minimum age for puberty in boys is approximately 12 lunar years, and in the absence of symptoms, approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region; in the case of boys, the characteristics or signs of puberty, pubic hair growth, and Spermarche ("wet dreams"). The minimum age of puberty for girls is approximately 9 lunar years and if absence of no symptoms are found, it can be considered as approximately 15 lunar years to maximum 17 lunar years or 18 lunar years, or may vary by geographical region in case of girls. The characteristics or signs of puberty in girls are pubic hair, menstruation, wet dreams, and the ability to conceive. In issues pertaining to marriage, baligh refers to the legal expression ''hatta tutiqa'l-rijal, which means a wedding may not take place until a girl is physically fit for sexual intercourse. This can also, though not necessarily, coincide with the reaching of sexual maturity manifested by menses or nocturnal emission. Only after a separate condition called rushd'', or intellectual maturity to handle one's own property, is reached can a wife receive her bridewealth.Language that is taken to clearly imply that sexual relations during menstruation are prohibited. Ibn Kathir—a muhaddith—narrated a hadith that describes Muhammad's habits with his menstruating wives. This hadith demonstrates that Muhammad gave licence to all forms of spousal intimacy during the period of menstruation with the exception of vaginal intercourse. Women are required to perform ritual cleansing (ghusl) before resuming religious duties or sexual relations upon completion of their menstruation. Sexual intercourse is also prohibited during menstruation, Nocturnal emissions Nocturnal emission is not a sin in Islam. Moreover, whereas a person fasting—in Ramadan or otherwise—would normally be considered to have broken their fast by ejaculating on purpose (during either masturbation or intercourse), nocturnal emission is not such a cause. They are still required to bathe prior to undergoing some rituals in the religion. Muslim scholars consider ejaculation something that makes one temporarily ritually impure, a condition known as junub; meaning that a Muslim who has had an orgasm or ejaculated must have a ghusl. Legal relationships Marriage In Islam and Islamic law (sharia), marriage (nikāḥ) is a legal and social contract between two individuals that outlines the rights and responsibilities of the groom and bride. Polygyny is permitted in Islam under some conditions. Both the groom and the bride are to consent to the marriage of their own free wills. Marriage is an act of Islam and is strongly recommended. Divorce in Islam can take a variety of forms, some executed by a husband personally and some executed by a religious court on behalf of a plaintiff wife who is successful in her legal divorce petition for valid cause. In addition to nikah, there is a different fixed-term marriage known as ("temporary marriage") permitted only by the Twelver branch of Shia Islam for a pre-fixed period. There is also a misyar marriage, a non-temporary marriage with the removal of some conditions such as living together, permitted by some Sunni scholars. In Islam, the husband should have intercourse with his wife according to what satisfies her, so long as that does not harm him physically or keep him from earning a living. The husband is obliged to treat his wife in a kind and reasonable manner. Part of that kind and reasonable treatment is intercourse, with tradition stipulating that couples should not forego intercourse for longer than four months, though some prominent scholars have prescribed a more stringent minimum frequency of sexual intercourse as a religious obligation for husbands; Ibn Hazm prescribed once a month and al-Ghazali prescribed once every four days. According to other scholars, there is no time limit. However, most scholars say that it is obligatory on women alike not to refuse their husbands if they call them, so long as the woman who is called is not menstruating or sick in such a way that intercourse will be harmful to her, or observing an obligatory fast. If she refuses with no excuse, then she is cursed. and Saint Catherine's Monastery allowing interfaith marriage between Muslims and Christians, which discussed in the Ashtiname of Muhammad. According to the traditional interpretation of Islamic law (sharia), a Muslim man is allowed to marry a Christian or Jewish woman but this ruling does not apply to women who belong to other Non-Muslim religious groups, whereas a Muslim woman is not allowed to marry a Non-Muslim man of any Non-Muslim religious group. However, marriage with an idolatress or idolater is forbidden. In the case of a Muslim-Christian marriage, which is to be contracted only after permission from the Christian party, the Christian spouse is not to be prevented from attending church for prayer and worship, according to the Ashtiname of Muhammad, a treaty between Muslims and Christians recorded between Muhammad and Saint Catherine's Monastery. Concubinage Before the abolition of slavery, concubinage existed alongside marriage as a permitted relationship in Islamic law that allowed a man to have sexual intercourse with his female slaves. Concubinage, which was a sexual relationship between a Muslim man and an unmarried female slave whom he owned, was the only legal sexual relationship outside marriage in Islamic law. "Concubine" (surriyya) refers to the female slave (jāriya), whether Muslim or non-Muslim, with whom her master engages in sexual intercourse. The word surriyya is not mentioned in the Quran. However, the expression ma malakat aymanukum ("that which your right hands own"), which occurs fifteen times in the sacred book, refers to slaves and therefore, though not necessarily, to concubines. Concubinage was a pre-Islamic custom that was allowed to be practiced under Islam through some reform with Jews and non-Muslim people. Muhammad also inspired to free "converted pious" concubines and marry them. Islamic jurisprudence sets limits on the master's right to sexual intercourse with his female slave. A man's ownership of his unmarried slave-girl gave him an exclusive right to have sex with her under the condition that he could not sell her to others (in order to prevent prostitution of slaves) and neither harm her. A man could own a limitless number of concubines that he could afford and maintain their upkeep, but could not have access to the slave-girls owned by his wife. Marriage between the master and his concubine was only possible if she was granted free status first. To avoid pregnancies, the master had the right to practice coitus interruptus. The birth of progeny would change the legal status of the concubine to that of umm al-walad ("mother of the child"); as such, the concubine could not then be sold and her child would be seen as legitimate and free. On the (lawful) death of her master, she would automatically acquire free status. or touching a copy of the Quran. Ramadan During Ramadan, sexual activity is only permitted at night. Although this passage is explicitly addressed to men, the regulations on sex in regard to fasting are universally taken to apply equally to both male and female Muslims. Family planning Contraception The Quran does not contain explicit text regarding contraception. Muslims refer to the hadith on the question of contraception. According to Muslim scholars, birth control is permitted, when it is temporary and for a valid reason. As such, the withdrawal method of contraception—'Azl—is allowed according to the hadith. Muslim jurists concur with its permissibility and use analogical deduction to approve other forms of contraception (e.g., condom usage). Under normal circumstances, sterilization is not considered to be permitted in sharia. The irreversible nature associated with both the male and female sterilizations contradicts one of the primary purposes of marriage which is to have children, as mentioned by Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in his The Revival of the Religious Sciences. Furthermore, sterilization is considered a form of self-mutilation (muthla), which is forbidden. While sterilization as a form of permanent contraception is primarily forbidden in Islam, sterilization is allowed for specific health indications such as uncontrolled diabetes, heart disease, or congenital abnormalities incompatible with life. IVF treatment As early as 1980, authoritative fatwas issued from Egypt's famed Al-Azhar University suggested that in vitro fertilisation (IVF) and similar technologies are permissible In Islam as long as they do not involve any form of third-party donation of sperm, eggs, embryos, or uteruses. Intersexuality Intersex persons in Islam are referred to as khunthaa in the books of fiqh. Khunthaa are the intersex effeminate people who were, according to Islam, created by God in that way and jurists suggest there being no sin on them. There are three types of khunthaa: • A person has aspects of both organs and urinates from the male organ. This person will be included among the males, and the laws regarding males will fall on them. • The person urinates from the female organ, so they will be included among the females. The laws related to females will fall on this person. This applies before the person reaches maturity. After maturity, the person will be rechecked. If they experience wet dreams like a male, then they will be counted as male. On the other hand, if the person develops breasts and other signs of being female, then they will be included among the females. • When both masculine and feminine signs are equal and it cannot be determined whether the person is more male or more female, then such a person is termed khunthaa mushkil. There are different laws regarding such a person. It is not permissible for a khunthaa mushkil to wear silk and jewellery, as both of these are permissible for females, but because this person's condition cannot be ascertained, precaution demands that such a person not wear silk and jewellery because of the possibility that the person may be more male. Such a person cannot travel without a mahram because of the possibility of being more female. In medieval Islamic scholarship, an individuals social status was defined by their sex characteristic. Debates on the legitimacy of intersex persons arose due to legal debates regarding inheritance. Intersex medical interventions are considered permissible to achieve agreement between a person's exterior, chromosomal make-up, or sex organs. ==Legal ambiguations==

Masturbation There are varying scholarly views of masturbation () in Islam, largely because the Quran does not specifically mention the subject. Classical narratives of Islam, views prior to the Age of Enlightenment, faced masturbation mostly with indifference. A few hadiths underline this view, stating that "it is your fluid, or your member, so do whatever you like, as it were." There are also multiple hadiths narrated by Hasan al-Basri and Ziyad ibn Abihi that convey the Sahabah as having masturbated while away from their wives and concubines during battles, which were cited by Ibn Qudamah, Ibn Hazm, and al-Shawkani and are considered reliable. Masturbation has nevertheless been considered disliked or prohibited by many jurists historically, though often with the caveat that it may be permissible if done out of necessity. For example, one scholar notably permitted masturbation as a means whereby soldiers, far away from their wives on a tour of duty might remain chaste. At the same time, at certain points in history, masturbation has also been considered sinful, even being subject to discretionary tazir punishments under Islamic law, although no punishment has been established in the aforementioned sources. As such, positions on masturbation vary widely. The four Sunni schools of jurisprudence or fiqh—Hanafi, Shafi'i, Maliki, and Hanbali—have differing stances on the issue. Some see it forbidden in certain cases (i.e. if it leads a man/woman to ignore their spouse sexually) but recommended it when they see it as a lesser evil to illicit sex. In the Maliki and Shafi'i schools, masturbation is typically fully prohibited, The Maliki and Shafi'i position stem from it being considered prohibited by both Imam Malik ibn Anas and Imam Al-Shafi’i, the latter stating that verses in the Qur'an about guarding one's chastity and private parts applied to masturbation. Some Hanbali jurists meanwhile also excuse those under the desire due to not being married, and Ahmad ibn Hanbal also said it is permissible for prisoners, travellers and for men and women who have difficulty in finding a lawful spouse. In Shia jurisprudence, masturbation is rarely discussed, though increasingly prohibited, albeit there has always been the view that permits masturbation as the lesser of two evils (so as to ward off falling into fornication). Those jurists who permit masturbation in different cases distinguish between those who masturbate out of necessity and those who have these means yet still masturbate to gratify their lust. The modern Iraqi jurist Ali al-Sistani has stated that masturbation, while emphasizing that it is haram in all other circumstances, is permissible in case of medical necessity, provided there was no lawful means to achieve ejaculation. Transgender and transgender people protest in Islamabad, Pakistan.In Classical Arabic and Islamic literature, the plural term mukhannathun (singular: mukhannath) was a term used to describe gender-variant people, and it has typically referred to effeminate men or people with ambiguous sexual characteristics, who appeared feminine and functioned sexually or socially in roles typically carried out by women. According to the Iranian scholar Mehrdad Alipour,"...in the premodern period, Muslim societies were aware of five manifestations of gender ambiguity: This can be seen through figures such as the khasi (eunuch), the hijra, the mukhannath, the mamsuh and the khuntha'' (hermaphrodite/intersex)." Oral sex In Sunni Islam, oral sex between a husband and wife is considered makruh tahrimi or highly undesirable by some Islamic jurists when the act is defined as mouth and tongue coming in contact with the genitals. The reason behind considering this act as not recommended is manifold, the foremost being the issue of modesty, purification (taharah) and cleanliness. In Twelver Shia Islam, oral sex is permitted as long as najis—likely semen—is not consumed. The most common argument states The status of contact between genitals and mouth and genital secretions is also debated among the four Sunni schools, some scholars viewing them as impure and others not. Abortion Islamic schools of law have differing opinions on abortion, though it is prohibited or discouraged by most. However, abortion is allowed under certain circumstances, such as if the mother's health is threatened. If the abortion is necessary to save the woman's life, Muslims universally agree that her life takes precedence over the life of the fetus. Muslim views on abortion are also shaped by the Hadith as well as by the opinions of legal and religious scholars and commentators. In Islam, the fetus is believed to become a living soul after four months of gestation, and abortion after that point is generally viewed as impermissible. Many Islamic thinkers recognize exceptions to this rule for certain circumstances; Azizah Y. al-Hibri notes that: "the majority of Muslim scholars permit abortion, although they differ on the stage of fetal development beyond which it becomes prohibited". Some Muslim scholars hold that the child of rape is a legitimate human being and therefore subject to the normal laws of abortion, that it is permitted only if the fetus is less than four months old, or if it endangers the life of its mother. ==Legal prohibitions==

Immodesty Islam strictly prohibits fahisha, an Arabic word commonly meaning lewdness and indecency. Pornography is also included in fahisha. Salah is supposed to prevent one from indecency (fahisha) and evil deeds (munkar). Zina (unlawful sexual intercourse) According to Islamic laws made by exegesis of the Quran and the Hadiths, all sexual relationships except with a spouse (or a man's concubine) are considered zina (fornication). Zina must also be committed by a person of their own free will. According to traditional jurisprudence, zina can include fornication, prostitution, rape (on the rapist's part), incest, and bestiality. Prostitution According to Abdel Sabour Abdel Qawi Misry, prostitution in Islam is forbidden. Daz Austin Endshow says that, Quran says about prostitution that female slaves should not be forced into prostitution. Islamic prophet Muhammad said: "There is no prostitution in Islam...". The penalty for prostitution in Islam is one hundred lashes for the adulterer or adulteress. Classical Islamic law defined what today is commonly called "rape" as a coercive form of fornication or adultery (zina). This basic definition of rape as "coercive zina" meant that all the normal legal principles that pertained to zina—its definition, punishment and establishment through evidence—were also applicable to rape; the prototypical act of zina was defined as sexual intercourse between a man and a woman over whom the man has neither a conjugal nor an ownership right. If a woman claims to have been raped or sexually abused under duress, she will be acquitted of adultery in light of a Quranic verse within Surah an-Nur, which states that a woman has not sinned when compelled to commit this crime. According to Professor Oliver Leaman, the required testimony of four male witnesses who eyewitnessed the actual penetration applies only to consensual illicit sexual relations (whether adultery or fornication), not to the non-consensual crime of rape. What distinguished a prototypical act of zina from an act of rape, for the jurists, was that in the prototypical case, both parties act out of their own volition, while in an act of rape, only one of the parties does so. Jurists admitted a wide array of situations as being "coercive" in nature, including the application of physical force, the presence of duress, or the threat of future harm either to oneself or those close to oneself; they also included in their definition of "coercion" the inability to give valid consent, as in the case of minors, mentally ill, or unconscious persons. Muslim jurists from the earliest period of Islamic law agreed that perpetrators of coercive zina should receive the ḥadd punishment normally applicable to their personal status and sexual status, but that the ḥadd punishment should not be applied to victims of coercive or nonconsensual zina due to their reduced capacity. throughout many parts of the Islamic world, as they are not considered mahrams, or direct relatives. Other prohibited marriages include step-children born of a spouse whom the individual has consummated the marriage with, or multiple sisters from the same family. Anal sex All Sunni Muslim jurists agree that anal sex is haram ("prohibited"), based on the Hadith of Muhammad. In contrast, according to Twelver Shia Muslim jurists, anal sex is considered makruh ("strongly disliked") but is permissible with the consent of the wife. Many scholars point to the story of Lut (Lot) in the Quran as an example of sodomy being an egregious sin. However multiple others hold the view that the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah was not specifically due to the sodomy practiced in those towns, but as a combination of multiple transgressions. The death by stoning for people of Sodom and Gomorrah is similar to the stoning punishment stipulated for illegal heterosexual sex. There is no punishment for a man who sodomizes a woman because it is not tied to procreation. However, other jurists insist that any act of lust in which the result is the injecting of semen into another person constitutes sexual intercourse. For example, Abu Dawud states, al-Nuwayri (1272–1332) in his nihaya reports that Muhammad is: "alleged to have said what he feared most for his community were the practices of the people of Lot". Classical Islamic jurists did not deal with homosexuality as a sexual orientation, since the latter concept is modern and has no equivalent in traditional law, which dealt with it under the technical terms of liwat and zina. Most legal schools treat homosexual intercourse with penetration similarly to unlawful heterosexual intercourse under the rubric of zina, but there are differences of opinion with respect to methods of punishment. There is disagreement over what punishments should be administered according to the above Quranic and prophetic orders. Early Caliphs were known to have had both of the male partners executed in various ways. Some other jurists believe that there is no punishment that will serve as an effective purgative for this act, and therefore its immorality precludes an earthly punishment. Although punishment for lesbianism is rarely mentioned in the histories, al-Tabari records an example of the casual execution of a pair of lesbian slave-girls in the harem of al-Hadi, in a collection of highly critical anecdotes pertaining to that Caliph's actions as ruler. Some jurists viewed sexual intercourse as possible only for an individual who possesses a phallus; hence those definitions of sexual intercourse that rely on the entry of as little of the corona of the phallus into a partner's orifice. This hadith is in the context of another, which encourages men who are unable to get married and struggle with chastity and desires to resort to fasting, as this helps with lowering libido. == See also ==