1982–1992: Planning and construction The Mall of America is located on the former site of the
Metropolitan Stadium, where the
Minnesota Vikings and
Minnesota Twins played until the
Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome opened in April 1982. As a result, Metropolitan Stadium was demolished in January 1985, leaving of empty land perfectly situated just 1.5 miles from the
Minneapolis–Saint Paul International Airport and directly off
Interstate 494. The Bloomington Port Authority acquired the property from the
Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority and issued a worldwide
Request for Proposals (RFP) to redevelop the land into a major commercial project that same year. A
retail and
entertainment complex, a
convention center,
office buildings, or
residential housing were the choices given for what would be built on the site. Later that year, the Canadian-based
Triple Five Group, led by the
Ghermezian brothers, which had recently completed
West Edmonton Mall in
Alberta, proposed
Minnesota International Center, with the initial concept featuring massive man-made lake with 6-foot waves for indoor surfing and water skiing.
Submarines would also be included to allow visitors to view exotic sea life from underwater vessels. A 12-story
rollercoaster, a 1-million-square-foot
convention center, two
office towers, an 18-story
hotel, and an 18-hole
golf course were also planned, but the entire proposal was eventually scrapped. In 1986, Triple Five was officially selected as the developer for the project following their proposal. However, they had revised and submitted plans for a massive enclosed
retail and
entertainment complex that would feature over 400 stores, restaurants, and an indoor theme park that would formerly be known as Fantasyworld (later rebranded as
Knott's Camp Snoopy). The Bloomington County Council approved their updated proposal in 1987, and later that year, Triple Five partnered with the
Indianapolis, Indiana-based
Melvin Simon & Associates and
Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association (TIAA) to help develop the project. Three architectural firms – the
Los Angeles, California-based Jerde Partnership, led by
Jon Jerde,
KKE Architects, Inc. of
Minneapolis (formerly Korsunsky Krank Erickson), and Hammel, Green and Abrahamson (HGA) – were hired to design the complex. The new project would be called
Mall of America. Groundbreaking for the mall took place on June 14, 1989, costing approximately $650million to build. To support the massive structure, the
City of Bloomington invested over $100million in infrastructure improvements. Jon Jerde designed the mall to feel like a series of distinct neighborhoods rather than one long corridor. The four main zones (East Broadway, West Market, North Garden, South Avenue) were given unique architectural themes to aid navigation and create variety. The building was also designed without a central
air conditioning system for the retail areas. Instead, it would rely on the "flywheel effect" – heat generated by
skylights,
lighting fixtures, and
body heat from massive crowds, keeping the interior at nearly 70°F year-round. Its
anchor tenants were originally
Nordstrom,
Macy's,
Bloomingdale's (their 15th location nationwide and their first location in
Minnesota) and
Sears. Many companies opened flagship locations at the mall, including the
Disney Store, the
Warner Bros. Studio Store, the
Xscape Entertainment Center, and the first
Lego Imagination Center location ever. The opening attracted at least 150,000 visitors, silencing many critics with
skepticism: arguing that a massive indoor park and retail center would fail in Minnesota. A
plaque in the mall's amusement park, renamed simply as Camp Snoopy, commemorates the former location of home plate and one seat from Metropolitan Stadium was placed in Mall of America at the exact location it occupied in the stadium, commemorating a home run hit by
hall-of-famer Harmon Killebrew on June 3, 1967. Melvin Simon & Associates became the managing general partner of the property, alongside TIAA. The Theatres at Mall of America opened on August 14, 1992, three days after the grand opening of the mall, initially operated by
General Cinema Corporation. It originally featured 14 traditional screens with a massive combined seating capacity of 3,776. The
movie theater occupied the south side of the fourth floor.
Planet Hollywood had its grand opening in December 1993, attracting an estimated 35,000 people who crowded the mall's floors and amusement park rides to see celebrity investors. This included
Arnold Schwarzenegger,
Sylvester Stallone, and
Bruce Willis.
Steven Schussler opened his first
Rainforest Cafe location in history on the mall's first floor on February 3, 1994. By 1997, Mall of America became the largest shopping mall in total area and largest in total store vendors in the United States when it opened, with 92% occupancy. The Mall of America's 42 million annual visitors equal roughly eight times the population of the state of Minnesota. It was rebranded as Underwater Adventures Aquarium in 2000 after being acquired by the Minnesota Aquarium LLC, a group of investors led by local native Todd Peterson. In June 2001, General Cinema was acquired and rebranded by
AMC Theatres, leading to the Theatres at Mall of America to be rebranded and operated as AMC Mall of America 14. In 1999,
Jillian's Hi-Life Lanes moved into a massive space on the fourth floor that had previously been occupied by America Live! (a multi-venue
nightclub complex) and the Gatlin Brothers Music City theater. At the time of its opening, the Mall of America location was the largest in the Jillian's chain. In March 1998, TIAA requested Simon DeBartolo Group and Triple Five Group to purchase their 27.5% equity stake in the property.
Herbert Simon,
Chairman of Simon Property Group, responded with a letter made by Triple Five, ensuring that any deal would be fair to them rather than just a private deal for the Simon family's benefit. Despite this, Randolph Foxworthy, principal of Si-Minn, Inc. (Mall of America Company) secretly sent
emails to Simon, explaining how they could acquire TIAA's shares. During a partnership meeting in December of that year, TIAA asked again for Triple Five and Simon to acquire their shares in MoA. Even though the request specifically asked the purchase to be a joint effort, Simon aggressively acquired TIAA's 27.5% equity stake in the property in January 1999, giving them majority ownership without notifying the Ghermezian brothers about the deal or the negotiations. As a result, Triple Five Group sued Simon Property Group on October 29, 1999, citing
fiduciary responsibility. On November 3, 2006, the Ghermezians gained full control of Mall of America by spending $1 billion to acquire Simon Property Group's remaining shares.
2000–2018: 10th anniversary, fourth floor decline and revitalization, and Phase I renovations/expansions , as viewed in April 2021 (April 2021) The Warner Bros. Studio Store closed permanently in December 2001 as a result of the
AOL-Time Warner merger. Mall of America celebrated its 10th
anniversary in August 2002, marking a decade since it opened its doors to the public. By that year, the mall was attracting roughly 40 million visitors annually. The mall was also not only operational but "booming", having generated over $800million in
tax revenue since its opening. To honor the victims of the
September 11 attacks, including Minnesota native Thomas Burnett Jr., a
memorial in the Nordstrom Court was established during the mall's 10th birthday. According to the
Los Angeles Times, the mall was so large that "seven
Yankee Stadiums could fit inside" the structure as of mid-September of that year. By early September 2005, Mall of America featured
IKEA (opened August 2004), but its fourth floor was largely vacant. The only tenants remaining there were
Hooters and the movie theater. The former tenants included: • Fat Tuesday, which closed permanently in early 2000. During a
Mardi Gras celebration in the spring of 2000, the bar became the site of what police and city officials described as "rowdy and illegal activity." The event drew intense scrutiny for widespread reports of
indecent exposure (specifically
toplessness and flashing for beads) and other
alcohol-related offenses. The sheer volume of people and the chaotic nature of the party raised immediate red flags for mall security and the Bloomington Police Department, who felt the venue was no longer a safe fit for the mall environment. Its
liquor license was effectively revoked, triggering the permanent closure. • Gators Bar and Grill also closed its doors in ≈2002 following the Mardi Gras party. In the summer of that year, three patrons were hospitalized after voluntarily consuming
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB) while they were at the club. The incident drew intense negative media attention and raised serious concerns about the safety and oversight of the venue. Not only that, the company was involved in a high-profile legal battle (
Johns v. Harborage I) after a server and hostess were
sexually harassed by a co-worker. While the victims were awarded compensatory damages, the original ownership entity was deemed "judgment proof," leading to years of litigation over which successor entity was responsible for the payment. Mall of America management also began moving away from "party-heavy" nightclubs following the Mardi Gras celebration, shifting to family-friendly
entertainment centers. This ultimately led to the complete
ban of smoking in 2004. This was followed by Jillian's, which closed permanently in August 2005 after filing for
Chapter 11 bankruptcy. While
Dave & Buster's purchased nine of the chain's locations, the Mall of America site was ultimately abandoned after lease negotiations with Triple Five Group failed. although the gift shops were allowed to continue selling
Peanuts merchandise without the Camp Snoopy label. The inflatable Snoopy character was removed and it took several months before it was finally replaced by a generic tree house inflatable.
The Funtastic World of Hanna-Barbera was the final film played in the Mystery Mine Ride, with the Mystery Mine Ride closing permanently in 2007. Many other landmarks in the park were either replaced by generic landmarks or not replaced at all. On November 8, 2005,
Viacom International filed a trademark for the name Nickelodeon Universe. The park's new licensing deal and name was announced on July 25, 2007. Construction began on August 27, 2007, work was completed in sections so 80–90% of the park remained accessible at all times. Nickelodeon Universe was completed and reopened on March 15, 2008. On May 18, 2008, the Mall of America received a
tax break for a proposed $2 billion expansion and renovation project. The bill gave the City of Bloomington the ability to increase taxes on sales, lodging, food, and beverages to finance a parking ramp at the mall. AMC's lease ended in September 2008, and mall management rebranded it back to Theatres at Mall of America.
American Girl had its grand opening on November 15, 2008. To revitalize the largely vacant fourth floor, Sky Deck Sports Grille & Lanes officially announced in October 2009 that it would open there in May 2010 adjacent to the movie theater.
Merlin Entertainments acquired Underwater Adventures Aquarium in December 2008 and announced that it would be rebranded once more as
Sea Life at Mall of America in January 2011. On March 24, 2012, Triple Five Group partnered with the
Omaha, Nebraska-based architectural engineering firm
DLR Group (which acquired the mall's original architects, KKE, in July 2010), announced the start of a $200 million expansion that would build into the north parking lot of the mall. The plans called for an additional hotel and an additional of retail space. On January 3, 2012,
Macy's, Inc. announced it would close its
Bloomingdale's location at the Mall of America after nearly two decades, with Macy's remaining operational.
Radisson Blu Mall of America opened on March 15, 2013 as the company's second hotel in the U.S., following their first property in
Chicago, Illinois which opened in 2011. The 13-story, 500-room hotel is connected to the south side of the mall via a second-level
skybridge, allowing shoppers to transition between the venues without stepping outside. The opening introduced the mall to the FireLake Grill House & Cocktail Bar, a farm-to-table concept heavily centered on local Minnesota heartland flavors. The project cost approximately $137.5 million to construct. The renovation and expansion project began construction in the fall of 2013 and began opening in stages in the summer of 2015. In March 2014, ground was broken on the mall's north side for the $104 million, 14-story
JW Marriott Minneapolis Mall of America, owned and financed by the Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community. As part of the $30million to $50million multi-level renovation, the former Bloomingdale's space was broken up to house junior anchors:
Forever 21,
L.L.Bean, and
Crayola Experience. On August 28, 2014,
Hard Rock Cafe had its grand opening at Mall of America and had its first
concert on September 18 of that year with
Nico & Vinz. The restaurant had its formal grand opening to the public on October 22, 2014, featuring a
ceremonial smashing of 15 guitars and an 80-minute live performance by the iconic Minnesota band
Morris Day & The Time. Spanning , the multi-level restaurant sat about 400 guests and featured a large live music stage, a retail rock shop, and local
memorabilia on the walls including pieces from
Prince and
Bob Dylan. , the mall employed over 11,000 workers year-round and 13,000 during peak seasons. This was the chain's new restaurant in Minnesota following the permanent closure of its former location at Block E (now called
Mayo Clinic Square) in September 2011.
Shake Shack opened a restaurant at Mall of America on June 9, 2016, attracting over 80 people who were already waiting by 11 a.m.
CDT. As part of the renovations, Rainforest Cafe announced on January 6, 2015 that it would relocate from its lower-level space to the third floor of the mall. Parent company Landry's Inc. moved the cafe to the third floor to sit alongside its "corporate cousins,"
Bubba Gump Shrimp Co. and Margaritaville, creating a concentrated zone for themed dining. The relocated Rainforest Cafe had its "grand reopening" on January 21, 2016. On December 22, 2016, it was announced that Theatres at Mall of America would permanently close its doors the following week. Mall officials explained that closing the theater was a strategic move to make way for a "new, first-to-market entertainment venue." Rather than sticking with the traditional, self-operated theater model that had been in place since 2008, the mall wanted to bring in a fresh concept. This eventually paved the way for the luxury cinema chain CMX Cinemas, a subsidiary of
Cinemex, which gutted and completely remodeled the outdated space, reopening the movie theater as CMX Mall of America 14 in January 2017. Sky Deck was rebranded as
GameWorks on July 10, 2017, featuring more modern
arcade game attractions, expanded esports facilities, and updated menu options, while retaining the signature bowling lanes. In March 2018, it was announced that MoA had proposed to build an indoor
water park, with a cost between $150 and $200 million for the project.
2018–present: Mall of America vs. Sears and Hard Rock Cafe, and Phase II renovations/expansions J.Crew announced that it would be closing as part of a strategic decision to shut down 39 stores nationwide. On December 28, 2018, it was announced that Sears would also be closing as part of a plan to close 80 stores nationwide after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. , it has remained vacant because Triple Five Group and
Transform Holdco (the property company that acquired Sears' assets in February 2019) have taken their battle all the way to the
U.S. Supreme Court twice. This is because Transformco retained its $10-a-year lease, effectively acting like a "second landlord" at MoA. Tensions reached a boiling point when Transformco began trying to recruit its own tenants to fill the vacant Sears space. Triple Five vehemently opposed this, and the legal finger-pointing continued as prospective tenants walked away from the space due to the endless litigation. American Girl announced on February 1, 2019 that it would close permanently on March 20 due to the expiration of its lease and a strategic shift by its parent company,
Mattel. On March 17, 2020, Mall of America closed for a period of twelve weeks in response to the
COVID-19 pandemic, and reopening on June 10 with only 150 tenants open for business. The mall was originally scheduled to reopen on June 1, but
civil unrest in the Twin Cities around this time caused the mall to postpone the reopening. After the mall reopened from the pandemic,
Hard Rock International (the parent company of Hard Rock Cafe) made the decision to not reopen its restaurant at the mall, despite Minnesota easing restrictions in June 2020 to allow restaurants to operate at 50% capacity. As a result, Mall of America sued Hard Rock Cafe for approximately $550,000 in unpaid rent and fees in October 2020. The mall's monthly rent for the 10-year lease was roughly $70,500. Hard Rock Cafe was ultimately forced to close permanently on January 15 of that same year following an
eviction notice received by Triple Five Group, with a short window of time to retrieve its famous memorabilia and place them in other locations while keeping fixtures like tables and chairs. The restaurant was also completely locked out from the mall itself. The legal battle was later resolved when the mall and Hard Rock International settled for undisclosed terms in April of that same year. The restaurant ultimately never reopened. What was also announced later that month was the opening of
Warby Parker and the permanent closure of the Disney Store, with
The Walt Disney Company citing a move to its
shopDisney e-commerce platform following the pandemic. Triple Five Group has faced significant financial pressure due to
American Dream in
Bergen County, New Jersey, leading them to use 49% of the Mall of America and the West Edmonton Mall as collateral for loans in late March 2021. The former American Girl was replaced with a
M&M's World flagship (operating as
M&M's Mall of America), which would open to the public on May 1, 2021. Due to Cinemex's
Chapter 11 bankruptcy proceedings, caused by the pandemic, CMX Mall of America 14 closed permanently and was replaced with
B&B Theatres in May 2021, operating as B&B Theatres Bloomington 13 @ Mall of America, introducing
ScreenX technology and luxury amenities to the cinema. In mid-October 2021, Mall of America partnered with Wisdom Gaming Studios to open a
esports arena and
broadcast studio. GameWorks closed its doors on December 24, 2021, as the entire chain underwent
liquidation, citing the pandemic as the reason for its struggles. In March 2022, the water park plan was approved by the Bloomington City Council. Tentatively named Mystery Cove, it is slated to open on the north side of the mall within the next few years, it is expected to cost between $150 million and $250 million. It will span , and its concept is designed by DLR Group. Wisdom Gaming Group laid off approximately 40% of its workforce in May 2023 and was reported to be in "dire financial straits." Then, in December 2023, they attempted to pivot away from professional esports teams to focus on sustainable community gaming hubs at the mall. In November 2023,
Toys "R" Us opened a new flagship store at MoA as part of a strategic decision by parent companies
WHP Global and Go! Retail Group. By August 2024, final reports indicated that Wisdom Gaming Studios had effectively closed its MoA location several months prior, with its subsidiary esports team, T-Wolves Gaming, also expected to disband due to changes in the
NBA 2K League. Activate Games (operating as Activate Bloomington) opened in the former GameWorks space on November 7, 2024. Announced in December of that year, Forever 21 would close permanently on January 26, 2025 after filing for Chapter 11 bankruptcy.
Maurices, an original tenant, would also close permanently due to the expiration of its lease. By July 16, 2025, over two dozen new businesses would be coming to Mall of America, with Triple Five Group describing it as a "revamp." This included
Primark,
MINISO,
NBA Store,
New Balance, OG ZAZA,
Victoria's Secret (as well as
PINK),
Pandora, and
Pop Mart. J.Crew announced in late January 2026 that they would be officially returning to Mall of America. However,
Eddie Bauer announced in early February 2026 that all of its North American locations – including Mall of America – would close permanently after the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. Eight other Minnesota locations would also be shutting down. An Asian-themed entertainment venue, known as DUCK! opened to the public on March 15, 2026 as the largest
claw machine arcade in Minnesota, featuring Japanese-themed
Gacha games. Hooters, an original restaurant, announced that it would close permanently on March 22, citing economic pressures and its Chapter 11 bankruptcy filing in March 2025 that led to the chain to completely exit Minnesota. Oppa Sweets, which went viral on
Instagram, would also close its doors at the end of the month to relocate at
Maplewood Mall. == Attractions ==