Yakima, Washington

The Yakama people were the first known inhabitants of the Yakima Valley. In 1805, the Lewis and Clark Expedition came to the area and encountered abundant wildlife and rich soil, prompting the settlement of homesteaders. A Catholic Mission was established in Ahtanum, southwest of present-day Yakima, in 1847. The arrival of settlers and their conflicts with the natives resulted in the Yakima War. The U.S. Army established Fort Simcoe in 1856 near present-day White Swan as a response to the uprising. The Yakamas were defeated and forced to relocate to the Yakama Indian Reservation. Yakima County was created in 1867. When bypassed by the Northern Pacific Railroad in December 1884, over 100 buildings were moved with rollers and horse teams to the nearby site of the depot. The new city was dubbed North Yakima and was officially incorporated and named the county seat on January 27, 1886. The name was changed to Yakima in 1918. Union Gap was the new name given to the original site of Yakima. On May 18, 1980, the eruption of Mount St. Helens caused a large amount of volcanic ash to fall on the Yakima area. Visibility was reduced to near-zero conditions that afternoon, and the ash overloaded the city's wastewater treatment plant. ==Geography==

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which is land and , or 1.84% is water. The community project was formed in 1983 with work to reclaim a former city landfill into a park, which opened in 1990 as Sarg Hubbard Park. Several small lakes flank the northern edge of the city, including Myron Lake, Lake Aspen, Bergland Lake (private) and Rotary Lake (also known as Freeway Lake). These lakes are popular with fishermen and swimmers during the summer. Climate Yakima has a cold semi-arid climate (Köppen BSk) with a Mediterranean precipitation pattern. Winters are cold, with December the coolest month, with a mean temperature of . Annual average snowfall is , with most occurring in December and January, when the snow depth averages . There are 18.9 days per year in which the high does not surpass freezing, and 1.6 mornings where the low is or lower. Springtime warming is very gradual, with the average last freeze of the season May 13. Summer days are hot, but the diurnal temperature variation is large, averaging in July, sometimes reaching as high as during that season; there are 40.2 afternoons of maxima reaching or greater annually and 5.7 afternoons of maxima. Autumn cooling is very rapid, with the average first freeze of the season occurring on September 30. Due to the city's location in a rain shadow, precipitation, at an average of annually, is low year-round, but especially during summer. Extreme temperatures have ranged from on February 1, 1950, to on June 29, 2021. ==Demographics==

Racial and ethnic composition 2020 census As of the 2020 census, there were 96,968 people, 35,379 households, and 22,858 families residing in the city. The population density was . There were 37,192 housing units at an average density of . The median age was 34.6 years. 27.0% of residents were under the age of 18 and 15.9% were 65 years of age or older. For every 100 females there were 95.9 males, and for every 100 females age 18 and over there were 93.0 males age 18 and over. Of the 35,379 households, 35.2% had children under the age of 18 living in them. Of all households, 40.1% were married-couple households, 19.6% were households with a male householder and no spouse or partner present, and 31.0% were households with a female householder and no spouse or partner present. About 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.4% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. 19.1% of the population had a bachelor's degree or higher. There were 33,074 households, of which 33.2% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 44.7% were married couples living together, 15.7% had a female householder with no husband present, 6.3% had a male householder with no wife present, and 35.3% were non-families. 28.7% of all households were made up of individuals, and 11.9% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.68 and the average family size was 3.3. People under the age of 18 accounted for 28.3% of the population, while 13.1% were 65 years or older. The median age was 33.9 years, and 50.7% of the population was female. The median household income was $39,706. The per capita income was $20,771. 21.3% of the population were below the poverty line. ==Economy==

Yakima's growth in the 20th century was fueled primarily by agriculture. The Yakima Valley produces many fruit crops, including apples, peaches, pears, cherries, and melons. Many vegetables are also produced, including peppers, corn and beans. Most of the nation's hops, a key ingredient in the production of beer, are also grown in the Yakima Valley. Many of the city's residents have come to the valley out of economic necessity and to participate in the picking, processing, marketing and support services for the agricultural economy. Top employers According to the City's 2022 Annual Comprehensive Financial Report, the largest employers in the city are: Downtown Yakima, long the retail hub of the region, has undergone many changes since the late 1990s. Three major department stores, and an entire shopping mall that is now closed, have been replaced by a Whirlpool Corporation facility (shut down in 2011), an Adaptis call center, and several hotels. The region's retail core has shifted to the town of Union Gap to a renovated shopping mall and other new retail businesses. The Downtown Futures Initiative promotes the downtown area as a center for events, services, entertainment, and small, personal shopping experiences. The DFI has provided for street-to-storefront remodeling along Yakima Avenue throughout the entire downtown core, and includes new pedestrian-friendly lighting, water fountains, planters, banner poles, new trees and hanging baskets, and paver-inlaid sidewalks. Events held downtown include Yakima Downtown New Year's Eve, a Cinco de Mayo celebration, Yakima Live music festival, Yakima Summer Kickoff Party, Fresh Hop Ale Fest, and the Hot Shots 3-on-3 Basketball Tournament. Over ninety wineries are in the Yakima Valley. The Yakima Training Center, between Yakima and Ellensburg, is a United States Army training center. It is used primarily for maneuver training and land warrior system testing, and has a live-fire area. Artillery units from the Canadian Armed Forces based in British Columbia, as well as the Japan Ground Self Defense Force, conduct annual training in Yakima. Japanese soldiers train there because it allows for large-scale live-fire maneuvers not available in Japan. Similarly, it is the closest impact area for the Canadian Gunners, the next closest being in Wainwright, Alberta. ==Tourism==

In the early 2000s, the city of Yakima, in conjunction with multiple city organizations, began revitalization and preservation efforts in its historic downtown area. The Downtown Yakima Futures Initiative was created to make strategic public investments in sidewalks, lighting and landscaping to encourage further development. As a result, local businesses featuring regional produce, wines, and beers, among other products, have returned to the downtown area. Many of these businesses are located on Front Street, Yakima Avenue and 1st Street. During the summer, a pair of historic trolleys operate along five miles (8 km) of track of the former Yakima Valley Transportation Company through the Yakima Gap connecting Yakima and Selah. The Yakima Valley Trolleys organization, incorporated in 2001, operates the trolleys and a museum for the City of Yakima. The City of Yakima expanded the Convention Center in 2020. ==Arts and culture==

Cultural activities and events take place throughout the year. The Yakima Valley Museum houses exhibits related to the region's natural and cultural history, a restored soda fountain, and periodic special exhibitions. Downtown Yakima's historic Capitol Theatre and Seasons Performance Hall, as well as the West-side's Allied Arts Center, present numerous musical and stage productions. Larson Gallery housed at Yakima Valley College present six diverse art exhibitions each year. The city is home to the Yakima Symphony Orchestra. The Yakima Area Arboretum is a botanical garden featuring species of both native and adapted non-native plants. Popular music tours, trade shows, and other large events are hosted at the Yakima SunDome in State Fair Park. The film The Hanging Tree (1959) was shot entirely in and around Yakima. Festivals and fairs • Central Washington State Fair, held each year in late September at State Fair Park. • Yakima Folklife Festival, held the second week of July at Franklin Park. • Fresh Hop Ale Festival, held each October in Downtown Yakima. • A Case of the Blues and All That Jazz, held in August in Sarg Hubbard Park. • Yakima Pride Festival is a celebration of LGBT pride held in June. Sports was home to the Warriors and Sun Kings. • The Yakima Mavericks are a minor league football team in the Pacific Football League and play at Marquette Stadium. • The Yakima Beetles American Legion baseball team, 3-time World Champions. • The Yakima Canines of the American West Football Conference. • The Yakima Valley Pippins are a collegiate wood bat baseball team that play in the West Coast League. • The Yakima Heat are a team in the United States Basketball League that plays at Yakima Valley College. ;Former professional teams • The Yakima Valley Warriors were an indoor football team. Play ended in 2010. • The Yakima Sun Kings was a Continental Basketball Association franchise that won 5 CBA championships and disbanded in 2008. The team was reinstituted in 2018 as part of the North American Premier Basketball league. • The Yakima Bears minor league baseball team, moved to Hillsboro, Oregon after the 2011 season. • The Yakima Reds soccer team played in the USL Premier Development League, disbanded in 2010. ==Government==

Yakima is one of the ten first class cities, those with a population over 10,000 at the time of reorganization and operating under a home rule charter. The Yakima City Council operates under the council–manager form of government. The city council has seven members, elected by district and the mayor is elected by the council members. The council's four district-based and three at-large seat arrangement was also removed in favor of seven districts—of which two have a Latino majority. Several attempts were made in the early 2020s to move Yakima to a mayor–council form of government. The citizens of Yakima are represented in the Washington Senate by Republicans Curtis King in District 14, and Nikki Torres in District 15, and in the Washington House of Representatives by Republicans Chris Corry and Gina Mosbrucker in District 14, and Republicans Bruce Chandler and Bryan Sandlin in District 15. At the national level, Yakima is part of Washington's US Congressional 4th District, currently represented by Republican Dan Newhouse. ==Education==

The city of Yakima has three K–12 public school districts, several private schools, and three post-secondary schools. High schools Public schools There are four high schools in the Yakima School District: • Davis High School, a 4A high school with about 2,100 students • Eisenhower High School, a 4A high school with about 2,300 students • Stanton Academy • Yakima Online High School Outside the city: • West Valley High School, in the West Valley School District, is a division 4A school with a student population of around 1,500. • East Valley High School, just east of Terrace Heights on the city's eastern side, is in the East Valley School District. It is a 2A school with about 1,000 students. • Uhlman Academy for Boys Private schools • La Salle High School in Union Gap is a Catholic high school in the 1A division and enrolls about 200 students. • Riverside Christian School, near East Valley High School, is a private K–12 Christian school. Riverside Christian is a 1B school with around 400 students in grades K–12. • Yakima Adventist Christian School Post-secondary schools Yakima Valley College is one of the oldest community colleges in the state of Washington. Founded in 1928, the college is a public, four-year institution of higher education, and part of one of the most comprehensive community college systems in the nation. It offers programs in adult basic education, English as a Second Language, lower-division arts and sciences, professional and technical education, transfer degrees to in-state universities, and community services. The campus is also home to the Yakima Campus of Central Washington University. Perry Technical Institute is a private, nonprofit school of higher learning located in the city since 1939. Perry students learn trades such as automotive technology, instrumentation, information technology, HVAC, electrical, machining, office administration, medical coding, and legal assistant/paralegal. Pacific Northwest University of Health Sciences opened in the fall of 2008, and graduated its first class of osteopathic physicians (D.O.) in 2012. The first college on the campus is home to the first medical school approved in the Pacific Northwest in over 60 years, and trains physicians with an osteopathic emphasis. The school's mission is to train primary-care physicians committed to serving rural and underserved communities throughout the Pacific Northwest. It is housed in a state-of-the-art facility. ==Media==

The Yakima Herald-Republic is the primary daily newspaper in the area. According to Arbitron, the Yakima metropolitan area is the 197th largest radio market in the US, serving 196,500 people. Yakima is part of the U.S.'s 114th largest television viewing market, which includes viewers in Pasco, Richland and Kennewick. ==Transportation==

Roads and highways Interstate 82 is the main freeway through the Yakima Valley, connecting the region to Ellensburg and the Tri-Cities, with onward connections to Seattle and Oregon. U.S. Route 12 crosses northern Yakima, joining I-82 and U.S. Route 97 along the east side of the city. State Route 24 terminates in Yakima and is the primary means of reaching Moxee City and agricultural areas to the east. State Route 821 terminates in northern Yakima and traverses the Yakima River canyon, providing an alternate route to Ellensburg that bypasses the I-82 summit at Manastash Ridge. Public transit City-owned Yakima Transit serves Yakima, Selah, West Valley and Terrace Heights, as well as several daily trips to Ellensburg. There are also free intercity bus systems between adjacent Union Gap and nearby Toppenish, Wapato, White Swan, and Ellensburg. Airport Yakima is served by the Yakima Air Terminal, a municipal airport located on the southern edge of the city and is used for general aviation and commercial air service. The FAA identifier is YKM. It has two asphalt runways: 9/27 is 7,604 by 150 feet (2,318 x 46 m) and 4/22 is 3,835 by 150 feet (1,169 x 46 m). Yakima Air Terminal is owned and operated by the city. Yakima is served by one scheduled air carrier (Alaska Airlines) and two non-scheduled carriers (Sun Country Airlines and Xtra Airways). Alaska Airlines provides multiple daily flights to and from Seattle-Tacoma International Airport, Sun Country Airlines provide charter flights to Laughlin, NV and Xtra Airways provide charter flights to Wendover, NV. During World War II the airfield was used by the United States Army Air Forces. The airport is home to numerous private aircraft, and is a test site for military jets and Boeing test flights. ==Notable people==

• Oleta Adams, singer • Jamie Allen, Major League Baseball player • Colleen Atwood, Academy Award-winning costume designer • Mario Batali, celebrity chef • MarJon Beauchamp, professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers • Wanda E. Brunstetter, author • Bryan Caraway, mixed martial artist • Raymond Carver, author, poet and screenwriter • William Charbonneau, founder of Tree Top Apple Juice • Beverly Cleary, author • Harlond Clift, Major League Baseball player • Cary Conklin, NFL football player • Alex Deccio, politician. Former member of Washington House of Representatives and Washington State Senate. • Garret Dillahunt, actor • Dan Doornink, NFL football player • William O. Douglas, U.S. Supreme Court Associate Justice • Cooper Kupp, NFL football player • Craig Kupp, NFL football player • Jake Kupp, NFL football player • Mark Labberton, seminary president • Donald A. Larson, World War II flying ace • Robert Lucas Jr., Nobel Prize-winning economist • Paige Mackenzie, professional golfer • Josh Pearce, Major League Baseball Player • Kyle MacLachlan, film and television actor • Debbie Macomber, author • Phil Mahre, Olympic gold medalist and world champion skier • Steve Mahre, Olympic silver medalist and world champion skier • Barbara La Marr, actress and writer • Mitch Meluskey, Major League Baseball player • Colleen Miller, actress • Don Mosebar, NFL football player • James "Jimmy" Nolan Jr., former host of ''Uncle Jimmy's Clubhouse'' • Arvo Ojala, actor and artist • Joe Parsons, snowmobiler • Floyd Paxton, inventor of the Kwik Lok bread clip • Gary Peacock, Jazz double bassist • Steve Pelluer, NFL football player • Jim Pomeroy, professional motocross racer and member of the AMA Motorcycle Hall of Fame • William Farrand Prosser, U.S. Congressman and mayor of Yakima • Gary Puckett, singer, 1960s pop artist of Gary Puckett & The Union Gap • Pete Rademacher, Olympic and professional boxer • Monte Rawlins, actor • Jim Rohn, entrepreneur • Will Sampson, actor and artist • Kurt Schulz, NFL football player • Mel Stottlemyre, Major League Baseball player and coach • Mel Stottlemyre Jr., Major League Baseball player • Todd Stottlemyre, Major League Baseball player • Thelma Johnson Streat, artist • Taylor Stubblefield, football player • Miesha Tate, mixed martial artist • Willie Turner, sprinter • Janet Waldo, actress • Bob Wells, baseball player • Christopher Wiehl, actor • Lis Wiehl, author and legal analyst • Jon Westling, 8th president of Boston University • Chief Yowlachie, Native American actor ==Sister cities==

• Morelia, Michoacán, Mexico • Itayanagi, Aomori, Japan ==See also==