House of Welf

The (Younger) House of Welf is the older branch of the House of Este, a dynasty whose earliest known members lived in Veneto and Lombardy in the late 9th/early 10th century, sometimes called Welf-Este. The first member was Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, also known as Welf IV. He inherited the property of the Elder House of Welf when his maternal uncle Welf III, Duke of Carinthia and Verona, the last male Welf of the Elder House, died in 1055. Welf IV was the son of Welf III's sister Kunigunde of Altdorf and her husband Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan. In 1070, Welf IV became Duke of Bavaria. Welf II, Duke of Bavaria married Countess Matilda of Tuscany, who died childless and left him her possessions, including Tuscany, Ferrara, Modena, Mantua, and Reggio, which played a role in the Investiture Controversy. Since the Welf dynasty sided with the Pope in this controversy, partisans of the Pope came to be known in Italy as Guelphs (Guelfi). The first genealogy of the Welfs is the Genealogia Welforum, composed shortly before 1126. A much more detailed history of the dynasty, the Historia Welforum, was composed around 1170. It is the earliest history of a noble house in Germany. File:Kunigunda Azzo.jpg|Kunigunde of Altdorf, sister of Welf III, wife of Albert Azzo II of Este, Margrave of Milan, parents of Welf IV File:Wgt Stifterbüchlein 25v.jpg|Welf I, Duke of Bavaria ( 1030/1040 – 1101) File:WElf.jpg|Welf II, Duke of Bavaria (1073–1120) ==Bavaria and Saxony==

Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, from 1120 to 1126, was the first of the three dukes of the Welf dynasty called Henry. His wife Wulfhild was the heiress of the house of Billung, possessing the territory around Lüneburg in Lower Saxony. Their son, Henry the Proud, was the son-in-law and heir of Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor and became also Duke of Saxony on Lothair's death. Lothair left his territory around Brunswick, inherited from his mother of the Brunonids, to his daughter Gertrud. Her husband Henry the Proud became then the favoured candidate in the imperial election against Conrad III of the Hohenstaufen. Henry lost the election, as the other princes feared his power and temperament, and was dispossessed of his duchies by Conrad III. Henry's brother Welf VI (1115–1191), Margrave of Tuscany, later left his Swabian territories around Ravensburg, the original possessions of the Elder House of Welf, to his nephew Emperor Frederick I, and thus to the House of Hohenstaufen. File:Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria.jpg|Henry the Black, duke of Bavaria (1075–1126) and his wife Wulfhild of Billung File:Lev rodice dvojice.jpg|Henry the Proud (1102–1139), Duke of Bavaria and Saxony, and his wife Gertrud of Saxony, daughter of Lothair II, Holy Roman Emperor, Duke of Saxony File:Vad-0321 125 Welf VI.jpg|Welf VI (1115–1191), Margrave of Tuscany File:Steingaden GO-1.jpg|Steingaden Abbey, Swabia, place of burial of its founder Welf VI (d. 1191) The next duke of the Welf dynasty Henry the Lion (1129/1131–1195) recovered his father's two duchies, Saxony in 1142, Bavaria in 1156 and thus ruled vast parts of Germany. In 1168 he married Matilda (1156–1189), the daughter of Henry II of England and Eleanor of Aquitaine, and sister of Richard I of England, gaining ever more influence. His first cousin, Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor of the Hohenstaufen dynasty, tried to get along with him, but when Henry refused to assist him once more in an Italian war campaign, conflict became inevitable. Dispossessed of his duchies after the Battle of Legnano in 1176 by Emperor Frederick I and the other princes of the German Empire eager to claim parts of his vast territories, he was exiled to the court of his father-in-law Henry II in Normandy in 1180. He returned to Germany three years later. Henry made his peace with the Hohenstaufen Emperor in 1185 and returned to his much diminished lands around Brunswick without recovering his two duchies. Bavaria had been given to Otto I, Duke of Bavaria, and the Duchy of Saxony was divided between the Archbishop of Cologne, the House of Ascania and others. Henry died at Brunswick in 1195. File:Lev Jindrich.jpg|Henry the Lion (1130–1195), Duke of Bavaria and Saxony File:Matylda.jpg|Matilda Plantagenet (1156–1189), wife of Henry the Lion, sister of Richard I of England File:Burg Dankwarderode am Burgplatz in Braunschweig IMG 2756.jpg|Henry's Dankwarderode Castle in Brunswick File:Braunschweiger Loewe Original Brunswick Lion.jpg|Henry's Brunswick Lion File:Ottta4Brunsvicky.jpg|Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, son of Henry the Lion and Matilda of England ==Brunswick and Hanover==

Henry the Lion's son, Otto of Brunswick, was elected King of the Romans and crowned Holy Roman Emperor Otto IV after years of further conflicts with the Hohenstaufen emperors. He incurred the wrath of Pope Innocent III and was excommunicated in 1215. Otto was forced to abdicate the imperial throne by the Hohenstaufen Frederick II. He was the only Welf to become Holy Roman Emperor. |alt=Shield divided per pale: a red field with two gold lions on the left, and a gold field with a blue lion surrounded by red hearts on the right. Henry the Lion's grandson Otto the Child became duke of a part of Saxony in 1235, the new Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg, and died there in 1252. The duchy was divided several times during the High Middle Ages amongst various lines of the House of Welf. The subordinate states had the legal status of principalities within the duchy, which remained as an undivided imperial fief. Each state was generally named after the ruler's residence, e.g., the rulers of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel originally lived in Wolfenbüttel. Whenever a branch of the family died out in the male line, the territory was given to another line, as the duchy remained enfeoffed to the family as a whole rather than its individual members. All members of the House of Welf, male or female, bore the title Duke/Duchess of Brunswick-Lüneburg in addition to the style of the subordinate principality. By 1705, the subordinate principalities had taken their final form as the Electorate of Hanover and the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, and these would become the Kingdom of Hanover and the Duchy of Brunswick after the Congress of Vienna in 1815. Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel In 1269 the Principality of Brunswick was formed following the first division of the Duchy of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432, as a result of increasing tensions with the townsfolk of Brunswick, the Brunswick Line moved their residence to Wolfenbüttel Castle, thus the name Wolfenbüttel became the unofficial name of this principality. With Ivan VI of Russia the Brunswick line even had a short intermezzo on the Russian imperial throne in 1740. Not until 1754 was the residence moved back to Brunswick, into the new Brunswick Palace. In 1814 the principality became the Duchy of Brunswick, ruled by the senior branch of the House of Welf. Principality of Calenberg – later Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg (1708)|alt=Ornate heraldic coat of arms surmounted by a crown and cross, featuring a quartered shield with multiple panels showing lions, a white horse, an eagle, a stag, hearts, stripes, and checkered patterns, representing the territories of the Electorate of Brunswick-Lüneburg. In 1432 the estates gained by the Principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel between the Deister and Leine split away as the Principality of Calenberg. In 1495 it was expanded around Göttingen and in 1584 went back to the Wolfenbüttel Line. In 1634, as a result of inheritance distributions, it went to the House of Luneburg residing at Celle Castle. In 1635 it was given to George, younger brother of Prince Ernest II of Lüneburg, who chose Hanover as his residence. New territory was added in 1665, and in 1705 the Principality of Luneburg was taken over by the Hanoverians. In 1692 Duke Ernest Augustus from the Calenberg-Hanover Line acquired the right to be a prince-elector of the Holy Roman Empire as the Prince-Elector of Brunswick-Lüneburg. Colloquially the Electorate was known as the Electorate of Hanover. In 1814 it was succeeded by the Kingdom of Hanover. British succession Religion-driven politics placed Ernest Augustus's wife Sophia of the Palatinate in the line of succession to the British crown by the Act of Settlement 1701, written to ensure a Protestant succession to the thrones of Scotland and England at a time when anti-Catholic sentiment ran high in much of Northern Europe and Great Britain. Sophia died shortly before her first cousin once removed, Anne, Queen of Great Britain, the last sovereign of the House of Stuart. Sophia's son George I succeeded Queen Anne and formed a personal union from 1714 between the British crown and the Electorate of Hanover, which lasted until well after the end of the Napoleonic Wars more than a century later, through the dissolution of the Holy Roman Empire and the rise of a new successor kingdom. The British royal family became known as the House of Hanover. File:Coat of arms of Great Britain (1714–1801).svg|Coat of arms of the Hanoverian Kings of Great Britain (1714–1801) File:Bernard Lens King George I 1718 VA.jpg|George I (1714–1727) File:George II 1755-1767.jpg|George II (1727–1760) File:Frederick, Prince of Wales 1754 by Liotard.jpg|Frederick, Prince of Wales (b. 1707 d. 1751) File:George III (by Sir William Beechey).jpg|George III (1760–1820) File:King George IV when Prince Regent (1762-1830), by Henry Bone.jpg|George IV (1820–1830) File:WilliamIVbyLonsdale.jpg|William IV (1830–1837) File:Dronning victoria.jpg|Victoria (1837–1901) Kingdom of Hanover The "Electorate of Hanover" (the core duchy) was enlarged with the addition of other lands and became the Kingdom of Hanover in 1814 at the Congress of Vienna. During the first half of the nineteenth century, the Kingdom was ruled as personal union by the British crown from its creation under George III of the United Kingdom, the last elector of Hanover until the death of William IV in 1837. At that point, the crown of Hanover went to William's younger brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale under the Salic law requiring the next male heir to inherit, whereas the British throne was inherited by an elder brother's only daughter, Queen Victoria. Her offspring belong to the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha: in 1917 the name was changed to the House of Windsor. The Kingdom of Hanover was lost in 1866 by Ernest Augustus's son George V of Hanover, Austria's ally during the Austro-Prussian War, when it was annexed by Prussia after Austria's defeat and became the Prussian province of Hanover. The Welfs went into exile at Gmunden, Austria, where they built Cumberland Castle. File:Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Hanover.svg|Coat of arms of the kingdom of Hanover 1837 File:Ernest Augustus I of Hanover.PNG|Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover File:GeorgeVHannover.jpg|King George V of Hanover File:Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hannover.png|Ernst August, Crown Prince of Hannover Brunswick succession |alt=Highly ornate coat of arms of the Duchy of Brunswick with a crowned, multi-quartered shield and two human supporters. , Duke of Brunswick and Wolfenbüttel, 1913-1918|alt=Black-and-white portrait of Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick and Lüneburg, wearing an ornate military uniform with decorations and holding a plumed hat, photographed during his reign between 1913 and 1918. The senior line of the dynasty had ruled the much smaller principality of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, created the sovereign Duchy of Brunswick in 1814. This line became extinct in 1884. Although the Duchy should have been inherited by the Duke of Cumberland, son of the last king of Hanover, Prussian suspicions of his loyalty led the duchy's throne to remain vacant until 1913, when the Duke of Cumberland's son, Ernst August, married the daughter of Kaiser Wilhelm II and was allowed to inherit it. His rule there was short-lived, as the monarchy came to an end following the First World War in 1918. Welf Dynasty Today The Welf dynasty continues to exist. The last member sitting on a European throne was Frederica of Hanover, daughter of Ernest Augustus, the last Duke of Brunswick, was the Queen of Greece († 1981), mother of Queen Sofia of Spain and King Constantine II of Greece. Frederica's brother Prince George William of Hanover married Princess Sophie of Greece and Denmark, sister of Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh. The House's head is Queen Frederica's nephew Ernst August, the third and present husband of Princess Caroline of Monaco. File:Leineschloss Leine.jpg|The Leine Palace in Hanover File:Unbekannt, Maison de Plaisir d'Herrenhausen, c1708..jpg|Herrenhausen Palace and Herrenhausen Gardens in Hanover File:Das Schloss in Celle.jpg|Celle Castle File:Braunschweiger Schloss.jpg|Brunswick Palace File:Wolfenbuettel Schloss (2006).jpg|Wolfenbüttel Castle File:Pattensen Marienburg Castle.jpg|Marienburg Castle (Hanover) ==Rulers==

House of Welf == Territorial Growth ==

Welf family tree 12th century Family Tree of the House of Welf to Otto the Child Family Tree of the House of Welf from Otto the Child to the 17th Century Welf family tree 16th century to present Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel House of Hanover Some direct ancestors (fathers and sons) of the present generation are: • Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover (1771–1851), Duke of Cumberland and Teviotdale from 1799, king from 1837 • George V of Hanover (1819–1878) • Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover (1845–1923) • Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick (1887–1953) • Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (1914–1987) • Ernest Augustus, Prince of Hanover (born 1954) Complete male-line family tree Male, male-line, legitimate, non-morganatic members of the house who either lived to adulthood, or who held a title as a child, are included. Heads of the house are in bold. • Adalberto the Margrave, d. c. 951 • Oberto I, c. 910–975 • Adalbert II of Milan • Oberto II, Margrave of Milan, c. 940–1014 • Hugh, Margrave of Milan • Albert Azzo I, Margrave of Milan, 970–1029 • Albert Azzo II, Margrave of Milan, 997–1097 • Welf I, Duke of Bavaria, c. 1035–1101 • Welf II, Duke of Bavaria, 1072–1120 • Henry IX, Duke of Bavaria, 1075–1126 • Conrad of Bavaria, 1105–1126 • Henry the Proud, 1108–1139 • Henry the Lion, 1130–1195 • Henry V, Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1173–1227 • Henry VI, Count Palatine of the Rhine, 1196–1214 • Otto IV, Holy Roman Emperor, 1175–1218 • William of Winchester, Lord of Lunenburg, 1184–1213 • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1204–1252 • Albert I, Duke of Brunswick, 1236–1279 • Henry I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1267–1322 • Otto, 1283–1309 • Albert, Teutonic Knight, 1284–1341 • Henry II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1296–1351 • Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1320–1398 • John, canon of Halberstadt, 1321–1346 • Louis, canon of Cammin, 1323–1373 • Philip of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Constable of Jerusalem, 1332–1370 • John of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Admiral of Cyprus, d. 1414 • Riddag, 1334–1367 • Balthazar, Despot of Romania, 1336–1384 • Thomas, 1338–1384 • Melchior, Bishop of Osnabrück and Schwerin, 1341–1381 • Frederick, c. 1291–1323 • Conrad, c. 1294–1320 • Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1297–1361 • Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1339–1383 • Eric I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1383–1427 • Henry III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1416–1464 • Henry IV, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1460–1526 • Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1418–1466 • Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1419–1485 • Philip I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1476–1551 • Ernest III, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1518–1567 • Albert, 1521–1546 • John, 1526–1557 • Wolfgang, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1531–1595 • Philip II, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1533–1596 • Eric of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, Bishop of Paderborn and Osnabrück, 1478–1532 • Ernest, d. 1486 • Ernest II, abbot of Corvey, c. 1346–1401 • Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode, 1350–1421 • Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Osterode, 1396–1452 • William, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, 1298–1360 • John I, Duke of Brunswick-Grubenhagen, c. 1300–1367 • Albert II "the Fat", Duke of Brunswick, 1268–1318 • Otto "the Mild", Duke of Brunswick, 1292–1344 • Lothar, Teutonic Knight • Albert II of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Halberstadt, 1294–1358 • Henry III of Brunswick-Lüneburg, Bishop of Hildesheim, 1296–1363 • Magnus I "the Pious", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1304–1369 • Magnus II "with the Necklace", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1324–1373 • Frederick I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1357–1400 • Bernard I, Duke of Brunswick, 1361–1434 • Otto IV "the Lame", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, d. 1446 • Frederick II "the Pious", Duke of Brunswick, 1418–1478 • Bernard II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1437–1464 • Otto V "the Victorious", Duke of Brunswick, 1439–1471 • Henry I "the Middle", Duke of Brunswick, 1468–1532 • Otto I, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, 1495–1549 • Otto II, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, 1528–1603 • Duke Otto Henry of Brunswick-Harburg, 1555–1591 • John Frederick, 1557-1619 • William Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, 1564–1642 • Enno, 1565–1600 • Christopher, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, 1570–1606 • Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Harburg, 1572–1641 • John, 1573–1625 • Frederick, 1578–1605 • Ernest I "the Confessor", Duke of Brunswick, 1497–1546 • Francis Otto, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1530–1559 • Frederick, 1532–1553 • Henry, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg, 1533–1598 • Julius Ernest, Duke of Brunswick-Dannenberg, 1571–1636 • Francis, Provost of Strasbourg, 1572–1601 • Augustus II "the Younger", Duke of Brunswick, 1579–1666 • Rudolph Augustus, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1627–1704 • Anthony Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick, 1633–1714 • Augustus Frederick, 1657–1676 • Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1662–1731 • Louis Rudolph, Duke of Brunswick, 1671–1735 • Ferdinand Albert I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, 1636–1687 • Augustus Ferdinand, 1677–1704 • Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1680–1735 • Charles I, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1713–1780 • Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick, 1735–1806 • Charles George Augustus, Hereditary Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1766–1806 • George William Christian, 1769–1811 • Augustus, 1770–1822 • Frederick William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1771–1815 • Charles II, Duke of Brunswick, 1804–1873 • William, Duke of Brunswick, 1806–1884 • Frederick Augustus, Prince of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Oels, 1740–1805 • Albert Henry, 1742–1761 • William Adolf, 1745–1770 • Leopold of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1752–1785 • Duke Anthony Ulrich of Brunswick, 1714–1774 • Ivan VI of Russia, 1740–1764 • Peter Antonovich of Brunswick, 1745–1798 • Alexei Antonovich of Brunswick, 1746–1787 • Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1718–1788 • Duke Ferdinand of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1721–1792 • Albert of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1725–1745 • Frederick Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1732–1758 • Ferdinand Christian, 1682–1706 • Ernest Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, 1682–1746 • Augustus William, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, 1715–1781 • George Louis, 1721–1747 • George Frederick, 1723–1766 • Frederick Charles Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel-Bevern, 1729–1809 • Henry Ferdinand, 1684–1706 • William the Younger, Duke of Brunswick, 1535–1592 • Ernest II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1564–1611 • Christian, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1566–1633 • Augustus the Elder, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1568–1636 • Frederick IV, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1574–1648 • Magnus of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1577–1632 • George, Duke of Brunswick, 1582–1641 • Christian Louis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1622–1665 • George William, Duke of Brunswick, 1624–1705 • John Frederick, Duke of Brunswick, 1625–1679 • Ernest Augustus, Elector of Hanover, 1629–1698 • George I of Great Britain, 1660–1727 • George II of Great Britain, 1683–1760 • Frederick, Prince of Wales, 1707–1751 • George III, 1738–1820 • George IV, 1762–1830 • Prince Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, 1763–1827 • William IV, 1765–1837 • Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn, 1767–1820 • Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, 1771–1851 • George V of Hanover, 1819–1878 • Ernest Augustus, Crown Prince of Hanover, 1845–1923 • George William, Hereditary Prince of Hanover, 1880–1912 • Ernest Augustus, Duke of Brunswick, 1887–1953 • Prince Ernest Augustus of Hanover, 1914–1987 • Ernest Augustus of Hanover, b. 1954 • Ernest Augustus of Hanover, b. 1983 • Welf Augustus von Hannover, b. 2019 • Prince Christian of Hanover, b. 1985 • 3 children • Prince Louis Rudolph of Hanover, 1955–1988 • Prince Otto Henry of Hanover, b. 1988 • Prince Henry of Hanover, b. 1961 • Oscar Nick, b. 1996 • Albert, b. 1999 • Julius, b. 2006 • Prince George William of Hanover, 1915–2006 • Prince Welf, 1947–1981, issue? • Prince George, b. 1949, issue? • Prince Christian, 1919–1981 • Prince Guelph, 1923–1997 • Prince Augustus Frederick, Duke of Sussex, 1773–1843 • Prince Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, 1774–1850 • Prince George, Duke of Cambridge, 1819–1904 • Prince Edward, Duke of York and Albany, 1739–1767 • Prince William Henry, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, 1743–1805 • Prince William Frederick, Duke of Gloucester and Edinburgh, 1776–1834 • Prince Henry, Duke of Cumberland and Strathearn, 1745–1790 • Prince William, Duke of Cumberland, 1721–1765 • Frederick Augustus, 1661–1691 • Maximilian William of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1666–1726 • Charles Philip, 1669–1690 • Christian Henry, 1671–1703 • Ernest Augustus, Duke of York and Albany, 1674–1728 • John of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1583–1628 • Francis, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1508–1549 • Godfrey, 1441–1465 • Otto, Archbishop of Bremen, 1364–1406 • Henry the Mild, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, d. 1416 • William the Victorious, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1392–1482 • Frederick III "the Turbulent", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1424–1495 • William IV "the Younger", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1425–1503 • Henry IV "the Elder", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1463–1514 • Christopher of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archbishop of Bremen, 1487–1558 • Henry V "the Younger", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1489–1568 • Charles Victor, 1525–1553 • Philip, 1527–1553 • Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1528–1589 • Henry Julius, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1564–1613 • Frederick Ulrich, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1591–1634 • Christian the Younger of Brunswick, 1599–1626 • Philip Sigismund of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, 1568–1623 • Joachim Charles, Provost of Strasbourg, 1573–1615 • Julius Augustus, Abbot of Michaelstein, 1578–1617 • Francis of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Bishop of Minden, 1492–1529 • George of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Archbishop of Bremen, 1494–1566 • Eric of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Teutonic Knight, 1500–1553 • William of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel, Teutonic Knight, d. 1557 • Eric I "the Elder", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1470–1540 • Eric II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1528–1584 • Henry the Peaceful, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1411–1473 • Louis, d. 1367 • Albert II, Prince-Archbishop of Bremen, d. 1395 • Henry, provost of Halberstadt • Ernest • Ernest I, Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen, 1305–1367 • Otto I "the Evil", Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen, 1340–1394 • Otto II "the One-Eyed", Duke of Brunswick-Göttingen, 1380–1463 • other son, clergyman • William I, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1270–1292 • Otto, d. c. 1346 • Lothar of Brunswick, 1275–1335 • Conrad, d. c. 1303 • John, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1242–1277 • Otto II "the Strict", Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1266–1330 • John, d. 1324 • Otto III, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1296–1352 • Louis, Bishop of Minden, d. 1346 • William II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg, 1300–1369 • Otto, Bishop of Hildesheim, d. 1279 • Conrad of Brunswick and Lunenburg, Prince-Bishop of Verden, d. 1300 • Welf VI, 1115–1191 • Welf VII, 1135–1167 • Adalbert, Abbot of Corvey • Fulco I, Margrave of Milan, c. 1070–1134 • Azzo IV d'Este (d. before 1145) • Bonifacio I d'Este (d. 1163) • Fulco II d'Este (d. before 1172) • Alberto (d. after 1184) • Obizzo I d'Este (d. 1193) • Azzo V of Este, d. 1190 • Azzo VI d'Este, 1170–1212 • Aldobrandino I d'Este, 1190–1215 • Contardo of Este, 1216–1249 • Azzo VII d'Este, 1205–1264 • Rinaldo d'Este, 1221–1251 • Obizzo II d'Este, 1247–1293, legitimised 1252 • Azzo VIII d'Este, d. 1308 • Hildebrand II of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, d. 1326 • Obert III of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, 1294–1352 • Hildebrand III of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, 1335–1361 • Nicholas II of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, 1338–1388 • Albert V of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, 1347–1393 • Nicholas III of Este, Marquis of Ferrara, 1383–1441, legitimised • Hercules I of Este, Duke of Ferrara, 1431–1505 • Alphonse I of Este, Duke of Ferrara, 1476–1534 • Hercules II of Este, Duke of Ferrara, 1508–1559 • Alphonse II of Este, Duke of Ferrara, 1533–1597 • Louis of Este, Bishop of Ferrara, 1538–1586 • Hippolyte II of Este, Archbishop of Milan, 1509–1572 • Francis of Este, Marquis of Massalombarda, 1516–1578 • Alphonse of Este, Marquis of Montecchio, 1527–1597, legitimised 1532 • Alphonse of Este, 1560–1578 • Caesar of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1562–1628 • Alphonse III of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1591–1644 • Francis I of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1610–1658 • Alphonse IV of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1634–1662 • Francis II of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1660–1694 • Almeric d'Este, 1641–1660 • Reynold of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1655–1737 • Francis III of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1698–1780 • Hercules III of Este, Duke of Modena and Reggio, 1727–1803 • John Frederick of Este, 1700–1727 • Obizzo d'Este, Bishop of Modena, 1611–1644 • Caesar d'Este, 1614–1677 • Charles Alexander d'Este, 1616–1679 • Reynold d'Este, cardinal, 1618–1672 • Philibert d'Este, 1623–1645 • Louis of Este, Lord of Montecchio and Scandiano, 1594–1664 • Hippolyte d'Este, 1599–1647 • Nicholas d'Este, 1601–1640 • Borso d'Este, 1605–1657 • Louis d'Este, Lord of Scandiano, 1648–1698 • Foresto Francis d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, 1652–1725 • Caesar Ignatius d'Este, Lord of Montecchio, 1653–1713 • Foresto d'Este, 1606–1639 • Alexander of Este, 1568–1624, cardinal • Ferdinand of Este, 1477–1540 • Hippolyte of Este, Archbishop of Esztergom, 1479–1520 • Sigismund of Este, 1480–1524 • Sigismund of Este, 1433–1507 • Rinaldo • Niccolò • Francesco • Hugh V, Count of Maine, c. 1060–1131 • Guido • Otbert III, Margrave of East Liguria • Ambrose (d. 988), bishop of Aléria in Corsica == Summary Armorial ==