(Under construction.) )'' caldera in 1984.
See "Askja index" (and Víti, geothermal lake, in the foreground)
See "Askja index" 1875 – Ashfall drift from one of the largest ash eruptions in Icelandic history. Eruption from
Víti and other craters began on 28 March and lasted for about eight hours. Heavy ash damage in the middle of East Iceland caused farms to be deserted, and
East Fjord people moved to the West.
See "Askja index" and
Holuhraun 2014.
See Bárðarbunga index, Holuhraun index , a remnant
pluton on the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. July 2010.
See Eldey index , about 13 kilometres off the coast of the
Reykjanes Peninsula, on the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge.
See Eldey index volcano, August 2014. Island of Heimaey, Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands).
See Eldfell index,
Vestmannaeyjar Islands index volcano. January 1973, Houses buried by ash.
See Eldfell index,
Vestmannaeyjar Islands index volcano, January 1973. Water was pumped onto this lava flow to halt its advance down the street.
See Eldfell index,
Vestmannaeyjar Islands index (right) and
Helgafell (left) in 2006. The fissure from the 1973 eruption is visible running from the lower left to the center of the image.
See Eldfell index,
Helgafell index,
Vestmannaeyjar Islands index fissure (
"fire gorge").
See Eldgjá index .
See Eldgjá index mountain range.
See Esja index as seen from
Perlan.
See Esja index north of
Jökulsárlón as
nunataks of
Vatnajökull glacier.
See Esjufjöll index eruption column in 2010.
See Eyjafjallajökull index 's largest
outlet glacier –
Gígjökull, covered in volcanic ash.
See Eyjafjallajökull index and the aurora.
See Eyjafjallajökull index taken from
Route 1 in August 2009.
See Eyjafjallajökull index eruption on 27 March 2010.
See Eyjafjallajökull index , watching the
Geldingadalir eruption 2021.
See Fagradalsfjall index
eruption, seen from Reykjavík on 9 May 2021.
See Fagradalsfjall index
eruption on 16 July 2021.
See Fagradalsfjall index
The new eruption fissures.
See Fagradalsfjall index
, The new eruption fissures to the left, the older ones to the right, seen from a helicopter, view to the east.
See Fagradalsfjall index
among the Fuglasker islands.
See Geirfuglasker index
1996 eruption:
Jökulhlaup over
Skeiðarársandur, the
piedmont glacier Skeiðarárjökull and
Öræfajökull in the background.
See Gjálp index
,
outlet glacier.
Svínafellsjökull in the background.It took some time to fill the subglacial lake of Grímsvötn and break the ice wall.
See Gjálp index
Island skyline, on the Arctic Circle.
See Grímsey index
. The
volcanic crater Kerið in October, one of many craters within the volcanic system.
See Grímsnes index
, Kerið index
.
Kerið, a
volcanic craters within the Grímsnes system.
See Grímsnes index
, Kerið index
, volcanic crater on
Grímsnes.
See Grímsnes index
, Kerið index
. The volcanic crater
Kerið frozen over in early April.
See Grímsnes index
, Kerið index
and the
Vatnajökull glacier, July 1972. Including the
Skaftá eruption of 1783, Grímsvötn is probably the most eruptive volcano system in Iceland. The
Laki/Lakagígar lava field alone is estimated to have produced about of lava. Grímsvötn has probably had more than 30 eruptions in the last 400 years, and produced around over the last 10,000 years.
Askja Askja is an
active volcano in the
central highlands. It is a complex of nested
calderas within the
Dyngjufjöll mountains. The Askja system includes, for example, the
Herðubreið tabular volcano, the
Herðubreiðartögl palagonite ridge, and the shield volcanoes
Kollóttadyngja,
Flatadyngja and
Svartadyngja.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Askja 11,000,
Askja 1874,
Askja 1875-January,
Askja 1875-February,
Askja 1875-March,
Askja 1876,
Askja 1921,
Askja 1922,
Askja 1923,
Askja 1926,
Askja 1929,
Askja 1961.
Bárðarbunga Bárðarbunga is an active stratovolcano located under the Vatnajökull glacier. It is the second highest mountain in Iceland, above sea level, and part of a volcanic system that is approximately long and wide. Historically there are large eruptions every 250–600 years.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Bárðarbunga ca.6600-6700 BC,
Bárðarbunga 877,
Bárðarbunga 1477,
Bárðarbunga 1701-1864,
Bárðarbunga 1910,
Bárðarbunga 1996,
Bárðarbunga 2010,
Bárðarbunga 2014-15. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Eldfell Eldfell is a
volcanic cone on the island of
Heimaey. It formed in a
volcanic eruption which began without warning on the eastern side of
Heimaey, in the
Westman Islands, on 23 January 1973. The eruption caused a major crisis for the island and led to its temporary
evacuation.
Volcanic ash fell over most of the island, destroying around 400 homes, and a
lava flow threatened to close off the harbour, the island's main income source via its
fishing fleet. An operation was mounted to cool the advancing lava flow by pumping
sea water onto it, which was successful in preventing the loss of the harbour.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See Eruptive Chronology below:
Eldfell 1973 Eldgjá Eldgjá is a volcano and canyon that is part of the Katla volcano; a segment of a chain of volcanic craters and fissure vents that extends northeast away from
Katla.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Eldgjá 934 or 939 Esja / Esjan Esja (
Esjan) is a mountain situated in the southwest of
Iceland, about ten kilometres north of Iceland's capital city
Reykjavík. Esja is not a single mountain, but a
volcanic mountain range, made from
basalt and
tuff. Esja was built up at the end of the
Pleistocene with the beginning of the
Ice Age. During the warm periods
lava flowed, and in the cold periods ridges of tuff were built up under the
glacier. The western part of the mountain range is the oldest (about 3.2 million years) and the eastern part is the youngest (about 1.8 million years).
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Ezjá 3,200,000,
Ezjá 1,800,000 Esjufjöll Esjufjöll is a subglacial volcano at the southeastern part of the
Vatnajökull icecap. It is a strict nature reserve. The volcanic system consists of the
Snaehetta central volcano with a large
caldera. Most of the volcano, including the 40 km2 caldera, is covered by the icecap. On the other hand, are parts of the SE flank exposed in NW-SE-trending ridges. Most of the exposed rocks are mildly alkaline
basalts, but there are also small amounts of
rhyolitic rocks.) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Eyjafjallajökull Eyjafjallajökull (E15), which is under an
ice cap, has erupted relatively frequently since the
Last Glacial Period, most recently
in 2010, disrupting international travel.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Eyjafjallajökull 1612,
Eyjafjallajökull 1821-23,
Eyjafjallajökull 2010 March,
Eyjafjallajökull 2010 April Fagradalsfjall Fagradalsfjall is an active
tuya volcano formed in the
Last Glacial Period on the
Reykjanes Peninsula, around from
Reykjavík. Fagradalsfjall is also the name for the wider volcanic system covering an area wide and long between the
Svartsengi and
Krýsuvík systems. No volcanic
eruption had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021.
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Fagradalsfjall 2021,
Fagradalsfjall 2022,
Fagradalsfjall 2023 Festarfjall Festarfjall is an exposed
tuya mountain on the south coast of the
Reykjanes Peninsula near the
Fagradalsfjall volcanic system and
Grindavík. The flat-topped volcano formed under the ice sheet in the
Last Glacial Period on the
Reykjanes Peninsula.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Fremrinámur 800 BC.
Geirfuglasker Geirfuglasker ("Great Auk Rock") was a small islet near
Reykjanes,
Iceland, a volcanic rock with steep sides except for two landing places. It submerged beneath the waves in 1830, due to a
volcanic eruption. Later a new Geirfuglasker appeared on the site.
(Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Geirfuglasker 1830.
Gjálp Gjálp is a
hyaloclastite ridge (tindar) under the
Vatnajökull glacier shield. It originated in an eruption series in 1996, which is probably part of the
Grímsvötn volcanic system, It was the first modern technical monitoring and analysis of a
subglacial eruption under a thick ice cover with a resulting
jökulhlaup. The volume of meltwater was around . The
Vatnajökull glacier is part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Gjálp 1938,
Gjálp 1996.
Grensdalur Grensdalur is a volcano that was active during
Pleistocene.
Part of the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Grensdalur 2,500,000 Grímsey Grímsey is a small island, off the north coast of the
main island of Iceland, where it straddles the
Arctic Circle. (However, due to long-term oscillations in the Earth's axis, the Arctic Circle is
shifting northward by about per year. As of 2020, the place where the line crosses the island is close to the northern tip and by the middle of the 21st century it will pass north of Grimsey altogether.)
Part of the Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Grímsnes Grímsnes is a fissure or crater-row volcanic system.
Part of the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Grímsnes 3500 BC.
Kerið Kerið is a volcanic
crater lake located in the
Grímsnes area in south
Iceland, along the
Golden Circle. It is one of several crater lakes in the area, known as the Western Volcanic Zone, created as the land moved over a localized
hotspot, but it has the most visually recognizable
caldera still intact. The caldera, like the other
volcanic rock in the area, is composed of a red (rather than black) volcanic rock, and is approximately deep, wide, and across. Kerið's caldera is one of the three most recognisable volcanic craters because at approximately 6,500 years old, it is only half the age of most of the surrounding volcanic features. The other two are Seyðishólar and Kerhóll. Although originally believed to have been formed by a volcanic explosion, studies of the Grímsnes region failed to find any supporting evidence. So it is now believed that Kerið was a
cone volcano which erupted and emptied its
magma reserve. Once the magma was depleted, the weight of the cone
collapsed into the empty magma chamber. The current pool of water at the bottom of the crater is at the same level as the
water table and is not caused by rainfall. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Kerið 6,500 BP.
Grímsvötn Grímsvötn is an
active volcano with a (partially subglacial) fissure system located in
Vatnajökull National Park. Including the
Skaftá eruption of 1783, Grímsvötn is probably the most eruptive volcano system in Iceland. The
Laki/Lakagígar lava field alone is estimated to have produced about of lava. Grímsvötn has probably had more than 30 eruptions in the last 400 years, and produced around over the last 10,000 years. During the Middle Ages it was known as the "Gateway to Hell". It is part of a volcanic ridge, long.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Hekla 5000 BC,
Hekla 3900 BC,
Hekla 2500 BC,
Hekla 1000-900 BC,
Hekla 800,
1104,
1158,
1206,
1222,
1300,
1341,
1389,
1440,
1510,
1554,
1597,
1636-37,
1693,
1725,
1766-68,
1845-46,
1878,
1913,
1947-48,
1970,
1980-81,
1991,
Hekla 2000. See also
Hekla Eruptive activity below Helgafell (on Snæfellsnes Peninsula) Helgafell is a small mountain on Snæfellsnes Peninsula.
Part of the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Helgafell (on Heimaey island) Helgafell (on Heimaey), formed from a secondary eruption on the Stórhöfði peninsula on the island Heimaey,
Vestmannaeyjar (Westman Islands).
Hofsjökull Hofsjökull is a subglacial shield volcano with caldera, formed during the
Last Glacial Period. The Hofsjökull glacier is Iceland's third-largest ice cap after Vatnajökull and Langjökull. It is the largest active volcano in the country, situated in the west of the Highlands See chronology below:
Hofsjökull 2,500,000-11,000,
Hofsjökull 2015 Holuhraun Holuhraun is a
lava field just north of the
Vatnajökull ice cap, in the
Icelandic Highlands, in
Suður-Þingeyjarsýsla,
Northeastern Region. The lava field was created by
fissure eruptions.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Holuhraun 2014-15 Hrómundartindur Hrómundartindur is a mountain north of
Hveragerði.
Hvalbakur Hvalbakur, a small, uninhabited island, is the easternmost point of Iceland. Located in the
Austurland region, offshore, it is long and up to wide, with its highest point above sea level. It appears on maps from 1761. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Hvannadalshnúkur Hvannadalshnúkur is a
pyramidal peak on the northwestern rim of the
summit crater of the
Öræfajökull volcano in
Vatnajökull National Park,
Iceland. Its summit is the highest point in the country.
Hveravellir Hveravellir is a geothermal field of the
Oddnýjarhnjúkur-Langjökull subglacial volcanic system in the north of
Langjökull glacier.
Part of the West volcanic zone (WVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Hveravellir 5,800 BC,
Hveravellir 1000 BC Hverfjall Hverfjall (Hverfell) is a
tephra cone or
phreatomagmatic eruption in northern
Iceland. The eruption was in the southern part of the
Krafla fissure swarm.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Hverfjall 500 BC Iceland hotspot The
Iceland hotspot is a
hotspot that is partly responsible for the high volcanic activity which has formed the
Iceland Plateau and the island of
Iceland. Iceland's location astride the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, where the
Eurasian and
North American Plates are moving apart, is partly responsible for this intense volcanic activity, but an additional cause is necessary to explain why Iceland is a substantial island while the rest of the ridge mostly consists of
seamounts, with peaks below
sea level. As well as being a region of higher temperature than the surrounding
mantle, the hotspot is believed to have a higher concentration of
water. The presence of water in
magma reduces the melting temperature, which may also play a role in enhancing Icelandic volcanism.
Ingólfsfjall Ingólfsfjall is a
tuya in the vicinity of
Hveragerði, originating from
subglacial eruptions and consisting mostly of
basalt and
palagonite.
Part of the South Iceland Seismic Zone (SISZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Ingólfsfjall 400,000 Jólnir Jólnir was a
volcanic island off the south coast between December 1965 and July 1966. It was a vent of
Surtsey, along with
Syrtlingur and
Surtla. Over the following eight months, it appeared and disappeared several times, as wave erosion and volcanic activity alternated in dominance, until oceanic erosion led to its final disappearance.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Jólnir 1963 Katla -
Katla;
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Katla 10,000,
Katla 1000 BC,
Katla 751,
Katla 822,
Katla 920,
Katla 934,
Katla 1000,
Katla 1179 ,
Katla 1245,
Katla 1311,
Katla 1357,
Katla 1416,
1480,
1580,
1612,
1625,
1660,
1693,
1721,
1755,
1821,
1860,
1918,
1955. See also
Katla Eruptive activity below Keilir Keilir is a
Pleistocene subglacial mound or perhaps a conical
tuya on
Reykjanes Peninsula. It is part of the
Krýsuvík volcanic system and
Reykjanesfólkvangur, and is about southwest of
Reykjavík.
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Keilir 2,500,000-11,000 Kerlingarfjöll Kerlingarfjöll is a
mountain range in the
Highlands of Iceland near the
Kjölur highland road. It is part of a large
tuya volcano system with hot springs and rivulets, as well as red volcanic
rhyolite stone. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Kolbeinsey Kolbeinsey is a small
basalt islet, devoid of
vegetation, in the
Greenland Sea located off the northern coast of
Iceland, north-northwest of the island of
Grímsey. It is the northernmost point of
Iceland and lies north of the
Arctic Circle. Kolbeinsey is subject to rapid wave
erosion and is expected to disappear in the near future. Erosion rate data from 1994 suggested that this would happen around 2020. , two small
skerries remained visible at
low tide. Kolbeinsey is the only subaerial expression of this portion of the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It formed during the late
Pleistocene (from 2.58 million to 11,700 years ago) (or
Holocene). Dredged glass shards indicate submarine eruptive activity during the late Pleistocene until at least 11,800 radiocarbon years ago.
Part of the Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Kolbeinsey Ridge Kolbeinsey Ridge is a segment of the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge located in the Arctic Ocean. It is bounded to the south by the Tjörnes Fracture Zone, which connects the submarine ridge to the on-shore Northern Volcanic Zone rifting center in eastern Iceland. The volcanic islands
Kolbeinsey and
Grímsey lie along the ridge.
Part of the Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Kollóttadyngja Kollóttadyngja is a
shield volcano in the
Ódáðahraun lava-field. The summit crater contains a bowl about 150 metres in diameter with a depth of about 60–70 metres.
Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Krafla Krafla is a volcanic
caldera about 10 km in diameter with a fissure zone. It is located in the north of
Iceland in the
Mývatn region and is situated on the
Iceland hotspot atop the
Mid-Atlantic Ridge, which forms the
divergent boundary between the
North American Plate and the
Eurasian Plate. Its highest peak reaches up to and it is 2 km in depth. There have been 29 reported eruptions in
recorded history.
Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Krafla 500BC,
Krafla 900,
Krafla 1724-29,
Krafla 1746,
Krafla fires 1975,
Krafla fires 1977 April,
Krafla fires 1977 September,
Krafla fires 1980 March,
Krafla fires 1980 July,
Krafla fires 1980 October,
Krafla fires 1981 January,
Krafla fires 1981 November,
Krafla fires 1984 Krakatindur Krakatindur is a volcano in the county of Rangárvallasýsla. Located east of Hekla, it is part of the Nýjahraun lava field. It is 858 meters high and last erupted in 1878.
(Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Krakatindur 1878 Krýsuvík Krýsuvík is a fissure swarm without a
central volcano, situated on the divergent
tectonic plate boundary of the
Reykjanes peninsula.
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Krýsuvík 100,000,
Krýsuvík 1151-1188 Kverkfjöll Kverkfjöll is a mountain range situated on the northeastern border of the
Vatnajökull glacier, between the Vatnajökull glacier and the Dyngjufjöll mountains.
Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Kverkfjöll 1655,
Kverkfjöll 1711-12,
Kverkfjöll 1729,
Kverkfjöll 1929 Laki / Lakagígar Laki is a
volcanic fissure that bisects Laki mountain in the western part of
Vatnajökull National Park. Lakagígar is part of the
Grímsvötn volcanic system. The pollution from the 1783 eruption led to the deaths of over 50% of Iceland's livestock, and the destruction of the vast majority of crops. The resulting
famine then killed approximately a quarter of the island's human population. The eight-month emission of sulfuric
aerosols resulted in one of the most important climatic and socially significant natural events of the last millennium, triggering up to 6 million deaths worldwide.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Laki 1783-84 Landmannalaugar Landmannalaugar is a lava field in the Fjallabak Nature Reserve in the Highlands, on the edge of the
Laugahraun lava field.
Part of the West volcanic zone (WVZ). Associated volcanoes:
Hveravellir,
Prestahnúkur Ljósufjöll Ljósufjöll is a
fissure vent system and
central volcano on the
Snæfellsnes Peninsula. The eruption in CE is the only one on the peninsula in recorded history.
Part of the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Ljósufjöll 960 Loki-Fögrufjöll Loki-Fögrufjöll is a
subglacial volcano under the
Vatnajökull glacier, within the
Bárðarbunga fissure system. It is independent of Bárðarbunga itself.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Loki-Fögrufjöll 1910,
Loki-Fögrufjöll 1986,
Loki-Fögrufjöll 1991,
Loki-Fögrufjöll 2006,
Loki-Fögrufjöll 2008,
Loki-Fögrufjöll 2011.
Lýsuhóll Lýsuhóll, also known as
Lysukard or
Helgrindur, is the smallest volcano in Iceland. It is centrally located on
Snaefellsnes Peninsula. It includes a chain of small, basaltic cinder cones.
Part of the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB). The last eruption of Lysuhóll is not dated. The tiny
skerry called
Eldeyjarboði may be its remnants
. (Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Nýey 1783,
Öræfajökull Öræfajökull is an ice-covered active volcano within the Vatnajökull National Park.
(Part of the Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Öræfajökull 1357,
Öræfajökull 1727 Prestahnúkur Prestahnúkur is a volcano in the Central Highlands, a part of the
Langjökull glacier. It consists of rhyolite and has a small magma chamber.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Prestahnúkur 3350 BCE (?),
Reykjanes The
Reykjanes Volcanic System is one of the volcanic systems on Reykjanes Peninsula, and consists of (volcanic and tectonic) fissures and faults directed mostly NE–SW. It is part of Reykjanes Volcanic Belt like the 3–6 (depending on author) other volcanic systems on Reykjanes Peninsula. No volcanic
eruption had occurred for 815 years on the Peninsula until 19 March 2021, when a
fissure vent appeared in Geldingadalir to the south of
Fagradalsfjall mountain.
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Fagradalsfjall in index. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Reykjanes peninsula 1206,
Fagradalsfjall 2021,
Fagradalsfjall 2022,
Fagradalsfjall 2023 Reykjaneshryggur Reykjaneshryggur Snæfell Snæfell, at high, is the tallest
subaerial stratovolcano in Iceland. Located in the north-east part of
Vatnajökull National Park, it has been dormant in the
Holocene, but is known to have had repose times of over 100,000 years between eruptions.
(Part of the Öræfajökull volcanic belt (OVB)). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Snæfellsjökull Snæfellsjökull is a 700,000-year-old
stratovolcano. The only large
central volcano on the
Snæfellsnes Peninsula, it has many
pyroclastic cones on its flanks, plus upper-flank
craters and lower-flank
basaltic
lava flows. Several
Holocene eruptions have originated from the summit crater and have produced
felsic material.
(Part of the Snæfellsnes volcanic belt (SVB)) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Snæfellsjökull 700,000,
Snæfellsjökull circa 50-350 CE Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Stóra-Eldborg undir Geitahlíð 400BC Sundhnúkur Current/ongoing event – See 2023–2025 Sundhnúkur eruptions Sundhnúkur is near
Grindavik on the Reykjanes peninsula. No volcanic
eruption had occurred for 815 years on the Reykjanes Peninsula until 19 March 2021.
See Fagradalsfjall index) Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Sundhnúkur 2023,
Sundhnúkur 2023.12.18,
Sundhnúkur 2024.01.14,
Sundhnúkur 2024.02.08,
Sundhnúkur 2024.03.16,
Sundhnúkur 2024.05.29,
Sundhnúkur 2024.08.22 Surtsey Surtsey is a
volcanic island located in the
Vestmannaeyjar archipelago off the southern coast. It was formed in a
volcanic eruption which began below sea level, and reached the surface on 14 November 1963. The eruption lasted until 5 June 1967, when the island reached its maximum size of . The most recent survey (2007) shows the island's maximum elevation at above sea level.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Surtsey 1963 Theistareykjarbunga Theistareykjarbunga (Þeistareykjarbunga);
Part of the North volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Theistareykjarbunga 9500 BC,
Theistareykjarbunga 6800 BC,
Theistareykjarbunga 900 BC Þingvellir / Thingvellir Þingvellir is notable for its
tectonic and
volcanic environment in a
rift valley. The
Mid-Atlantic Ridge passes across the Þingvellir National Park. The
continental drift between the
North American and
Eurasian Plates can be clearly seen in the cracks or
faults and rifts which traverse the region. The largest, , is a significant canyon.
Earthquakes are frequent in the area.
subglacial volcanoes beneath the
Vatnajokull glacier in
Iceland. There is a mechanical interaction between Thordarhyrna and
Grimsvötn, despite these volcanoes being relatively far apart.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Thórðarhyrna 3550 BC ± 500,
Thórðarhyrna 1887-1889,
Thórðarhyrna 1902-1904,
Thórðarhyrna 1910 Thórólfsfell Þórólfsfell is a basaltic
tuya in southern Iceland, east of
Fljótshlíð. The upper section is made up of pillow lavas and is 574 metres above sea level.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Þrándarjökull / Thrándarjökull Þrándarjökull is a small glacier in eastern Iceland, from
Vatnajökull glacier. It has an elevation of .
Part of the Öræfajökull volcanic belt (ÖVB). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Thríhnúkagígur Thríhnúkagígur (
Three Peaks Crater) is a
dormant volcano in the volcanic system of
Brennisteinsfjöll near
Reykjavík,
Iceland. Covering a area and a depth of , it has not erupted in the past 4000 years. It opened for tourism in 2012, the only volcano in the world where visitors can take an elevator into the
magma chamber. The magma that would normally fill the chamber and become sealed is believed to have drained away, revealing the
rift beneath the surface.
Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Thríhnúkagígur 4,000 BP Tindfjallajökull Tindfjallajökull is a
stratovolcano in the south of
Iceland. It has erupted rocks of
basaltic to
rhyolitic composition, and a 5-kilometre-wide caldera was formed during the eruption of the 54,000-year-old
Thórsmörk Ignimbrite. It is capped by a glacier of . Its highest peak is Ýmir. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Tindfjallajökull 54,000 Tjörnes Fracture Zone Tjörnes Fracture Zone is a submarine volcano situated northeast of
Iceland, between the
fjords of
Öxarfjörður and
Skjálfandi. It is a series of underwater
fissure vents that last erupted from 1867 to 1868. The
Tjörnes Fracture Zone (TFZ) connects the North Volcanic Zone to the
Kolbeinsey Ridge (KR), which is part of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. It contains its own volcanic systems, which are smaller than those in the Mid-Iceland Belt. It is one of two major and active
transform faults zones striking west-northwest in northern and southern Iceland.
Torfajökull Torfajökull is a
rhyolitic stratovolcano,
caldera (
central volcano), and complex of
subglacial volcanoes, located north of
Mýrdalsjökull. The 1477 eruption created the largest area of
silicic extrusive rocks in Iceland. The 870 eruption, a combined
bimodal eruption (
rhyolite-
basalt) with additional engagement of the
Bárðarbunga-Veiðivötn volcanic system, has left a thin layer of easily recognized mixed tephra all over Iceland (
Landnámslag). This layer makes it possible to determine the exact dates of many
archaeological finds by so-called
tephrochronology, like in the
Reykjavík 871±2 museum. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Torfajökull 870,
Torfajökull 1477 Trölladyngja Trölladyngja, situated in the
Ódáðahraun lava field, is the biggest Icelandic
shield volcano, with a height of and rising almost 600 metres above the surrounding
desert and lava fields. It is about 10 kilometres in diameter. Its oblong crater is about 1,200 to 1,500 metres in length, 500 metres broad, and about 100 metres deep. Most of its
lava fields have flowed in a northerly direction, with one branch of it reaching the valley of
Bárðardalur, a distance of roughly 100 km. It is not to be confused with the
Krýsuvík-Trölladyngja volcanic system on the Reykjanes Peninsula.
(Part of the North volcanic zone (NVZ)) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Trölladyngja 1961, (
Note : there are claims (Trölladyngja) that the last eruption was 5,000 years ago.)
Tungnafellsjökull Tungnafellsjökull is a
glacier and
volcano in
Iceland. It has an elevation of and is located northwest of
Vatnajökull glacier.
(Part of the Mid-Iceland Belt (MIB)) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Vatnafjöll Vatnafjöll is a
basaltic
fissure vent system. It is part of the same system as
Hekla. More than two dozen eruptions have occurred at Vatnafjöll during the
Holocene Epoch.
(Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ)) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Vatnafjöll 800 Vatnajökull Vatnajökull (
"Glacier of Lakes", "Vatna Glacier") is the
largest and most voluminous
ice cap in
Iceland. It is in the south-east of the island, covering approximately 10% of the country. The Vatnajökull glacier embraces seven identified subglacial volcanoes, of which the best-known are
Grímsvötn,
Bárðarbunga, and
Öraefajökull. (See
Grímsvötn index,
Bárðarbunga index,
Herðubreið index,
Holuhraun index,
Kverkfjöll index,
Laki index,
Loki-Fögrufjöll index,
Öræfajökull index and
Thordarhyrna index.)
Vatnajökull glacier is part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Vatnajökull 900,
Vatnajökull 905,
Vatnajökull 940,
Vatnajökull 1060,
Vatnajökull 1160,
Vatnajökull 1332,
Vatnajökull 1477,
1480,
1655,
1681,
1702,
1706,
1716,
1717,
1725,
1766,
1823,
1872,
1876,
1985,
1996 Vatnaöldur Vatnaöldur. See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Vatnaöldur 870; Veiðivötn Veiðivötn;
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Veiðivötn 6700BC;;
Veiðivötn 1200BC;
Veiðivötn 940,
Veiðivötn 1477. See:
Veiðivötn image in Gallery.
Vestmannaeyjar Vestmannaeyjar is in the
Westman Islands, an
archipelago off the south coast. The largest island is
Heimaey.
Part of the East volcanic zone (EVZ). See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Stórhöfði peninsula 6,000 BP,
Helgafell (volcano) 3,000 BC,
Surtsey 1963,
Jólnir 1963,
Eldfell 1973 Viðey Viðey (
caldera) is at
Reykjavík. About two million years ago during the
Pleistocene, Viðey was an active
volcano with a massive
caldera. The remains of the caldera are much larger than the modern island itself, with the island near the caldera's center. The rest of the caldera underlies a large part of what is now
Kollafjörður. The underwater eruption that formed Viðey island stopped circa 9,000 years ago.
(Part of the Reykjanes volcanic zone (RVZ)) See
Chronology of Eruptions below:
Viðey 2,600,000-9,000 Westfjords Westfjords is a large peninsula in northwestern Iceland, a remnant of the
North Atlantic Igneous Province. See
Chronology of Eruptions below: ==Chronological list of eruptions==