Pseudo-anglicism

Pseudo-anglicisms are also called secondary anglicisms, false anglicisms, or pseudo-English. Pseudo-anglicisms are a kind of lexical borrowing where the source or donor language is English, but where the borrowing is reworked in the receptor or recipient language. The precise definition varies. Duckworth defines pseudo-anglicisms in German as "neologisms derived from English language material." Furiassi includes words that may exist in English with a "conspicuously different meaning". ==Typology and mechanism==

Pseudo-anglicisms can be created in various ways, such as by archaism, i.e., words that once had that meaning in English but are since abandoned; semantic slide, where an English word is used to mean something different than its English meaning; conversion of existing words from one part of speech to another; or recombinations by reshuffling English units. Onysko speaks of two types: pseudo-anglicisms and hybrid anglicisms. The common factor is that each type represents a neologism in the receptor language resulting from a combination of borrowed lexical items from English. Using German as the receptor language, an example of the first type is Wellfit-Bar, a combination of two English lexical units to form a new term in German, which does not exist in English, and which carries the meaning, "a bar that caters to the needs of health-starved people." An example of the second type, is a hybrid based on a German compound word, Weitsprung (long jump), plus the English "coach", to create the new German word Weitsprung-Coach. According to Filipović, pseudo-anglicisms can be formed through compounding, suffixation, or ellipsis. For example, the Serbo-Croatian word was created from the English word goal, which the word man was added to. Alternatively, suffixes such as or may be added to an English word to create a new word in Serbo-Croatian, such as or . Ellipsis may also occur, wherein a component of an English word is dropped, such as the suffix -ing; examples include from boxing, or from happy ending. Another process of word formation that can result in a pseudo-anglicism is a blend word, consisting of portions of two words, like brunch or smog. Rey-Debove & Gagnon attest tansad in French in 1919, from English tan[dem] + sad[dle]. ==Scope==

Pseudo-anglicisms can be found in many languages that have contact with English around the world, and are attested in nearly all European languages. The equivalent of pseudo-anglicisms derived from languages other than English also exist. For example, the English-language phrase "double entendre", while often believed to be French and pronounced in a French fashion, is not actually used in French. For other examples, see dog Latin, list of pseudo-French words adapted to English, and list of pseudo-German words adapted to English. ==Examples==

Many languages Some pseudo-anglicisms are found in many languages and have been characterized as "world-wide pseudo-English", often borrowed via other languages such as French or Italian: • autostop – hitchhiking in French, Czech, Polish, Serbo-Croatian, Greek οτοστόπ, Russian автостоп, Spanish, Bulgarian, Romanian, Hungarian, etc. Russian ке́мпинг, Czech and Polish kemping, Portuguese, Spanish, etc. • smoking – dinner jacket, tuxedo, or smoking jacket in Danish, French, German, Italian, Dutch, Greek σμόκιν, Korean • one shot – "bottoms up" (원샷 [wʌn.ɕjat̚]) • hand phone – "cellphone" (핸드폰 [hɛn.dɯ.pon]) • skinship – platonic hand-holding, hugging, etc. (스킨십; [sɯ.kʰin.ɕip̚]) Romance French French includes many pseudo-anglicisms, including novel compounds (baby-foot), specifically compounds in -man (tennisman), truncations (foot), places in -ing (dancing meaning dancing-place, not the act of dancing), and a large variety of meaning shifts. • – high-rise building, tower block • – wifi router or parking space • – a professional tennis player • – a wheelie Italian • autogrill () – rest area (used for any brand, not only for Autogrill chain) • beauty farm () – spa • The French borrowing bloc-notes () is sometimes written in the pseudo-English form block-notes () – notebook • jolly – the joker in a pack of cards • pullman – a bus • smart working – remote work, where "smart" is used referring to other devices with an Internet connection, such as smartphones and smartwatches. • water () – flush toilet (from English water closet) Portuguese • outdoor – billboard • home office – work from home • shopping – shopping mall • integralization – Paid-in capital, subscription (finance) Spanish • puenting – bungee jumping • balconing – balconing • footing (through French) – jogging, running • by the face – gratis; boldly (literal translation of "por la cara", with those meanings) • autostop (through French) – hitchhiking • tunear (v.), tuneo (n.), tuneado (adj.) – to customize • mitin (from meeting) – political rally • pressing catch (since 1990s) – freestyle wrestling • renting – (initially car) rental • friki, friqui (adj. and n.), frikada (n., "activity"), frikismo (n., "attitue") – nerd, geek • trávelin (through French) – camera dolly • videoclip – music video • from lost to the river (humorous) – in for a penny, in for a pound; (once we reached this situation then there is) nothing to lose (literal translation of "de perdidos al río") Germanic Danish • babylift – baby transport/carrycot • cottoncoat – trench coat • cowboytoast – minced meat sandwich • doorstep – a short and informal press conference • monkeyclass – economy class • speedmarker – a felt-tip pen • stationcar – blend of station wagon (US) and estate car (UK) • timemanager – a calendar or notebook in which one writes down appointments (from the registered trademark Time Manager) Dutch • beamer – a video projector (via German pseudo-anglicism Beamer) • box – a playpen or a music speaker • coffeeshop – a shop selling cannabis • keycord – a lanyard • oldtimer – a classic car • touringcar – a coach (bus) • videoclip – a music video German German pseudo anglicisms often have multiple valid and common ways of writing them, generally either hyphenated (Home-Office) or in one word (Homeoffice). • Beamer – a video projector • Bodybag – a messenger bag • Dressman – a male model (Onysko calls this the "canonical example" of a pseudo-anglicism.) • Flipper – a pinball machine • Funsport – a sport played for amusement, such as skateboarding or frisbee • Handy – a mobile phone • Jobticket – a free pass for public transport provided by an employer for employees • Oldtimer – an antique car • mobbing – bullying More examples: Norwegian • hands – the offence of handball in association football • sixpence – Flat cap Swedish • afterski – après‐ski • afterwork – a meeting for drinks after the workday is finished • backslick – a wet, combed‐back hair style • mail – e‐mail • pocket – a paperback book • public service – public broadcasting • speaker – an announcer (such as at sporting events) Slavic Serbian • – a person who bets, especially on sports and other competitions • – goalkeeper • – happy ending • – stretch fabric sometimes also short for dresiarz (youth underclass subculture) Russian • ("Clip maker") – music video director • ("meeting") – rally, demonstration • ("records man") – record holder • ("strikeball") – airsoft • ("Face control") – the policy of screening people based on their appearance • Piar (), from PR for "public relations", came to mean all kind of promotion and related hype; extremely productive, see for derived words Austronesian Malaysian Malay • action – boast; boastful • best – good • cable – personal connection or insider • power – great • cross boy/girl – delinquent person • free sex – extramarital sex • hand body – hand & body lotion • handphone – mobile phone • magic com – multifunctional rice cooker • outbound – outdoor education or recreational activities • sound – sound reinforcement system • travel – inter-regional minibus service • win-win solution – win-win situation; win-win conflict resolution Other languages Maltese • goaler – goalkeeper ==See also==