Mariam-uz-Zamani

Mariam-uz-Zamani was born in 1545 as a daughter to Raja Bharmal of Amer by his wife Rani Champavati, daughter of Rao Ganga Solanki. Her paternal grandparents were Raja Prithviraj Singh I and Apurva Devi, a daughter of Rao Lunkaran of Bikaner. Her birth name is unknown. Later historical accounts give several suggestions for her birth name. In an 18th-century genealogy of her clan (the Kachwahas) for example, she is referred to as ' Harkhan Champavati '. Harika Bai, Hira Kunwari, Heer Kunwari, Shahi-Bai and Shahi Begum. She was bestowed an honorific Muslim name, 'Wali Nimat Begum' ( 'Blessings of God') by Akbar, in 1564, after two years of her marriage. She was given the high honor of being titled as 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' ( 'Mary/Compassionate of the Age') by Akbar on the occasion of birth of their son, Jahangir's. This was the title by which she was referred to in contemporary Mughal chronicles, including Jahangir's autobiography, the Tuzk-e-Jahangiri. Apart from the title of Mariam-uz-Zamani, she also bore two more glorious titles of 'Mallika-e-Muezamma' ( 'Exalted Empress') and 'Mallika-e-Hindustan' ( 'Empress of Hindustan'). She would officially use the name Wali Nimat Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum Sahiba. ==Erroneous identification==

, painting from Jahangirnama, c. 1610-15 The misnomer of Jodha Bai and her historical identity The absence of the birth name Mariam-uz-Zamani in contemporary Mughal sources, due to established courtly conventions, led to later historiographical speculation regarding her identity. As primary chronicles such as the Akbarnama and the Tuzuk-i-Jahangiri consistently refer to her only by title, subsequent historians particularly during the colonial period attempted to assign her a personal name, resulting in a number of misidentifications. A common modern misconception attributes the absence of Mariam-uz-Zamani's birth name in historical records to the later Emperor Aurangzeb her grandson alleging that he deliberately erased her identity and destroyed Rajput archives for religious or political reasons. However, this claim is false and unsupported by historical evidence. Primary Mughal sources indicate that her personal name was already unrecorded long before Aurangzeb's reign, reflecting contemporary conventions of record-keeping rather than any later act of erasure. This is reinforced in the Akbarnama (Vol. II), Abu'l-Fazl records Akbar’s marriage in 1562 to the daughter of Raja Bharmal of Amber at Sambhar, yet does not mention her personal name, referring to her instead through lineage and status. These contemporary records indicate that her personal name was not included in official chronicles from the very beginning. Modern historians interpret this absence not as erasure, but as a function of strict cultural norms. Ira Mukhoty observes that “their names are rarely recorded in official chronicles, where they are identified instead by titles or relationships,” highlighting the paramount role of purdah and zenana etiquette in protecting the public identity of noblewomen. Ruby Lal similarly emphasizes that imperial titles such as Mariam-uz-Zamani functioned as primary markers of identity and authority, elevating her status within the Mughal court rather than diminishing it. Corroborating evidence from European commercial records likewise reflects the exclusive use of titles. Documents such as Letters Received by the East India Company from its Servants in the East (Vols. I–VI) refer to the Mughal imperial matriarch in connection with the 1613 Portuguese seizure of her colossal ship, the Rahimi, identifying her simply and powerfully as the “Queen Mother”. Similarly, the journals of English envoys William Hawkins and Sir Thomas Roe describe her vast commercial influence at Surat, consistently referring to her through her imperial status rather than a personal name. Further disproving the myth of targeted destruction of Rajput records by Aurangzeb, the Amber (Kachhwaha) dynasty actually maintained a highly prominent position within the later Mughal imperial structure. Sir Jadunath Sarkar, in A History of Jaipur: c. 1503–1938, drawing on the intact Jaipur Pothikhana archives, notes that Mirza Raja Jai Singh I of Amber served as one of the most trusted and leading generals under Aurangzeb. The survival of such vast archival materials in Jaipur, along with genealogical traditions such as the Kachhwaha Khyat and Vanshavali (where names like Harka Bai or Heer Kunwari later appear), proves that regional historical records were preserved, not destroyed by Mughal forces. The name by which she is most popularly known in modern times is “Jodha Bai”. This attribution is considered erroneous, as the name “Jodha Bai” suggests an association with Jodhpur, whereas Mariam-uz-Zamani is historically identified as a princess of Amber, the daughter of Raja Bharmal. In contrast, the name “Jodh Bai” more plausibly corresponds to Jagat Gosain, the wife of Emperor Jahangir and daughter of Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur. The name by which she is most popularly known in modern times is ''' 'Jodha Bai' '''. This naming appears to have been an error, given that it implies a relationship with the royal family of Jodhpur, rather than that with the Rajas of Amber. Instead, it is assumed that 'Jodha Bai' or 'Jodh Bai' in fact refers to the wife of Jahangir, Jagat Gosain, the daughter of Raja Udai Singh of Jodhpur. Misidentification as Christian Mariam-uz-Zamani's identity has been throughout centuries falsely inferred as Christian primarily on the pretext of her title, 'Mariam', and the absence of her background details from official Mughal chronicles giving rise to speculation about her race and religion. It was presumed by various writers that since she was named Mariam, she must have been a Christian woman. However Islam reveres Mary or Mariam as their own. Maryam is the only woman named in their holy book Quran and as per Muslims, she was the greatest woman to ever live. This signifies the honour bestowed upon the empress and her distinguished rank as Akbar's wife as a title with an identical name, 'Mariam Makani' was bestowed over Akbar's mother by Akbar. According to Edmund Smith, the story of Salim's mother being of Christian origin was started by some visitors of Fatehpur Sikri who expressed the idea that the painting in Mariam's house at Fatehpur Sikri represented annunciation and therefore believed that Mariam must have been a Christian, however, the liberal historian of Akbar, Abul Fazl makes no mention of her being Christian or Akbar ever having a Christian wife. Additionally Khulasat-ut-Tawarikh, a chronicle written in the Mughal era, explicitly states Mariam-uz-Zamani as a daughter of Raja Bharmal, therefore putting end to the supposition of her being a Christian.{{cite web ==Marriage and relationship with Akbar==

Mariam-uz-Zamani's marriage was the result of a conflict between her father and Akbar's brother-in-law, Sharif-ud-din Mirza, the Hakim of Mewat. Raja Bharmal had been facing harassment at Sharif-ud-din's hands, on account of his conflict with Sujamal. Bharmal agreed to pay peshkash and had given his son and Mariam-uz-Zamani's full brother, Jagannath, and two nephews, Raj Singh, son of Raja Askaran and Khangar, son of Jagmal, as hostages but Sharif-ud-din wished to destroy him. So he approached Akbar to request his intervention. The Emperor agreed to mediate on the condition of Raja Bharmal's submission, as well as the suggestion that his daughter be given to Akbar in marriage. Akbarnama quotes, "Raja Bharmal introduced his eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect, among the attendants on the glorious pavilion." The youthful Rajput princess in due time became not only the first lady of the empire but also a much-cherished, much-admired and much-loved object of the Emperor's heart. A true and honourable wife, she became the mother of Prince Salim in 1569 and thereafter, her ascendency to a unique place in the royal palace dazzled every eye. When Akbar initiated his high-minded experiment in the equality of all religions, she became a living symbol of liberalism both in religious and state affairs. She had a surfeit of intelligence, wit and female magnetism that charmed Akbar. Lack of vanity was the ornament she wore with almost divine grace. In the youth, in middle age and later when passion was no more than a pleasant memory, she was a perfect companion to the monarch. Views of eminent historians about their marriage: ==Family advancement==

Mariam-uz-Zamani's family became some of the highest-ranking nobles in Akbar's court. The Rajas of Amber especially benefited from their close association with the Mughals and acquired immense wealth and power. Her family was held in high esteem by Akbar for their unmatchable courage, devotion, and loyalty all of which greatly endeared to the Emperor. Of twenty-seven Rajputs in Abu'l-Fazl list of mansabdars, thirteen were of the Amber clan, and some of them rose to positions as high as that of imperial princes. , native home of Mariam-uz-Zamani After her marriage to Akbar, her father, Raja Bharmal, was immediately made the commander of 5000 cavalry units, the highest rank that could be held by the noble in the court. Akbar referred to Raja Man Singh farzand (son). Even Raja Bihari Mal was denied that eminent rank, he did not cross the five thousand mark. However, it may be of interest that of the four hundred and sixteen Mansabdars of Akbar, only forty-seven were Rajputs, and the aggregate of their quotas amounted to fifty-three thousand horses. Of these, seventeen held Mansabs of from two thousand to five thousand and thirty from one hundred to two thousand. The princes of Amber, Marwar, Bikaner, Bundi, Jaisalmer and Bundelkhand held Mansabs of above one thousand, but Amber alone held the dignity of five thousand. His equation with the Amber Raja and his nephew Man Singh was conditioned in no small measure by his tenderness, tantamounting almost to love, for Mariam Zamani. Akbar's respect for the family of Mariam-uz-Zamani was profound. As per Badani, Akbar shared an intimate relationship with the Amer clan. After the death of the fiancé of one of the daughters of Raja Bharmal and younger sister of Mariam-uz-Zamani, Sukanya, in the Battle of Paronkh in October 1562, Akbar personally took responsibility for her marriage to a Rajput clan and adopted her as her own daughter. To honour them, he visited her native town, Amer, in the year 1569 and enjoyed the largesse bestowed over him by his in-laws. During this time, Mariam-uz-Zamani was into the fourth month of her pregnancy and thereafter was shortly delivered with Salim. Abul Fazl notes that his stay in Amer was of a month and a half and Akbar was showered with several noticeable gifts. Mariam-uz-Zamani also arranged the marriage of the daughter of her brother, Raja Bhagwant Das, to Salim on 13 February 1585. Man bai became the first and chief consort of Prince Salim. For this marriage Akbar personally visited the town of Amer and as a token of respect for her family carried the palanquin of her daughter-in-law on his shoulders for some distance. The gifts given by Mariam Zamani to the bride and bride-groom were valued at twelve lakh rupees. Man Bai later became the mother to Akbar's favourite grandson, Khusrau Mirza, and received the prestigious title of 'Shah Begum'. ==Religion, style and birth of children==

Akbar, at the insistence of Raja Bharmal, did not convert the princess to Islam and permitted her to perform Hindu rituals in her palace. Although the marriage was a result of a political alliance, the two are believed to have gradually developed an intimate and affectionate bond. Akbar also participated in the pooja performed by the empress. She gradually became his favourite wife. She was a devotee of Lord Shiva and Lord Krishna. The palace commissioned for her by Akbar in the imperial harem was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna, and, gems and frescoes. Akbar also commissioned the Nilkanth temple in the current day Mandu district of Madhya Pradesh, dedicated to Lord Shiva, in Islamic architecture. The Palace adjoining the Nilkanth temple, became the favourite place of retreat for her son, Emperor Jahangir. Harka bai arrived at Akbar's court resplendent in the sensuous and excessively feminine style of the Rajput nobility. Her roots were deeply embedded in the Rajput culture and style which was exhibited in her colourful and elaborated odhani or embroidered lehengas. Birth of twins On 19 October 1564, after two years of her marriage, Mariam-uz-Zamani gave birth to twin sons, Mirza Hassan and Mirza Hussain. Akbar arrived in Agra on 9 October 1564 for the birth of twins. Both of them died within less than a month of their birth. Mirza Hussain died on 29 October 1564 and Mirza Hassan died on 5 November 1564. She was, however, honoured with the name of 'Wali Nimat Begum' (Blessing of God) by Akbar after giving birth to her twins. Grief struck, Akbar took Mariam-uz-Zamani along with him after their sons' demise on his campaign, and during his return to Agra, he sought the blessings of Salim Chisti, a reputed Khawaja who lived at Fatehpur Sikri. Akbar confided in Salim Chisti who assured him that he would be soon delivered of three sons who would live up to a ripe old age. Birth of Prince Salim Few years before the birth of Prince Salim, Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani went barefoot on a pilgrimage to Ajmer Sharif Dargah to pray for a son. In 1569, Akbar heard the news that his chief consort was expecting a child again and hoped for the first of the three sons that had been promised to him after the death of the twins by Khawaja Salim Chisti. The expectant empress was sent to the Salim Chisti humble dwelling in Fatehpur Sikri during the latter period of her pregnancy. Akbar himself travelled often from Agra to Fatehpur Sikri during her period of pregnancy to take care of the empress for whom a royal palace named Rang Mahal was constructed in Fatehpur Sikri. During the time of Mariam-uz-Zamani's pregnancy with Salim, says Jahangir in his memoirs, the baby stopped kicking in the womb abruptly. When the matter was reported to Akbar, who was engaged in hunt of cheetahs at that time, vowed that if the baby resumes kicking, he would never hunt cheetahs on Fridays throughout his life and Jahangir further notes, that Akbar kept his vow throughout his life. Jahangir, too, in reverence for his father's vow, never hunted cheetahs on Friday. , seated next to Mariam Zamani on the chair is Mariam Makani, grandmother of Prince Salim. On 31 August 1569, the empress gave birth to a boy who received the name, Salim, in acknowledgement of his father's faith in the efficacy of the holy man's prayer. Akbar, overjoyed with the news of his heir-apparent, ordered a great feast and festivities which were held up to seven days on the occasion of his birth and ordered the release of criminals with great offence. Throughout the empire, largesses were bestowed over common people, and he set himself ready to visit Sikri immediately. However, he was advised by his courtiers to delay his visit to Sikri on account of the astrological belief in Hindustan of a father not seeing the face of his long-awaited son immediately after his birth. He, therefore, delayed his visit and visited Sikri to meet his wife and son after forty-one days after his birth. While meeting the empress after the birth of Salim, Akbar presented her with jewellery worth one lakh gold coins and gave a 'Rajvanshi pat' on her head expressing love. She was subsequently given the high honour of being titled 'Mariam-uz-Zamani' (Mary/Compassionate of the Age). The ranks of Raja Bhagwant Das and Man Singh were raised by two thousand horses each, and they were presented with robes of honour graded next only to those bestowed upon members of the royal family. Akbar broke his records of generosity by giving rich awards and extensive Jagirs to the elite of the court. ==As Empress of Hindustan==

She was referred as Queen of the country during her husband's reign Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak describes her with following words in Akbarnama, "Raja Bharmal's eldest daughter, in whose forehead shone the lights of chastity and intellect". Abul Fazl calls her "the choicest apple from the garden of paradise". Another contemporary Portuguese traveler, Thomas Roe, describes her as a 'great adventurer'. She is often considered, in tradition, as a major driving force and prime inspiration for Akbar's promotion of secularism. Nizamuddin Ahmad professes '' 'daughter of Raja Bihari Mal, who was veiled in chastity, was ennobled by a marriage with His Majesty and was enlisted in the rank of honoured consorts.' '' In Agra, her palace of residence is believed to be Jahangiri Mahal, constructed by Akbar for his Hindu wives. When Akbar moved his court to Fatehpur Sikri in 1571, she resided in one of the most magnificent and beautiful palaces of Fatehpur Sikri which was built in the Zenana complex. This palace was built as per Rajasthani architecture. This palace commonly known as Jodha Bai Mahal was also internally connected to the Khawabgah of Akbar. Her palace was decorated with paintings of Lord Krishna and in its time is reported to be studded with gems and frescoes. This palace also includes a temple used by the empress for her prayers and a Tulsi math. Jodha Bai's Mahal was a masterpiece with its commotion of Indian and Persian architecture. This was the biggest residential palace in the city, and to this day it stands, though in ruins, as a monument of Akbar's love for the Amber princess. . Her palace in Mandu called Nilkanth temple (Mandu) or as recorded by Jahangir in his biography, Imarat-i-Dilkhusha (the heart-pleasing abode), was the favourite retreat place of Jahangir where he would celebrate his birthdays with his mother as recorded by Thomas Roe, a Christian missionary in Jahangir's court. This palace was commissioned by Akbar for her in the year 1574 and has a Lord Shiva temple inside with a Shiv Ling and is built as per Mughal architecture on a hilltop. She was also the patron of several towns during her reign and held many jagirs. She would often travel to her hometown, Amber, which was just 200 km away from her home. During the Gujarat campaign when her brother Bhupat died during the battle of Sarnal, Akbar sent Mariam-uz-Zamani, who was travelling with him, to her native town Amer, to pay condolences and to partake in the mourning ceremony of her brother. ==Powers and influence==

The Empress was the wealthiest woman of her time having substantial personal wealth and she used her influence and wealth to build gardens, wells, and mosques around the countryside. She had her vakils to advise her and maintain her various properties. She was one of the four senior-most figures in the Mughal court and the only woman to hold the highest military rank which was at par with the rank of the emperor itself, 12,000 cavalry units. She was known to receive a jewel from every nobleman "according to his estate" each year on the occasion of the New Year's festival, an honour bestowed upon no other Mughal Empress. Jahangir accompanied by his courtiers would on the eve of the new year present her with jewels and presents at her palace. She had also made sincere efforts to spread education among the common people. She was the senior-most woman in the imperial harem and held a high rank since the reign of her Emperor husband. Issuing of such orders was confined to the highest ladies of the harem such as Hamida Banu Begum, Nur Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal and Jahanara Begum. One of the strongest surviving pieces of evidence that Mariam-uz-Zamani (also known as Jodha Bai), consort of Akbar, was actively involved in imperial affairs is a farmān (imperial decree) issued in her name during the reign of her son, Jahangir. This document is the only known surviving contemporary source that explicitly identifies her as Wali Nimat Begam while simultaneously referring to her as the mother of Nuruddin Jahangir. The farmān also contains the inscription “unwan: the hukm of Mariam Zamani” (An imperial farmān issued in the name of Mariam Zamani). The original document is preserved at the Red Fort Museum catalogued as Archaeological Survey of India No. G. 51; IHRC VIII, pp. 167–169. Invocation: In the name of Allah the Great. Seal: From Wali Nimat Begam, mother of Nuruddin Jahangir, the King. Unwan: hukm Mariam Zamani Let it be known to the noble officials and the revenue collectors that our faithful court servant, Mudabbir Beg, has been granted a jagir in the Chaupala region in the sarkar of Sambhal, in recognition of his service. It has, however, been reported that the revenue from this land has not been delivered to him but has instead been wrongfully seized by tax collectors (gumasta) and one Suraj Mal, who has unlawfully taken over his rights. It is therefore hereby ordered that upon receipt of this order, you summon all parties involved, fully investigate the matter, and ensure that all revenue both current and overdue is delivered to Mudabbir Beg. No one, including Suraj Mal, is permitted to misappropriate even a single coin such as a fulus or jital. This order must be executed without delay and without deviation, according to the date mentioned in the month of Tir of the Ilahi year." Based on the seal and the unwan contained in the document, it has been concluded that Mariam-uz-Zamani and Wali Nimat Begum, who is referred to as the mother of Jahangir, were the same person. This identification is further supported by Aurangzeb's historian Sujan Rai Bhandari in Khulasatut Tawarikh (Delhi, 1918, p. 374), who states that Jahangir was born to the daughter of Raja Bharmal Kachhwaha.Additionally, Abu'l-Fazl ibn Mubarak in Ain-i-Akbari, Vol. I, p. 322, records that Akbar married the daughter of Raja Bharmal and sister of Bhagwan Das at Sambhar. Mariam-uz-Zamani's retirement after her husband's death along with the death of Jagat Gosain led to the decline of Rajput influence in the Mughal court. Akbar's Imperial harem was re-organized into a fortress-like institution which is quite in contrast to the image of the reigns of Babur and Humayun. Harbans Mukhia attributed this change to the growing influence of Rajput cultural ethos on Akbar ever since his marriage in 1562 to Mariam-uz-Zamani. Ira Mukhoty draws a parallel between Akbar's reverence for sun worship and Harka Bai's family clan emblem being Lord Surya (sun). One of the episodes recorded by Badayuni is that once on the execution of a Brahmin by a conservative Muslim courtier of Akbar while Akbar had ordered the investigation to be continued, the Hindu wives taunted Emperor Akbar publicly for failing to maintain the abidance of his order. Akbar taking note of the disapproval of his Hindu wives stopped eating beef as the cow was regarded as a sacred animal in their religion. His Hindu wives influenced him to refrain from eating onions and garlic. They also exerted enough influence on him to never keep a beard and abstain from association with people who kept beards. To gain the love of his Hindu wives and their goodwill, says Badayuni, he abstained entirely from everything that was a natural abhorrence to them and took it as a mark of special devotion to himself if men shaved their beards so that it became common practice. The influence of Mariam-uz-Zamani and his Hindu wives was highly resented by the Muslim conservatives of the court, even more, when Akbar had ordered everyone in the court to stand up during the evening prayers of his Hindu wives when they would light up the hom in their temples to honour their traditions and culture and made sure that he was no exception to it. Muni Lal notes another intervention of her alongside Salima Sultan Begum to revoke the orders of house arrest for Salim by Akbar. After the death of Hamida Bano Begum, to cease his rebellions and put an end to his alcoholism and debauchery, Akbar ordered he should be kept in solitary confinement in ghusalkhana and ordered no serving of alcohol and opium. Salim begging for wine the entire time behaved like a madman. Akbar appointed his physician to recommend the minimum necessary alcohol for his health. Muni Lal claims, 'the taming of the temperamental Salim bristled with complications, especially when Mariam Zamani and Salima Begum took into their scheming heads to leave no design unused to win freedom for their Baba. The pressure from the senior queens became too compelling to be resisted for long. Akbar gave in and allowed Salim to shift to his palace. Khusrau's affair After the death of Akbar in the year 1605, she became the prime shield of her grandson, Khusrau Mirza, and as noted by a Christian missionary present in the Mughal court, she secured a pardon for the prince along with Salima Sultan Begum, Shakr-un-Nissa Begum, and Emperor Jahangir's other sisters upon Jahangir's succession. Nur Jahan is noted to have faked tears in front of her mother-in-law, Queen Mother Mariam-uz-Zamani for the possession of the charge of Prince Khusrau who was considered a powerful contender to the throne by the ambitious empress Nur Jahan however, she did not succeed. Succumbing to the pleas of his mother, sisters, Khusrau's stepmothers and sisters, Jahangir did not transfer the control of Khusrau to Nur Jahan or Prince Khurram. ==As an entrepreneur==

Mariam-uz-Zamani was greatly interested in trade and commerce and is the earliest recorded woman who consistently engaged in inland and overseas trade. Mariam-uz-Zamani, a successful businesswoman and merchant, had, in the larger arena, helped chart the role of Mughal women in the newly expanding business of foreign trade. Regarded as a woman who built the first large sea-faring ships of the Mughals at Lahore, she was the owner and patron of the largest ships named Rahīmī and afterward Ganj-i-Sawai. No other noblewoman on record seems to have been as adventurous a trader as the Queen Mariam-uz-Zamani, however, and no trader's ship (especially the Rahimi) seems to have got into as much trouble as hers. Nur Jahan and Jahanara Begum carried on the legacy of Mariam-uz-Zamani by engaging in overseas trade and commerce. East India Company In late 1610 or early 1611, when Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship was being loaded for Mocha, she sent one of her agents to buy indigo in Bayana (an important centre of indigo production 50 miles southwest of Agra) to be put aboard the ship for sale in Mocha. Just as the deal was being completed, however, William Finch, arrived and did what no Indian would dare to do. He offered a little more than she would have given, got the indigo, and made off with it. William Finch was an agent of Hawkins, ambassador of East India Company who was well received by Jahangir. William Finch, on the other hand, struggled to sell the acquired indigo in Lahore and had come to the conclusion that the prospects of English trade in India were hopeless. He informed Hawkins that he planned to sell the indigo in Aleppo, a Syrian city, and then travel back to England. William Finch's hasty decision to outbid the charismatic Mariam-uz-Zamani had catastrophic consequences for the immediate future of the East India Company at Jahangir's court. Conflict with the Portuguese The Portuguese maintained relatively amicable relations during Akbar's reign, despite hostilities, and continued well until Jahangir's reign. During the reign of Jahangir, the Portuguese were threatened by the presence of other European traders, especially the English, in the Mughal Court. William Hawkins noted that on 1 February 1609, he witnessed a great stirre touching the Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship as it prepared to carry goods to Mocha, an Arabian port south of Mecca at the Red Sea's entrance. The Portuguese threatened to abscond with the ship to Diu unless she paid an exorbitant fee for a cartaz or pass. It is recorded that the Portuguese demanded 1,00,000 mamudies for their cartaz and then 20,000; eventually, to forestall violence, the two sides were able to compromise on a much smaller payment of 1,000 rialls and some odd money. of Mariam-uz-Zamani's greatest pilgrimage ship, the Rahimi, in September 1613. Although she was carrying the necessary Portuguese pass and did not violate any terms applied on it, still, out of greed/anger at the new Mughal friendship with the English, the Portuguese acted "contrary to their pass" and carried off "the Rahimi" with all of her richly laden cargo, worth 100,000 pounds, equivalent to today's currency, half a billion rupees, and the approximately 700 passengers still on board to Goa. Jeronimo de Azevedo celebrated the capture of the Rahimi as "worthy prey that was brought and for giving the Mughals a cause of sorrow." When it became clear that the Portuguese had no intention of returning the Queen Mother's ship, Jahangir sent Muqarrab Khan, his governor, to stop all shipping activities at Surat, the major Indian fort for seagoing trade and to lay siege to the Portuguese town of Daman. The Jesuit church in Agra, which had been built under Akbar, was closed, and all allowances to Portuguese priests in Mughal India were suspended. The entire Mughal court, as well as the city of Surat, was in an uproar, and the tumult and outcry at the Mughal court were unprecedented. In the words of Findly, "Rahimi incident was the only act of piracy against India, which, on record, evoked a severe and intense response from the Mughal government." The extreme actions taken by Jahangir were unusual, as the Mughal court had grown used to the rapacious brutality of the Portuguese and would react by ignoring it or accommodating it. But for Rahimi, which has been seized by the Portuguese, Mariam-uz-Zamani's flagship pilgrim ship, the queen mother demands retribution. This was an unusual situation, demonstrating the great cultural upheavals and the tectonic changes that were shaping the Mughal empire: this was a Hindu queen's Muslim ship, carrying Hajj pilgrims in Christian waters patrolled by the Portuguese armada. The Portuguese realizing their loss tried for peace and later agreed to compensate the Mughal government for the loss of the Queen Mother's vessel and "to grant certain additional passes to native vessels proceeding to the Red Sea," but since the agreement was contingent upon the expulsion of the English, Jahangir resisted. Eventually, an agreement was made by the emperor by which the Portuguese had to pay "three lakhs of rupees for the ship taken," but the issue of English expulsion was left hanging as Jahangir became increasingly aware of English power at sea. The Portuguese capture of Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship thus served to bring about a major change in the relationship between the two governments and was, by a fortunate accident, a substantial windfall for the English. Post Rahimi Business Activities Mariam-uz-Zamani carried on with her commercial and pilgrimage ships despite losing her 'greatest pilgrimage ship', the Rahimi. She was in command of a fleet of ships. In 1617, two English pirates tried to seize Mariam-uz-Zamani's ship, which was returning from the Red Sea with numerous hajjis and valuable cargo, but in the nick of time, the ship was rescued. If it had not been for the fortunate interposition of the fleet of the East India Company, which came up before the contest was decided, the result of Englishmen's selfish enterprise would have been the closing of the busiest markets in India to English commerce. After the loss of her ship Rahimi, the Dowager Empress then ordered the build of an even larger ship with 62 guns and the placement of over 400 musket men. It was named 'Ganj-I-Sawai' and in its day was the most fearsome ship in the sea with the objective of trade and taking pilgrims to Mecca and on the way back converting all the goods into gold, and silver, and bringing back the pilgrims. ==Jahangir's relationship with his mother==

Throughout his life, Salim, showed many expressions of duty and displayed the strong affection he had for his mother. He paid obeisance to his mother by touching her feet and records these instances with a sense of pride in his memoirs. His reference to his mother was preceded by the epithet 'Hazrat'. Jahangir referred to her as "Hazrat Mariam-uz-Zamani", "Her Majesty" or at times "my exalted mother" out of his love for her in his memoirs. The stature and reverence Jahangir held for his mother were exceptional, he would carry her palanquin on his shoulders. As early as about 1595, in a story recorded by the Portuguese traveller Benedict Goes, when Mariam-uz-Zamani was travelling to a certain place, she was robbed of all her possessions and was left without the ordinary necessities of life. Jesuit Benedict Goes hearing this assisted her as far as his means permitted. When this news was delivered to Akbar's court, there was great astonishment among the attendants of the court. Goes was then praised and thanked at the court for assisting the queen as the assistance she sought from her countrymen was delivered to her by a stranger. When Mariam-uz-Zamani reached Akbar's court safely, many people, with gifts in their hands, went forth from the city to welcome her. A message was then sent to Prince Salim, who was at a distance of eight days from the Agra, came in haste to see his mother and two days post arriving at the capital, he met Benedict for which Salim personally came out to receive him. As per the custom of the country, Goes would have embraced Salim's feet but Salim did not permit him and immediately raised him kindly by his arm, made enquiries for his health and ordered full repayment of the advances he lent to his mother. Jahangir would greet his mother by performing Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before her. In 1607 when Jahangir decides to visit Gardens of Babur, he decides to take his mother and his harem along with a large royal entourage encompassing of his sons and notes in his memoirs, "I ordered Khurram to attend upon Hazrat Maryam-Zamani and the other ladies and to escort them to me. When they reached the neighbourhood of Lahore.. I embarked on a boat and went to a village named Dahr to meet my mother, and I had the good fortune to be received by her. After the performance of obeisance and prostration rites of Korunish, Sajda, and Taslim before my exalted mother..." During the plague of Agra when Jahangir was in Fatehpur Sikri, he says, "On January 1619, Mallika Mariam-uz-Zamani came from Agra to meet me and I attained the happiness of waiting on her. I hope that the shadow of her protection and affection will always be over the head of this supplicant." The courtesies and largesse demonstrated by Jahangir surface the proof of the amount of respect and love he held for his mother, Mariam-uz-Zamani. Jahnagir on the occasion of New Year, accompanied by his courtiers, would personally go to the house of Mariam Zamani where each nobleman presented her with jewels according to their estate. In the words of Edward Terry, a foreign traveller to the Mughal court, "''Jahangir's affection for his mother Her Majesty Mariam-uz-Zamani were exceptional, and not seldom would he show many expressions of duty and display his strong affections for her''". She hosted several events and royal functions at her palace, like Jahangir's solar and lunar weighings, all his birthday celebrations, Jahangir's marriage to the Amer princess, daughter of Kunwar Jagat Singh, Shahzada Parviz's wedding to the daughter of Sultan Murad Mirza and the henna ceremony of Ladli Begum, daughter of Nur Jahan and Shahryar Mirza. ==Patron of Architecture and architectural legacy==

Mariam-uz-Zamani was one of the great female patrons of art and architecture of her time. She constructed one of the earliest built mosques in Lahore, Pakistan, as per Mughal architecture, known as the Begum Shahi Mosque. She also commissioned the entrance to the Lahore fort, known as Masjidi Darwaza, now corrupted into Masti Darwaja (Masti Gate). Both Mariam-uz-Zamani's mosque and baoli (step-well) had an inscription attesting to her role in the construction of these historical monuments. The mosque was constructed during the early period of Jahangir, in 1023 A.H./1614 A.D., as recorded in a Persian inscription fixed on the facade of the northern gate. This mosque was named after her in her honour and is known as the Begum Shahi Mosque. It is located close to the old Masti Gate of the Walled City of Lahore, opposite the eastern walls of the Lahore Fort. It featured the earliest dated Iranian motif in Mughal architecture. This mosque stands as the best example of the fusion of Timurid and Safavid components. The prayer hall of Begum Shahi Mosque is a single-aisle five-bay structure with elaborate painted decoration. Its inner central dome reveals one of the first dated occurrences of a network developed from points arranged in concentric circles. The ceilings of tomb Itimad-ud-Daula, with their richly polychromed net vaulting and stellate forms, are a more refined version of those at Begum Shahi Mosque. The spectacularly painted prayer chamber of Wazir Khan Mosque and its interior, as well as the central pishtaq's recessed arch and stellate vaulting, are richly polychromed using a technique similar to that on Begum Shahi Mosque. At the time of its construction, this was the only important mosque located in the vicinity of the Lahore fort, and therefore it was frequented by the nobility of the Mughal court. The mosque remained frequented for prayer by the Mughal nobility and the common man alike for more than two hundred years until it was turned into a gunpowder factory by Ranjit Singh. Mariam-uz-Zamani's Baoli at Bayana Around 1612 AD, she commissioned a great step well and a large garden in Bayana near district Brahmabad. The step well was much appreciated by her son, Jahangir, who visited it around 1619 and noted that it was a grand building and was very well built at an expense of just 20,000 rupees. The baoli was considered by the English traveller, Peter Mundy to be "the best of this Kinde that I have yet seene,... a very costly and curious piece of worke". Rajeev Bargoti notes that her interest in indigo trade might have been because her revenue free grants were located in the indigo producing tract around Bayana including pargana Jansath. Inscription on Mariam-uz-Zamani Baoli (step-well):  ==Death==

, Sikandra, Agra Mariam-uz-Zamani died in May 1623, immensely rich and powerful, and she stands as the only wife buried close to Akbar. Her tomb resembles her husband's mausoleum in one important aspect, the upper storey of both is open to the sun and rain, and its upper corners are embellished by beautiful pavilions surmounted by lovely domes. ==Issue==

Mughal Emperor Akbar and Mariam-uz-Zamani Begum are confirmed to have at least three children: • Hassan Mirza (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 5 November 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hussain) • Hussain Mirza (19 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire — 29 October 1564, Agra, Mughal Empire) (twin with Hassan) • Jahangir (Salim) (30 August 1569, Fatehpur Sikri, Mughal Empire — 28 October 1627, Rajouri, Mughal Empire) She was also the foster mother of one of her stepchildren: • Daniyal Mirza (1572 - 1605). ==In popular culture==

Films and TV serials • Sulochana portrayed Rani Jodha Bai in the 1953 film Anarkali. • Durga Khote portrayed Jodha Bai in the 1960 Indian epic film Mughal-e-Azam. • Zohra Mirza played the role of Jodha Bai in 1958 Urdu film Anarkali. • Jamuna played the role of Jodha bai in the Telugu movie Akbar Salim Anarkali • Puja Acharya donned the role of Mariam-uz-Zamani as 'Jodha Bai' in the Doordarshan television series Akbar The Great (1988–1989) • Aishwarya Rai portrayed Jodha Bai in the 2008 film Jodhaa Akbar directed by Ashutosh Gowarikar. • Paridhi Sharma played the role of Jodha Bai in the historical drama series Jodha Akbar which ran from 2013 to 2015. • Delnaaz Irani portrayed Jodha Bai in the historical comedy series Har Mushkil Ka Hal Akbar Birbal from 2014 to 2016. She was replaced by Pragati Mehra in 2016 for a few episodes as she was unavailable due to personal issues. • Tasha Kapoor portrayed the role of Heer Kunwari aka Jodha Bai in Bharat Ka Veer Putra - Maharana Pratap • Jodha Bai was portrayed by Gurdeep Kohli in the Colors TV series Dastaan-E-Mohabbat Salim Anarkali. • Aditi Sajwan portrayed the empress in the Star Bharat comedy series Akbar Ka Bal Birbal. • Anuradha Tarafdar played the role of Jodha Bai in Manohar Arshi's film, ''Akbar's Bridge''. • Sandhya Mridul portrayed Jodha Bai in Taj: Divided by Blood. Literature • Jodha Bai is also a major character in Salman Rushdie's 2008 novel The Enchantress of Florence. • She is the pivot character in the book of Subhadra Sen Gupta, The Teenage Diary of Jodh Bai, as the character Jodh bai. ==See also==