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1837

1837 (MDCCCXXXVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1837th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 837th year of the 2nd millennium, the 37th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1837, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events
January–March January 1 – The destructive Galilee earthquake causes thousands of deaths in Ottoman Syria. • January 26Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States. • February 4Seminoles attack Fort Foster in Florida. • February 25 – In Philadelphia, the Institute for Colored Youth (ICY) is founded, as the first institution for the higher education of black people in the United States. • FebruaryCharles Dickens's Oliver Twist begins publication in serial form in London. • March 1 – The Congregation of Holy Cross is formed in Le Mans, France, by the signing of the Fundamental Act of Union, which legally joins the Auxiliary Priests of Blessed Basil Moreau, CSC, and the Brothers of St. Joseph (founded by Jacques-François Dujarié) into one religious association. April–June April 12 – The conglomerate of Procter & Gamble has its origins, when British-born businessmen William Procter and James Gamble begin selling their first manufactured goods (soap and candles) in Cincinnati, Ohio. • April 24 – The great fire in Surat, a city of India, begins. Over a three-day period, the fire kills more than 500 people and destroys more than 9,000 houses. • May 10 – The Panic of 1837 begins in New York City. • MayW. F. Cooke and Charles Wheatstone patent an electrical telegraph system. • June 5 – The city of Houston is incorporated by the Republic of Texas. • June 11 – The Broad Street Riot occurs in Boston, Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees. • June 20Queen Victoria, 18, accedes to the throne of the United Kingdom, on the death of her uncle King William IV without legitimate heirs (she will reign for more than 63 years). Under Salic law, the Kingdom of Hanover passes to William's brother, Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the personal union of Britain and Hanover which has persisted since 1714. July–September July 13Queen Victoria moves from Kensington Palace into Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than St James's Palace, as her London home. • JulyCharles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship Morrison. In the Morrison incident, he is turned away from Japanese ports with cannon fire. • August 16 – The Dutch colonial forces sack the fortress of Bonjol, Indonesia, ending the Padri War. • September 19First Carlist War: Battle of Aranzueque – The liberal forces loyal to Queen Isabel II of Spain are victorious, ending the Carlist campaign known as the Expedición Real. • September 26 – The destructive "''Racer's'' hurricane" sweeps across the Caribbean, northeastern Mexico, the Republic of Texas and the Gulf Coast of the United States and lasts until October 9, after killing at least 105 people. • September 28Samuel Morse files a caveat for a patent for the telegraph. October–December October 13 – The French army under Sylvain Charles Valée captures the city of Constantine in French Algeria after a siege of three days. • October 30 – The Tsarskoye Selo Railway, the first in the Russian Empire, opens between Saint Petersburg Tsarskoselsky station and Zarskoje Selo (modern-day Pushkin), engineered by Franz Anton von Gerstner. • October 31 – In what will become the world's leading consumer goods brand, Procter & Gamble is founded in Ohio in the United States. • November 6 Louis-Joseph Papineau begins the Lower Canada Rebellion in the Quebec city of Montreal. • November 7 – American abolitionist and newspaper editor Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. • November 8 – Mount Holyoke Female Seminary, later Mount Holyoke College, is founded in South Hadley, Massachusetts. • November 17An earthquake in Valdivia, south-central Chile, causes tsunamis that led to significant destruction along Japan's coast. • November 20 – The Prussian king has Clemens August Droste zu Vischering, archbishop of Cologne, arrested over differences concerning the treatment of mixed protestant-catholic marriages. The archbishop remains in custody for over a year. • December 4Samuel Lount begins the Upper Canada Rebellion by marching with rebel followers to Toronto, one month after a similar rebellion against British rule had begun in Lower Canada. • December 17Fire breaks out in the Winter Palace, in Saint Petersburg, Russia killing 30 guards. • December 23 – The Slave Compensation Act is signed into law by the government of the United Kingdom. This pays a substantial amount of money, constituting 40% of the Treasury’s tax receipts at the time, to former enslavers but nothing to those formerly enslaved. • December 29 – The Caroline Affair, on the Niagara River, becomes the basis for the Caroline test for anticipatory self-defence in international relations. Date unknown by Louis Daguerre. • Louis Daguerre develops the daguerreotype. • The 5th century B.C. Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany. • The Olney Friends School is founded in the Appalachian Mountains of the United States. • The first electric locomotive built is a miniature battery locomotive constructed by chemist Robert Davidson of Aberdeen in Scotland, and powered by galvanic cells (batteries). • Atlanta is fixed as the terminal of the Western and Atlantic Railroad; it is originally named Marthasville. == Births ==
Births
January–MarchJanuary 2Mily Balakirev, Russian composer (d. 1910) • January 7Thomas Henry Ismay, English shipowner (White Star Line) (d. 1899) • February 5Dwight L. Moody, American evangelist (d. 1899) • Edward Miner Gallaudet, American educator of the deaf (d. 1917) • February 13Valentin Zubiaurre, Spanish composer (d. 1914) • February 20Samuel Swett Green, American librarian, advocate (d. 1918) • February 24Nakamuta Kuranosuke, Japanese admiral (d. 1916) • March 1William Dean Howells, American writer, historian, editor, and politician (d. 1920) • March 3Jacques Duchesne, French general (d. 1918) • March 7Henry Draper, American physician and astronomer (d. 1882) • March 18Grover Cleveland, 22nd and 24th President of the United States (d. 1908) • March 22Virginia Oldoini, Countess of Castiglione (d. 1899) • March 23Sir Charles Wyndham, English actor, theatrical manager (d. 1919) • March 27Kate Fox, American medium (d. 1892) April–JuneApril 1Luis Francisco Benítez de Lugo y Benítez de Lugo (d. 1876) • April 5Algernon Charles Swinburne, English poet (d. 1909) • April 17J. P. Morgan, American financier, banker (d. 1913) • April 21Fredrik Bajer, Danish politician, pacifist, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1922) • April 27Queen Cheorin, Korean queen (d. 1878) • April 29Georges Ernest Boulanger, French general, politician (d. 1891) • May 5Anna Maria Mozzoni, Italian feminist, founder of the Italian women's movement (d. 1920) • Theodor Rosetti, 16th Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1923) • May 7Karl Mauch, German explorer (d. 1875) • May 9Adam Opel, German engineer, industrialist (d. 1895) • Ben Hall, Australian bushranger (d. 1865) • May 27Wild Bill Hickok, American gunfighter (d. 1876) • May 28George Ashlin, Irish architect (d. 1921) • Tony Pastor, American impresario, theater owner (d. 1908) • June 22Paul Bachmann, German mathematician (d. 1920) • Paul Morphy, American chess player (d. 1884) • Touch the Clouds, Native American Miniconjou chief (d. 1905) • June 28Petre P. Carp, 2-time prime minister of Romania (d. 1919) July–September July 4Carolus-Duran, French painter (d. 1917) • July 15Stephanie of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, Queen consort of Portugal (d. 1859) • July 18Vasil Levski, Bulgarian revolutionary (d. 1873) • July 21Johanna Hedén, Swedish midwife, surgeon (d. 1912) • August 1(bapt.) Mary Harris Jones ("Mother Jones"), Irish-American labor leader (d. 1930) • August 5Anna Filosofova, Russian women's rights activist (d. 1912) • August 11John Ward, English palaeontologist (d. 1906) • August 24Théodore Dubois, French composer (d. 1924) • September 2James H. Wilson, Union Army major general in the American Civil War (d. 1925) • September 12Louis IV, Grand Duke of Hesse (d. 1892) • September 14Nikolai Bugaev, Russian mathematician (d.1903) • September 16 – King Pedro V of Portugal (d. 1861) • September 18Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos, Portuguese Archbishop of Goa (d. 1880) • September 24Mark Hanna, United States Senator from Ohio (d. 1904) October–December October 3Nicolás Avellaneda, Argentine president (d. 1885) • October 4Auguste-Réal Angers, Canadian judge and politician, 6th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (d. 1919) • October 5José Plácido Caamaño, 12th President of Ecuador (d. 1900) • October 10Robert Gould Shaw, Union Army general in the American Civil War, social reformer (k. 1863) • October 26Carl Koldewey, German explorer famous for the German North Polar Expedition (d. 1908) • October 28Tokugawa Yoshinobu, Japanese shōgun, 15th and last of the Tokugawa shogunate (d. 1913) • October 29Harriet Powers, African-American folk artist (d. 1910) • November 1John Leary, American businessman, politician, and civic leader (d. 1905) • November 2Émile Bayard, French artist, illustrator (d. 1891) • November 5Arnold Janssen, German-born Catholic priest, saint (d. 1909) • November 20Lewis Waterman, American inventor, businessman (d.1901) • November 23Johannes Diderik van der Waals, Dutch physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1923) • December (unknown date) – Bella French Swisher, American writer (d. 1893) • December 9Kabayama Sukenori, Japanese samurai, general, and statesman (d. 1922) • December 11Webster Paulson, English civil engineer (d. 1887) • December 15George B. Post, American architect (d. 1913) • December 24Empress Elisabeth of Austria, wife of Emperor Franz Joseph I (d. 1898) • Cosima Wagner, wife of German composer Richard Wagner (d. 1930) • December 26Sir William Dawkins, British geologist (d. 1929) • George Dewey, American admiral (d. 1917) == Deaths ==
Deaths
January–JuneJanuary 8Duke Wilhelm in Bavaria, great-grandfather of Empress Elisabeth of Austria (b. 1752) • January 20John Soane, British architect (b. 1753) • January 23John Field, Irish composer (b. 1782) • February 7Gustav IV Adolf, deposed King of Sweden (b. 1778) • February 10Alexander Pushkin, Russian author, wound received in duel (b. 1799) • February 13Mariano José de Larra, Spanish author, suicide (b. 1809) • February 19Georg Büchner, German playwright, typhus (b. 1813) • February 23Friedrich Ludwig Weidig, German Protestant theologian, pastor and radical, suicide (b. 1791) • March 31John Constable, English painter (b. 1776) • April 4Louis-Sébastien Lenormand, French chemist, physicist and inventor (b. 1757) • April 28Joseph Souham, French general (b. 1760) • May 5Niccolò Antonio Zingarelli, Italian composer (b. 1752) • May 20Prince Frederick of Hesse-Kassel (b. 1747) • June 14Giacomo Leopardi, Italian writer (b. 1798) • June 29Nathaniel Macon, American politician (b. 1757) • June 20 – King William IV of the United Kingdom and Hannover (b. 1765) July–December July 18Vincenzo Borg, Maltese merchant, rebel leader (b. 1777) • August 12Pierre Laromiguière, French philosopher (b. 1756) • September 7Fabian Gottlieb von Osten-Sacken, Russian military leader (b. 1752) • September 21Pieter Vreede, Dutch politician (b. 1750) • September 28Akbar II, last Mughal emperor of India (b. 1760) • October 1Robert Clark, American politician (b. 1777) • October 10Charles Fourier, French philosopher (b. 1772) • October 12Charles-Marie Denys de Damrémont, French governor-general of French Algeria (killed during the siege of Constantine) (b. 1783) • October 17Johann Nepomuk Hummel, Austrian composer (b. 1778) • Peter Lebeck, French trapper and namesake of Lebec, California (birth unknown) • November 7Elijah P. Lovejoy, American abolitionist (b. 1802) • November 28 – Sophie Botta, the Dark Countess, German woman of mysterious identity Date unknown Anne Pépin, Senegalese Signara (b. 1747) • Mary Dixon Kies, first American recipient of a U.S. patent (b. 1752) • Thomas Noble, English poet and translator (b. 1772) • Sengai Gibon, Japanese monk ==References==
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