List of culinary herbs and spices

• Aidan fruit / Aridan / prekese / uyayak / osakrisa / dawo (Tetrapleura tetraptera) • Ajwain, carom seeds / thymol seeds / bishop's weed (Trachyspermum ammi) — Pakistan, South Asia, India, Afghanistan, Iran, Egypt, Eritrea & Ethiopia • Alexanders (Smyrnium olusatrum) • Alkanet / dyer's alkanet (Alkanna tinctoria) — for red color • Alligator pepper / hepper pepper / mbongochobi, mbongo spice (Aframomum danielli, A. citratum, or A. exscapum) — West Africa • Allspice (Pimenta dioica) • Angelica (Angelica spp.) • Angelica / garden angelica / Norwegian angelica / wild celery (Angelica archangelica) • Bai zhi / Dahurian angelica (Angelica dahurica) • Anise (Pimpinella anisum) • Aniseed / anise / anix • Aniseed myrtle (Syzygium anisatum) — Australia • Star anise / badian (Illicium verum) — China • Annatto (Bixa orellana) • Artemisia (Artemisia spp.) • Absinthe / common wormwood (Artemisia absinthium) • Tarragon / estragon (Artemisia dracunculus) • Asafoetida / hing (Ferula assafoetida) • Avens (Geum spp.) • Wood avens / Herb bennet / St Benedict's herb (Geum urbanum) • Avocado leaf (Persea americana) ==B==

• Barberry (Berberis vulgaris and other Berberis spp.) • Basil (Ocimum spp.) • African basil / scent leaf (Ocimum gratissimum) • Holy basil (Ocimum tenuiflorum) • Lemon Basil (Ocimum × citriodorum) • Sweet Basil / great basil (Ocimum basilicum) • Thai basil (O. basilicum var. thyrsiflora) • Bay leaf • Bay leaf (Laurus nobilis) • Indian bay leaf / tejpat / malabathrum (Cinnamomum tamala) • Indonesian bay leaf / Indonesian laurel / Salam leaf / daun salam (Syzygium polyanthum) • Mexican bay leaf / laurél (Litsea glaucescens) • West Indian bay leaf (Pimenta racemosa) • Boldo (Peumus boldus) • Borage (Borago officinalis) ==C==

• California bay laurel (Umbellularia californica) • Calabash nutmeg / African Calabash nutmeg / ehuru / Jamaican nutmeg / ariwo (Monodora myristica) • Capers (Capparis spinosa) • Caper (flowerbud) • Caperberry • Caraway (Carum carvi) • Cardamom • Black cardamom / badi ilaichi (Amomum subulatum) — India, Pakistan • Chinese black cardamom / Cao guo (Lanxangia tsaoko) — China • Chinese white cardamom / bai dou kou (Wurfbainia compacta) — China • Green cardamom (Elettaria cardamomum) — India • Celery (Apium graveolens) • Celery leaf • Celery seed • Chervil (Anthriscus cerefolium) • Chicory (Cichorium intybus) • Chili pepper / chilli / chile (Capsicum spp.) • Cayenne pepper / Cayenne chili (Capsicum annuum) • Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum cultivar) • New Mexico chile (Capsicum annuum) — 'New Mexico Group': Hatch, Anaheim, Big Jim, Chimayó, and Sandia, and other pepper cultivars. • Paprika (Capsicum annuum) • Chironji / charoli nut (Buchanania lanzan) • Chives (Allium schoenoprasum) • Cicely / sweet cicely (Myrrhis odorata) • Cinnamon (Cinnamomum spp.) • Cassia / Chinese cinnamon (Cinnamomum cassia) • Cinnamon / Ceylon cinnamon / true cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum) • Indonesian cinnamon (Cinnamomum burmannii) • Cinnamon myrtle (Backhousia myrtifolia) — Australia • Vietnamese / Saigon cinnamon (Cinnamomum loureiroi) • White cinnamon (Canella winterana) — Caribbean • Clary / clary sage (Salvia sclarea) • Clove (Syzygium aromaticum) • Coriander (Coriandrum sativum) • Coriander leaf / coriander greens / cilantro / Chinese parsley • Coriander seed • Vietnamese coriander (Persicaria odorata) • Costmary (Tanacetum balsamita) • Cubeb pepper (Piper cubeba) • Culangot / culantro / long coriander / recao (Eryngium foetidum) • Cumin (Cuminum cyminum) • Black cumin / Kala zeera / kala jira (Elwendia persica) — South Asia • Cumin / white cumin — South Asia • Curry leaf (Murraya koenigii) • Curry plant (Helichrysum italicum) • Cyperus articulatus ==D==

• Dill (Anethum graveolens) • Dill seed • Dill weed / dill herb • Dootsi (Agasyllis latifolia) ==E==

• Elderflower (Sambucus spp.) • Epazote / Jesuits' tea / Mexican tea / wormseed (Dysphania ambrosioides) ==F==

• Fennel (Foeniculum vulgare) • Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) • Fenugreek leaf / methi — India, Mediterranean, Middle East • Fenugreek seed / methi seed — India, Mediterranean, Middle East • Blue fenugreek / blue melilot (Trigonella caerulea) • Filé powder / gumbo filé (Sassafras albidum) — Creole • Fingerroot / lesser galangal / temu kuntji / krachai / ''k'cheay (Boesenbergia rotunda'') — Java, Thailand, Cambodia • Fish mint (Houttuynia cordata) • giấp cá / fish mint, leaf — Vietnam • zhé ěrgēn / fish mint, rhizome — China: Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and Yunnan provinces ==G==

• Galangal (Alpinia spp.) • Greater galangal (Alpinia galanga) — Indonesia • Lesser galangal (Alpinia officinarum) — Indonesia • Sand ginger / kencur / kentjur / shan nai / sha jiang (Kaempferia galanga) — Java, Bali, China • Garlic (Allium spp.) • Garlic (Allium sativum) • Garlic chives / Chinese chives / Chinese leek (Allium tuberosum) • Ginger • Ginger (Zingiber officinale) • Torch ginger / bunga siantan (Etlingera elatior) — Indonesia • Golpar / Persian hogweed (Heracleum persicum) — Iran • Grains of paradise / melegueta pepper (Aframomum melegueta) • Grains of Selim / Kani pepper / uda (Xylopia aethiopica) ==H==

• Herb bennet / St Benedict's herb / wood avens (Geum urbanum) • Hoja santa / hierba santa / acuyo (Piper auritum) — Mexico • Hops (Humulus lupulus) — European drinks herb: a bitter flavouring agent • Horseradish (Armoracia rusticana) • Huacatay / Mexican marigold / mint marigold (Tagetes minuta) • Hyssop (Hyssopus officinalis) • Bible hyssop / Syrian oregano / ''za'atar / zahtar (Origanum syriacum'') • Roman hyssop / savory of Crete / pink savory / whorled savory (Satureja thymbra) ==J==

• Jasmine flowers (Jasminum spp.) • Jakhya / wild mustard (Cleome viscosa) • Jalapeño (Capsicum annuum cultivar) • Jimbu (Allium hypsistum and Allium przewalskianum) — Nepal • Juniper berry (Juniperus communis) — European drinks herb: an aromatic flavouring agent ==K==

• Keluak / kluwak / kepayang (Pangium edule) — South-East Asia • Kinh gioi / Vietnamese balm (Elsholtzia ciliata) • Kokum (Garcinia indica) — India, a souring agent • Korarima / Ethiopian cardamom / false cardamom (Aframomum corrorima) — Eritrea • Koseret leaves (Lippia abyssinica) — Ethiopia • Kudum Puli / Malabar tamarind (Garcinia gummi-gutta) • Kutjura (Solanum centrale) — Australia ==L==

• Lavender (Lavandula spp.) • Lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) • Lemon ironbark (Eucalyptus staigeriana) — Australia • Lemon myrtle (Backhousia citriodora) — Australia • Lemon verbena (Aloysia citrodora) • Lemongrass (Cymbopogon spp.) • Common lemongrass (Cymbopogon citratus) — South-East Asia • Malabar grass (Cymbopogon flexuosus) — South-East Asia • Kaffir lime leaves / Makrud lime leaves (Citrus hystrix) — South-East Asia • Leptotes bicolor — Paraguay and southern Brazil • Lesser calamint / nipitella / nepitella (Clinopodium nepeta) — Italy • Licorice / liquorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra) • Litsea cubeba ("mountain pepper"; maqaw) • Lovage (Levisticum officinale) • Lovage leaves • Lovage seeds • Locust beans (Ceratonia siliqua) ==M==

• Mace (Myristica fragrans) • Mahleb / mahalepi / St Lucie cherry (Prunus mahaleb) • Mallow • Marsh mallow (Althaea officinalis) • Musk mallow / abelmosk (Abelmoschus moschatus) • Maqaw — see Litsea cubeba • Marjoram / sweet marjoram / cultivated oregano (Origanum majorana) • Mastic (Pistacia lentiscus) • Mint (Mentha spp.) — 25 species, hundreds of varieties • Moldavian dragonhead (Dracocephalum moldavica) • Mountain horopito / 'pepper-plant' (Pseudowintera colorata) — New Zealand • Mustard • Mustard, black / mustard seed (Rhamphospermum nigrum) • Mustard, brown / mustard seed (Brassica juncea) • Mustard, white / mustard seed (Sinapis alba) • Mustard, yellow / mustard seed (Sinapis alba) ==N==

• Nigella / black onion seed / black caraway / kalonji (Nigella sativa) • Njangsa / djansang (Ricinodendron heudelotii) — West Africa • Nutmeg (Myristica fragrans) ==O==

• Oregano (Origanum spp.) • Oregano / wild marjoram (Origanum vulgare) • Greek / Turkish oregano (Origanum vulgare var. hirtum) • Lebanese oregano / Syrian oregano / bible hyssop / ''za'atar / zahtar (Origanum syriacum'') • Sweet marjoram (Origanum majorana) • Cuban oregano (Coleus amboinicus) • Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) • Orris root (Iris germanica and Iris pallida) ==P==

• Pandan (Pandanus spp.) • Pandan flower / fragrant screw-pine / kewra (Pandanus odorifer) • Pandan leaf (Pandanus amaryllifolius) • Pápalo / papaloquelite (Porophyllum ruderale) — Mexico and South America • Paprika (Capsicum annuum) — q.v. Chili • Paracress (Acmella oleracea) — Brazil • Parsley (Petroselinum crispum) • French parsley / curly parsley • Italian parsley / flat-leaf parsley • Japanese parsley (Cryptotaenia japonica) • Stone parsley (Sison amomum) • Passion berry / fringed rue / Tena adam (Ruta chalepensis) • Pennyroyal / pudding grass (Mentha pulegium) • Pepper (Piperaceae spp.) • Ashanti pepper / uziza / Edo Pepper / Guinea cubeb (Piper guineense) • Pepper, black, white, and green (Piper nigrum) • Brazilian pepper / pink pepper (Schinus terebinthifolius) • Dorrigo pepper (Tasmannia stipitata) — Australia • Kani pepper / uda / Grains of Selim (Xylopia aethiopica) • Long pepper (Piper longum) • Melegueta pepper / Grains of paradise (Aframomum melegueta) • Mountain pepper / Cornish pepper leaf (Tasmannia lanceolata) • Peruvian pepper (Schinus molle) • Szechuan pepper (Zanthoxylum spp. including Z. bungeanum, Z. schinifolium, and Z. armatum) — China • Tasmanian pepper (Tasmannia lanceolata) • Voatsiperifery (Piper borbonense) — Madagascar • Peppermint (Mentha piperata) — q.v. Mint • Peppermint gum leaf (Eucalyptus dives) • Perilla (Perilla frutescens) • Korean perilla seeds / Deulkkae • Korean perilla leaves / Kkaennip • Japanese perilla leaves / Shiso (Perilla frutescens var. crispa) • Pipicha / straight-leaf pápalo (Porophyllum linaria) — Mexico • Poppy seed (Papaver somniferum) • Purslane (Portulaca oleracea) ==Q==

• Quassia (Quassia amara) — a bitter spice in aperitifs and fortified wines along with a few beers ==R==

• Red rice powder (Monascus purpureus) — China • Rice paddy herb (Limnophila aromatica) — Vietnam • Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) • Rue (Ruta spp.) • Common rue / herb-of-grace (Ruta graveolens) ==S==

• Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) — only for yellow color • Saffron (Crocus sativus) • Use of saffron • Sage (Salvia officinalis) • Salad burnet (Sanguisorba minor) • Sassafras (Sassafras albidum) • Savory (Satureja spp.) • Summer savory (Satureja hortensis) • Winter savory (Satureja montana) • Sesame (Sesamum spp.) • Black sesame seeds (Sesamum radiatum) • White sesame seeds / benne (Sesamum indicum) • Sha ren (Wurfbainia villosa) — China • Silphium / silphion / laser / laserpicium / sorado (unidentified and likely extinct Ferula species) — Ancient Roman cuisine, Ancient Greek cuisine • Sorrel (Rumex spp.) • Common sorrel / garden sorrel / spinach dock (Rumex acetosa) • Sheep sorrel / field sorrel / red sorrel (Rumex acetosella) • Spearmint (Mentha spicata) — q.v. Mint • Spikenard / muskroot (Nardostachys grandiflora or N. jatamansi) • Star anise (Illicium verum) — q.v. Aniseed • Strawberry Gum (Eucalyptus olida) — Australia • Sumac (Rhus spp.) • Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) • Sweet woodruff / sweet-scented bed-straw (Galium odoratum) ==T==

• Tarragon / estragon (Artemisia dracunculus) — q.v. Artemisia • Thyme (Thymus spp.) • Common thyme (Thymus vulgaris) • Creeping thyme (Thymus praecox) • Lavender thyme (Thymus thracicus) • Lemon thyme (Thymus citriodorus) • Wild thyme (Thymus serpyllum) • Woolly thyme (Thymus pseudolanuginosus) • Tonka beans (Dipteryx odorata) • Turkey berries / pendejera (Solanum torvum) • Turmeric (Curcuma longa) ==V==

• Vanilla (Vanilla planifolia) • Voatsiperifery (Piper borbonense) — Madagascar — q.v. Pepper ==W==