16th century •
Tartaglia, Niccolò.
Nova Scientia (A New Science). Venice,
1537.
Ballistics. •
Biringuccio, Vannoccio.
De la pirotechnia. Venice,
1540.
Metallurgy. •
Fuchs, Leonhart.
De Historia Stirpium Commentarii Insignes. Basel,
1542.
Botany. •
Copernicus, Nicolaus.
De revolutionibus orbium coelestium. Wittenberg,
1543.
Copernican heliocentrism. •
Vesalius, Andreas.
De humani corporis fabrica (On the Structure of the Human Body). Basel,
1543.
Anatomy. •
Cardano, Gerolamo.
Artis magnae sive de regulis algebraicis (The Art of Solving Algebraic Equations). Nuremberg,
1545.
Algebra. •
Brunfels, Otto.
Kreuterbüch,
1546.
Botany. •
Gessner, Conrad.
Historia Animalium 1551-58.
Zoology •
Bock, Hieronymus.
Kreutterbuch. Strasbourg,
1552.
Botany. •
Paracelsus.
Theil der grossen Wundartzney. Frankfurt,
1556.
Medicine. •
Agricola, Georgius.
De re metallica. Basel,
1561.
Mineralogy. •
Regiomontanus.
De triangulis planis et sphaericis libri quinque. Basel,
1561.
Trigonometry. •
Bombelli, Rafael.
Algebra. 1569/
1572.
Imaginary numbers. •
Cesalpino, Andrea.
De plantis libri XVI. 1583.
Taxonomy. •
Bruno, Giordano. ''
De l'infinito, universo e mondi.''
1584 Cosmology. •
Stevin, Simon.
De Thiende. 1585.
Decimal numeral system. •
Stevin, Simon.
De Beghinselen der Weeghconst. 1586.
Statics. •
Brahe, Tycho.
Astronomiae Instauratae Progymnasmata. 1588.
Astronomy. •
Viète, François.
In artem analyticum isagoge (Introduction to the Analytical Art). Tours,
1591.
Algebra. •
Ruini, Carlo.
Anatomia del Cavallo. Venice,
1598.
Veterinary medicine.
17th century •
Gilbert, William.
De Magnete. London,
1600 Magnetism •
Galilei, Galileo.
Sidereus Nuncius (The Starry Messenger). Frankfurt,
1610.
Astronomy •
Napier, John.
Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Descriptio,
1614.
Logarithms •
Kepler, Johannes.
Harmonices Mundi. Linz,
1619.
Celestial mechanics •
Bacon, Francis.
Novum Organum. London,
1620.
Experimentation •
Galilei, Galileo.
Dialogo sopra i due massimi sistemi del mondo Tolemaico, e Coperniciano.
Florence,
1632.
Heliocentrism •
Descartes, René.
Discours de la Methode / La Geometrie.
Leiden,
1637 Analytical geometry •
Fermat, Pierre de.
Methodus ad disquirendam maximam et minimam,
1638.
Calculus •
Galilei, Galileo.
Discorsi e dimostrazioni matematiche, intorno a due nuove scienze.
Leiden,
1638.
Classical dynamics •
Desargues, Gérard. ''Brouillon-project d'une atteinte aux evenemens des rencontres du cone avec un plan'',
1639.
Projective geometry. •
Harvey, William.
Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus (Anatomical Exercises, Concerning the Heart and Blood) London,
1653.
Circulatory system •
Wallis, John.
Arithmetica infinitorum,
1655.
Calculus •
Boyle, Robert.
The Sceptical Chymist. London,
1661.
Chemistry •
Pascal, Blaise. ''Traitez de l'Equilibre des Liqueurs, et de la Pesanteur de la Masse de l'Air.'' Paris,
1663.
Fluid statics •
Gregory, James.
Optica Promota,
1663.
Optics •
Hooke, Robert.
Micrographia. London,
1665.
Microscopy •
Steno, Nicolas.
De Solido intra Solidum Naturaliter Contento Dissertationis Prodromus. Florence,
1669.
Stratigraphy •
Barrow, Isaac.
Lectiones geometricae,
1670.
Calculus •
von Guericke, Otto.
Experimenta Nova (ut vocantur) Magdeburgica de Vacuo Spatio. Magdeburger Halbkugeln,
1672.
Experimental physics •
Huygens, Christiaan.
Horologium Oscillatorium. Paris,
1673.
Pendulus. •
Fermat, Pierre de.
Ad locus planos et solidos isagoge,
1679.
Analytic geometry •
Leibniz, Gottfried.
Nova Methodus pro Maximis et Minimis,
1684.
Calculus •
Newton, Isaac.
Philosophiæ Naturalis Principia Mathematica. London, 3 Vol,
1687.
Classical mechanics •
Huygens, Christiaan.
Traité de la Lumière. Leiden,
1690.
Optics •
Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm.
Specimen Dynamicum. Vienna,
1695.
Classical mechanics •
van Leeuwenhoek, Antonie.
Arcana Naturae, Ope & Beneficio Exquisitissimorum Microscopiorum. Leiden,
1696.
Microbiology •
l'Hôpital, Guillaume de.
Analyse des infiniment petits. Paris,
1696.
Calculus 18th century •
Newton, Isaac (England).
Opticks. London,
1704.
Optics •
Taylor, Brook (England).
Methodus Incrementorum Directa et Inversa,
1715.
Taylor series •
Linnaeus, Carl (Sweden).
Systema Naturae. Netherlands,
1735.
Linnaean taxonomy •
Bernoulli, Daniel (Netherlands).
Hydrodynamica. Strasbourg,
1738,
Fluid dynamics •
d'Alembert, Jean le Rond (France).
Réflexions sur la cause générale des vents,
1747.
Complex numbers •
Euler, Leonhard (Switzerland).
Introductio in analysin infinitorum. Lausanne,
1748.
Mathematical analysis •
Franklin, Benjamin (America).
Experiments and Observations on Electricity. London/
Philadelphia,
1751.
Electricity •
Bayes, Thomas (England).
An Essay Towards Solving a Problem in the Doctrine of Chances. London,
1763.
Inverse probability •
Volta, Alessandro (Italy).
De vi attractiva ignis electrici, ac phaenomenis inde pendentibus,
1769.
Electricity •
Smith, Adam (Scotland).
An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. London, 2 Vol,
1776.
Capitalism •
Monge, Gaspard (France).
Sur la théorie des déblais et des remblais,
1781.
Descriptive geometry. •
Lagrange, Joseph (Italy).
Mécanique analytique. Paris,
1788.
Dynamics •
Hutton, James (Scotland).
Theory of the Earth. Edinburgh,
1788.
Geology •
Lavoisier, Antoine (France).
Traité Élémentaire de Chimie (Elements of Chemistry). Paris, 2 Vol,
1789.
Chemistry •
Galvani, Luigi (Italy).
De viribus electricitatis in motu musculari commentarius Bologna,
1791.
Electricity •
Legendre, Adrien-Marie (France).
Essai sur la théorie des nombres. Paris,
1798.
Number theory •
Jenner, Edward (England).
An Inquiry into the Causes and Effects of the Variolæ Vaccinæ. 1798.
Immunology •
Wessel, Caspar (Norway).
Om directionens analytiske betegning. Copenhagen,
1799.
Imaginary numbers •
Ruffini, Paolo (Italy).
Teoria generale dele equazioni, in cui si dimostra impossibile. La soluzione algebraica delle equazioni generali di grado superiore al quatro. Bologna,
1799.
Algebra 19th century •
Gauss, Carl Friedrich (Germany).
Disquisitiones Arithmeticae. Leipzig,
1801.
Number theory •
Young, Thomas (England).
Experiments and Calculations Relative to Physical Optics,
1803.
Light •
Argand, Jean-Robert (Switzerland).
Essai sur une maniere de representer les quantities imaginaries dans les constructions geometriques,
1806.
Imaginary numbers. •
Dalton, John (England).
A New System of Chemical Philosophy. London,
1808.
Atomic theory •
Berzelius, Jöns Jacob (Sweden).
Läroboken i kemien,
1808.
Chemistry •
Cayley, George (England).
On Aerial Navigation. Brompton, 3 Vol,
1809.
Aeronautics. •
Ørsted, Hans Christian (Denmark).
Experimenta circa effectum conflictus electrici in acum magneticam. Copenhagen,
1820.
Electromagnetism. •
Fourier, Joseph (France).
Théorie Analytique de la Chaleur. Paris,
1822.
Fourier series. •
Fresnel, Augustin-Jean (France). ''Mémoire Sur Un Nouveau Système D'Éclairage Des Phares Lu À L'Académie Des Sciences.'' Paris,
1822.
Wave optics •
Babbage, Charles (England). ''Mr. Babbage's invention: Application of machinery to the purpose of calculating and printing mathematical tables.'' London,
1823.
Computing •
Lobachevsky, Nikolai (Russia).
Geometriya. 1823.
Non-Euclidean geometry •
Cauchy, Augustin-Louis (France).
Le calcul infinitesimal. Paris,
1823.
Mathematical analysis •
Carnot, Sadi (France).
Réflexions sur la Puissance Motrice du Feu et sur les machines propres à déveloper cette puissance. Paris,
1824.
Thermodynamics •
Ampère, André-Marie (France).
Mémoire sur la théorie mathématique des phénomènes électrodynamiques,
1827.
Electromagnetism •
Laplace, Pierre-Simon (France).
Traité de Mécanique Céleste. Paris,
1827.
Classical mechanics •
Ohm, Georg (Germany).
Die Galvanische Kette mathematisch bearbeitet. Berlin,
1827.
Electricity •
Lyell, Charles (Scotland).
Principles of Geology. London,
1830.
Geology •
Poisson, Siméon Denis (France).
Théorie Mathématique de la Chaleur. Paris,
1835.
Heat transfer •
Faraday, Michael (England).
Experimental Researches in Electricity. London,
1839-55.
Electricity. •
Babbage, Charles &
Lovelace, Ada (England).
Sketch of the Analytical Engine invented by Charles Babbage (with additional notes by Augusta Ada, Countess of Lovelace),
1843.
Computing •
Joule, James P. (England).
On the Calorific Effects of Magneto-Electricity, and on the Mechanical Value of Heat. London,
1843.
Conservation of energy •
Hamilton, William Rowan (Ireland).
On Quaternions. London/Edinburgh/Dublin,
1844.
Quaternions. •
von Helmholtz, Hermann (Germany).
Über die Erhaltung der Kraft (On the Conservation of Force).
1847.
Conservation of energy •
Clausius, Rudolf (Germany).
Ueber die bewegende Kraft der Wärme (On the Moving Force of Heat and the Laws of Heat which may be Deduced Therefrom). Leipzig,
1850.
Laws of thermodynamics •
Thomson, William (1st Baron Kelvin) (Scotland/Ireland). ''On the dynamical theory of heat, with numerical results deduced from Mr Joule's equivalent of a thermal unit and M. Regnault's observations on steam''.
Edinburgh,
1851.
Thermodynamics •
Boole, George (England).
An Investigation of the Laws of Thought. London,
1854.
Boolean algebra •
Maury, Matthew Fontaine (America).
The Physical Geography of the Sea. New York,
1855.
Oceanography •
Virchow, Rudolf (Germany).
Die Cellularpathologie in ihrer Begründung auf physiologische und pathologische Gewebelehre. 1858.
Cellular pathology •
Darwin, Charles (England).
On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. London,
1859.
Evolutionary biology •
Pasteur, Louis (France). ''Memoire sur les corpuscules organises qui existent dans l'atmosphere.'' Paris,
1861.
Microbiology. •
Lejeune Dirichlet, P. G. (Germany).
Vorlesungen über Zahlentheorie. Braunschweig,
1863,
Number theory. •
Bernard, Claude (France). ''
Introduction à l'étude de la médecine expérimentale.''
Paris,
1865.
Physiology •
Mendel, Gregor (Czech Republic/Austria).
Versuche über Pflanzen-Hybriden (Experiments on Plant Hybridization). Brno,
1866.
Genetics •
Riemann, Bernhard (Germany).
Ueber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde liegen. Göttingen,
1868.
Riemannian geometry •
Beltrami, Eugenio (Italy).
Saggio di interpretazione della geometria non-euclidea (Essay on an interpretation of non-Euclidean geometry),
1868.
Hyperbolic geometry •
Galton, Francis (England).
Hereditary Genius: An Inquiry into Its Laws and Consequences. London,
1869,
Statistics •
Cohn, Ferdinand (Poland).
Untersuchungen ueber Bacterien. Breslau, 3 Vol,
1870.
Bacteriology. •
Darwin, Charles (England).
The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex. London,
1871.
Evolutionary biology. •
Marx, Karl (Germany).
Das Kapital. St. Petersburg,
1872.
Economics. •
Maxwell, James Clerk (Scotland).
A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism. Oxford, 2 Vol,
1873.
Classical electromagnetism. •
Koch, Robert (Germany).
Untersuchungen uber die aetiologie der wundinfectionskrankheiter. Leipzig,
1878.
Bacteriology. •
Gibbs, Willard (America).
On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances. New Haven,
1878.
Physical chemistry •
Michelson, Albert A. (America).
Experimental Determination of the Velocity of Light. Annapolis,
1880.
Speed of light. •
Abel, Niels Henrik (Norway).
Oeuvres complètes,
1881.
Mathematical analysis. •
Zhukovsky, Nikolai (Russia).
O protchnosti dvizheniya (The Durability of Motion). Moscow,
1882.
Aeronautics. •
Cantor, Georg (Russia/Germany).
Grundlagen einer allgemeinen Mannigfaltigkeitslehre. Leipzig,
1883.
Set theory. •
James, William (America).
The Principles of Psychology. New York,
1890.
Psychology •
Mendeleev, Dmitri (Russia).
Principles of Chemistry. London,
1891.
Chemistry •
Newcomb, Simon (America).
Astronomical Papers Prepared for the Use of the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac. Washington, D.C.,
1891.
Astronomy •
Poincare, Henri (France).
Les méthodes nouvelles de la mécanique céleste. Paris,
1892.
Celestial mechanics •
Tesla, Nikola (
Croatia/America).
Experiments with Alternate Currents of High Potential and High Frequency. New York,
1892.
Electricity •
Hertz, Heinrich (Germany).
Untersuchungen über die Ausbreitung der elektrischen Kraft (Electric Waves).
1893.
Electromagnetic radiation •
Röntgen, Wilhelm (Germany).
Ueber eine neue Art von Strahlen (On A New Kind Of Rays).
1895.
X-rays •
Bolyai, János (Hungary).
The Science of Absolute Space. 1896.
Non-Euclidean geometry •
Galois, Évariste (France). ''Oeuvres Mathematiques d'Évariste Galois.'' Paris,
1897.
Group theory •
Curie, Marie (Poland/France) &
Curie, Pierre (France).
Sur une nouvelle substance fortement radio-active, contenue dans la pechblende (Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences). Paris,
1898.
Radioactivity •
Hilbert, David (Germany).
Grundlagen der Geometrie (The Foundations of Geometry).
1899.
Mathematics •
Ramón y Cajal, Santiago (Spain).
Textura del sistema nervioso del hombre y los vertebrados 1899-1904.
Neuroscience 20th century (pre-Cold War) •
Planck, Max (Germany).
Zur Theorie des Gesetzes der Energieverteilung im Normalspectrum. Leipzig,
1900.
Quantum mechanics •
Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin Eduardovich (Russia).
The Exploration of Cosmic Space by Means of Reaction Devices. Kaluga,
1903.
Rockets •
Rutherford, Ernest (New Zealand).
Radio-activity. Cambridge,
1904.
Nuclear physics •
Lorentz, Hendrik (Netherlands).
Electromagnetic phenomena in a system moving with any velocity smaller than that of light. Amsterdam,
1904.
Special relativity •
Einstein, Albert (Germany).
Zur Elektrodynamik bewegter Körper ("On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies") Leipzig,
1905.
Special relativity •
Einstein, Albert (Germany).
Does the Inertia of a Body Depend Upon Its Energy Content? Leipzig,
1905.
Physics •
Richardson, Lewis (England).
The Approximate Arithmetical Solution by Finite Differences of Physical Problems Involving Differential Equations, with an Application to the Stresses in a Masonry Dam. London,
1910.
Computational mechanics •
Boas, Franz (Germany/America).
The Mind of Primitive Man. New York,
1911.
Anthropology •
Bohr, Niels (Denmark).
On the Constitution of Atoms and Molecules. London,
1913.
Quantum mechanics •
Einstein, Albert (Germany).
Die Grundlage Der Allgemeinen Relativitätstheorie (Foundations of the General Theory of Relativity). Leipzig,
1916.
Physics. •
Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America).
A Method of Reaching Extreme Altitudes. Washington, D.C,
1919.
Rockets •
de Broglie, Louis (France).
Recherches sur la théorie des quanta (Research on Quantum Theory),
1924.
Wave–particle duality •
Whitehead, Alfred North (England) and
Russell, Bertrand (England).
Principia Mathematica. Cambridge,
1925.
Mathematics •
Heisenberg, Werner (Germany).
Über quantentheorestische Umdeutung kinematischer und mechanischer Beziehungen. Berlin,
1925.
Quantum mechanics •
Schrödinger, Erwin (Austria).
Quantisierung als Eigenwertproblem. Leipzig,
1926.
Quantum mechanics •
Heisenberg, Werner (Germany).
Über den anschaulichen Inhalt der quantentheoretischen Kinematik und Mechanik Berlin,
1927.
Quantum mechanics •
Pavlov, Ivan (Russia).
Conditioned Reflexes. New York,
1928.
Classical conditioning •
Oberth, Hermann (Romania).
Wege zur Raumschiffahrt (Ways to Spaceflight). Munich/Berlin,
1929.
Rockets •
Hubble, Edwin (America).
A Relation between Distance and Radial Velocity among Extra-Galactic Nebulae. Washington, D.C.,
1929.
Astrophysics •
Dirac, Paul (England).
The Principles of Quantum Mechanics. Oxford,
1930.
Quantum mechanics. •
Gödel, Kurt (Czech Republic/America).
On formally undecidable propositions of Principia Mathematica and related systems. Leipzig,
1931.
Mathematical logic. •
von Neumann, John (Hungary/America).
Mathematische Grundlagen der Quantenmechanik. 1932.
Quantum mechanics •
Goddard, Robert Hutchings (America).
Liquid Propellant Rocket Development. Washington, D.C.,
1936.
Rockets •
Keynes, John Maynard (England).
The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London,
1936.
Economics •
Church, Alonzo (America).
A Note on the Entscheidungsproblem. Ann Arbor,
1936.
Computer science. •
Turing, Alan (England).
On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem. Cambridge,
1937.
Computing •
Dobzhansky, Theodosius (Ukraine/America).
Genetics and the Origin of Species.
1937.
Evolutionary biology •
Shannon, Claude E. (America).
A Symbolic Analysis of Relay and Switching Circuits (Master's thesis, MIT).
1937.
Computing •
Pauling, Linus (America).
The Nature of the Chemical Bond. Ithaca,
1939.
Chemistry. •
von Neumann, John (Hungary/America) &
Morgenstern, Oskar (Germany/America).
Theory of Games and Economic Behavior. Princeton,
1944.
Game theory ==References==