Charles Kaiser, author of
The Gay Metropolis: The Landmark History of Gay Life in America, wrote that in the era after
World War II, "New York City became the literal gay metropolis for hundreds of thousands of immigrants from both within and without the United States: the place they chose to learn how to live openly, honestly and without shame." Comedian
Jerrod Carmichael joked, "That's actually why I live here...if you say you're gay in New York, you can ride the bus for free and they just give you free pizza. if you say you're gay in New York, you get to host
Saturday Night Live. This is the gayest thing you can possibly do. We're basically in an
Andy Warhol fever dream right now."
Stonewall Inn The Stonewall Inn, located at 51 and 53
Christopher Street, along with several other establishments in the city, was owned by the
Genovese crime family. In 1966, three members of the
Mafia invested $3,500 to turn the Stonewall Inn into a gay bar, after it had been a restaurant and a nightclub geared toward heterosexuals. Once a week a police officer would collect envelopes of cash as a payoff; the Stonewall Inn had no
liquor license. It had no running water behind the bar—used glasses were run through tubs of water and immediately reused. Though the bar was not used for prostitution, drug sales and other "cash transactions" took place. It was the only bar for gay men in New York City where dancing was allowed; dancing was its main draw since its re-opening as a gay club. Visitors to the Stonewall Inn in 1969 were greeted by a
bouncer who inspected them through a
peephole in the door. The
legal drinking age was 18, and to avoid unwittingly letting in
undercover police (who were called "Lily Law", "Alice Blue Gown", or "Betty Badge"), visitors would have to be known by the doorman, or look gay. The entrance fee on weekends was $3, for which the customer received two tickets that could be exchanged for two drinks. Patrons were required to sign their names in a book to prove that the bar was a private "bottle club", but rarely signed their real names. There were two dance floors in the Stonewall; the interior was painted black, making it very dark inside, with pulsing gel lights or
black lights. If police were spotted, regular white lights were turned on, signaling that everyone should stop dancing or touching. Only a few
transvestites, or men in
full drag, were allowed in by the bouncers. The customers were "98 percent male" but a few lesbians sometimes came to the bar. Younger homeless adolescent males, who slept in nearby
Christopher Park, would often try to get in so customers would buy them drinks. The age of the clientele ranged between the upper teens and early thirties, and the racial mix was evenly distributed among white, Black, and
Hispanic patrons. Because of its even mix of people, its location, and the attraction of dancing, the Stonewall Inn was known by many as "
the gay bar in the city".
Police raids on gay bars were frequent, occurring on average once a month for each bar. Many bars kept extra liquor in a secret panel behind the bar, or in a car down the block, to facilitate resuming business as quickly as possible if alcohol was seized. During a typical raid, the lights were turned on, and customers were lined up and their identification cards checked. Those without identification or dressed in full drag were arrested; others were allowed to leave. Some of the men, including those in drag, used their
draft cards as identification. Women were required to wear three pieces of feminine clothing, and would be arrested if found not wearing them. Employees and management of the bars were also typically arrested.—and the closing of the Checkerboard, the Tele-Star, and two other clubs in Greenwich Village. On June 23, 2015, the Stonewall Inn was the first landmark in New York City to be recognized by the
New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission on the basis of its status in LGBT history, and on June 24, 2016, the
Stonewall National Monument was named the first
U.S. National Monument dedicated to the LGBTQ-rights movement. and the
New York City Subway's Christopher Street–Sheridan Square station was renamed the
Christopher Street–Stonewall station on the same day.
Stonewall riots Police raid At 1:20 a.m. on Saturday, June 28, 1969, four plainclothes policemen in dark suits, two patrol officers in uniform, and Detective Charles Smythe and Deputy Inspector
Seymour Pine arrived at the Stonewall Inn's double doors and announced "Police! We're taking the place!" Stonewall employees do not recall being tipped off that a raid was to occur that night, as was the custom. According to Duberman (p. 194), there was a rumor that one might happen, but since it was much later than raids generally took place, Stonewall management thought the tip was inaccurate. Days after the raid, one of the bar owners complained that the tipoff had never come, and that the raid was ordered by the
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, and Firearms, who objected that there were no
stamps on the liquor bottles, indicating the alcohol was
bootlegged. Historian David Carter presents information indicating that the Mafia owners of the Stonewall and the manager were blackmailing wealthier customers, particularly those who worked in Lower Manhattan's
Financial District. They appeared to be making more money from extortion than they were from liquor sales in the bar. Carter deduces that when the police were unable to receive kickbacks from blackmail and the theft of negotiable bonds (facilitated by pressuring gay
Wall Street customers), they decided to close the Stonewall Inn permanently. Two
undercover policewomen and two undercover policemen had entered the bar earlier that evening to gather visual evidence, as the Public Morals Squad waited outside for the signal. Once inside, they called for backup from the Sixth Precinct using the bar's pay telephone. The music was turned off and the main lights were turned on. Approximately 205 people were in the bar that night. Patrons who had never experienced a police raid were confused. A few who realized what was happening began to run for doors and windows in the bathrooms, but police barred the doors. As Michael Fader remembered, Things happened so fast you kind of got caught not knowing. All of a sudden there were police there and we were told to all get in lines and to have our identification ready to be led out of the bar. The raid did not go as planned. Standard procedure was to line up the patrons, check their identification, and have female police officers take customers dressed as women to the bathroom to verify their gender, upon which any men dressed as women would be arrested. Those dressed as women that night refused to go with the officers. Men in line began to refuse to produce their identification. The police decided to take everyone present to the police station, after separating those cross-dressing in a room in the back of the bar. Maria Ritter, then known as Steve to her family, recalled, "My biggest fear was that I would get arrested. My second biggest fear was that my picture would be in a newspaper or on a television report in my mother's dress!" Both patrons and police recalled that a sense of discomfort spread very quickly, spurred by police who began to assault some of the lesbians by "feeling some of them up inappropriately" while frisking them.
Transgender contribution Despite playing a significant role in fighting for
LGBTQ equality during the period of the Stonewall Riots and thereafter, the
transgender community in New York City had previously felt marginalized and neglected by the gay community. reaching an estimated 50,000 in 2018.
Removal of transgender and queer references from NPS website Originally, the U.S.
National Park Service (NPS) website for the
Stonewall National Monument discussed the transgender and queer communities. After U.S. president
Donald Trump signed
Executive Order 14168 in 2025, mandating that the federal government and federally funded entities cease any promotion of "gender ideology", all references to transgender and queer people were removed from the website. The news was first reported on February 13, 2025. The Stonewall Inn Gives Back Initiative and The Stonewall Inn issued a joint statement the same day, saying: They went on to spotlight
Marsha P. Johnson,
Sylvia Rivera, and "countless other trans and gender-nonconforming individuals" as "central to the resistance we now celebrate as the foundation of the modern LGBTQ+ rights movement."
State of New York official LGBTQ monument On June 25, 2017, the day of
2017 New York City Pride March festivities,
New York Governor Andrew Cuomo announced that the artist
Anthony Goicolea had been chosen to design the first official monument to LGBTQ individuals commissioned by the
State of New York – in contrast to the Stonewall National Monument, which was commissioned by the
U.S. federal government. The State monument is planned to be built in
Hudson River Park in Manhattan, near the waterfront
Hudson River piers which have served as historically significant symbols of New York's role as a meeting place and a safe haven for LGBT communities. On June 20, 2023, the intersection of
Fifth Avenue and
Washington Square North in the
West Village was officially renamed Edie Windsor and Thea Speyer Way at the state level by
New York Governor Kathy Hochul, in honor of the
Greenwich Village plaintiffs who prevailed at the
United States Supreme Court in 2013, in finding the
Defense of Marriage Act, which had limited the definition of marriage as being valid strictly between one man and one woman, to be
unconstitutional.
National LGBTQ Wall of Honor On June 27, 2019, the
National LGBTQ Wall of Honor was inaugurated at the Stonewall Inn. The landmark is an American
memorial wall in
Lower Manhattan dedicated to LGBTQ "pioneers, trailblazers, and heroes". Each year five additional names will be added.
Mpox public health emergency In 2022, the LGBT community in New York City became the epicenter of the
mpox outbreak in the
Western Hemisphere. New York Governor
Kathy Hochul and New York City Mayor
Eric Adams declared corresponding
public health emergencies in the state and city, respectively, in July 2022. ==Demographics and economy==