The rise of open-source culture in the 20th century resulted from a growing tension between creative practices that involve require access to content that is often
copyrighted, and restrictive intellectual property laws and policies governing access to copyrighted content. The two main ways in which intellectual property laws became more restrictive in the 20th century were extensions to the term of copyright (particularly in the United States) and penalties, such as those articulated in the
Digital Millennium Copyright Act (DMCA), placed on attempts to circumvent anti-piracy technologies. Although artistic appropriation is often permitted under
fair-use doctrines, the complexity and ambiguity of these doctrines create an atmosphere of uncertainty among cultural practitioners. Also, the protective actions of copyright owners create what some call a "
chilling effect" among cultural practitioners. The idea of an "open-source" culture runs parallel to "
Free Culture", but is substantively different.
Free culture is a term derived from the
free software movement, and in contrast to that vision of culture, proponents of open-source culture (OSC) maintain that some intellectual property law needs to exist to protect cultural producers. Yet they propose a more nuanced position than corporations have traditionally sought. Instead of seeing intellectual property law as an expression of instrumental rules intended to uphold either natural rights or desirable outcomes, an argument for OSC takes into account diverse goods (as in "the Good life") and ends. Sites such as
ccMixter offer up free web space for anyone willing to license their work under a
Creative Commons license. The resulting cultural product is then available to download free (generally accessible) to anyone with an Internet connection. Older, analog technologies such as the telephone or television have limitations on the kind of interaction users can have. Through various technologies such as
peer-to-peer networks and
blogs, cultural producers can take advantage of vast
social networks to distribute their products. As opposed to traditional media distribution, redistributing digital media on the Internet can be virtually costless. Technologies such as
BitTorrent and
Gnutella take advantage of various characteristics of the Internet protocol (
TCP/IP) in an attempt to totally decentralize file distribution.
Government •
Open politics (sometimes known as
Open-source politics) is a political process that uses Internet technologies such as blogs, email and polling to provide for a rapid feedback mechanism between political organizations and their supporters. There is also an alternative conception of the term
Open-source politics which relates to the development of public policy under a set of rules and processes similar to the open-source software movement. •
Open-source governance is similar to open-source politics, but it applies more to the democratic process and promotes the freedom of information. •
Open-source political campaigns refer specifically to political campaigns. • The
South Korean government wants to increase its use of free and open-source software, to decrease its dependence on proprietary software solutions. It plans to make open standards a requirement, to allow the government to choose between multiple operating systems and web browsers. Korea's Ministry of Science, ICT & Future Planning is also preparing ten pilots on using open-source software distributions.
Ethics Open-source ethics is split into two strands: • Open-source ethics as an ethical school – Charles Ess and David Berry are researching whether ethics can learn anything from an open-source approach. Ess famously even defined the
AoIR Research Guidelines as an example of open-source ethics. • Open-source ethics as a professional body of rules – This is based principally on the computer ethics school, studying the questions of ethics and professionalism in the computer industry in general and software development in particular.
Religion Irish philosopher
Richard Kearney has used the term "open-source
Hinduism" to refer to the way historical figures such as
Mohandas Gandhi and
Swami Vivekananda worked upon this ancient tradition.
Media Open-source journalism formerly referred to the standard journalistic techniques of news gathering and fact checking, reflecting
open-source intelligence, a similar term used in military intelligence circles. Now,
open-source journalism commonly refers to forms of innovative publishing of
online journalism, rather than the sourcing of news stories by a professional journalist. In the 25 December 2006 issue of TIME magazine this is referred to as
user created content and listed alongside more traditional open-source projects such as
OpenSolaris and
Linux.
Weblogs, or blogs, are another significant platform for open-source culture. Blogs consist of periodic, reverse chronologically ordered posts, using a technology that makes webpages easily updatable with no understanding of design, code, or
file transfer required. While corporations, political campaigns and other formal institutions have begun using these tools to distribute information, many blogs are used by individuals for personal expression, political organizing, and socializing. Some, such as
LiveJournal or
WordPress, use open-source software that is open to the public and can be modified by users to fit their own tastes. Whether the code is open or not, this format represents a nimble tool for people to borrow and re-present culture; whereas traditional websites made the illegal reproduction of culture difficult to regulate, the mutability of blogs makes "open sourcing" even more uncontrollable since it allows a larger portion of the population to replicate material more quickly in the public sphere.
Messageboards are another platform for open-source culture. Messageboards (also known as discussion boards or forums), are places online where people with similar interests can congregate and post messages for the community to read and respond to. Messageboards sometimes have moderators who enforce community standards of etiquette such as banning
spammers. Other common board features are private messages (where users can send messages to one another) as well as chat (a way to have a real time conversation online) and image uploading. Some messageboards use
phpBB, which is a free open-source package. Where blogs are more about individual expression and tend to revolve around their authors, messageboards are about creating a conversation amongst its users where information can be shared freely and quickly. Messageboards are a way to remove intermediaries from everyday life—for instance, instead of relying on commercials and other forms of advertising, one can ask other users for frank reviews of a product, movie or CD. By removing the cultural middlemen, messageboards help speed the flow of information and exchange of ideas.
OpenDocument is an
open document file format for saving and exchanging editable office documents such as text documents (including memos, reports, and books),
spreadsheets, charts, and presentations. Organizations and individuals that store their data in an open format such as OpenDocument avoid being
locked into a single software vendor, leaving them free to switch software if their current vendor goes out of business, raises their prices, changes their software, or changes their
licensing terms to something less favorable.
Open-source movie production is either an open call system in which a changing crew and cast collaborate in movie production, a system in which the result is made available for re-use by others or in which exclusively open-source products are used in the production. The 2006 movie
Elephants Dream is said to be the "world's first open movie", created entirely using open-source technology. An open-source documentary film has a production process allowing the open contributions of archival material
footage, and other filmic elements, both in unedited and edited form, similar to crowdsourcing. By doing so, on-line contributors become part of the process of creating the film, helping to influence the editorial and visual material to be used in the documentary, as well as its thematic development. The first open-source documentary film is the non-profit
WBCN and the American Revolution, which went into development in 2006, and will examine the role media played in the cultural, social and political changes from 1968 to 1974 through the story of radio station WBCN-FM in Boston. The film is being produced by Lichtenstein Creative Media and the non-profit Center for Independent Documentary. Open Source Cinema is a website to create Basement Tapes, a feature documentary about copyright in the digital age, co-produced by the National Film Board of Canada.
Open-source film-making refers to a form of film-making that takes a method of idea formation from open-source software, but in this case the 'source' for a filmmaker is raw unedited footage rather than programming code. It can also refer to a method of film-making where the process of creation is 'open' i.e. a disparate group of contributors, at different times contribute to the final piece.
Open-IPTV is
IPTV that is not limited to one recording studio, production studio, or cast. Open-IPTV uses the Internet or other means to pool efforts and resources together to create an
online community that all contributes to a show.
Education logo Within the academic community, there is discussion about expanding what could be called the "intellectual commons" (analogous to the
Creative Commons). Proponents of this view have hailed the
Connexions Project at
Rice University,
OpenCourseWare project at
MIT,
Eugene Thacker's article on "open-source DNA", the "Open Source Cultural Database",
Salman Khan's
Khan Academy and Wikipedia as examples of applying open source outside the realm of computer software.
Open-source curricula are instructional resources whose digital source can be freely used, distributed and modified. Another strand to the academic community is in the area of research. Many funded research projects produce software as part of their work. Due to the benefits of sharing software openly in scientific endeavours, there is an increasing interest in making the outputs of research projects available under an open-source license. In the UK the
Joint Information Systems Committee (JISC) has developed a policy on open-source software. JISC also funds a development service called
OSS Watch which acts as an advisory service for higher and further education institutions wishing to use, contribute to and develop open-source software. On 30 March 2010, President Barack Obama signed the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act, which included $2 billion over four years to fund the
TAACCCT program, which is described as "the largest OER (open education resources) initiative in the world and uniquely focused on creating curricula in partnership with industry for credentials in vocational industry sectors like manufacturing, health, energy, transportation, and IT".
Innovation communities The principle of sharing pre-dates the open-source movement; for example, the free sharing of information has been institutionalized in the scientific enterprise since at least the 19th century. Open-source principles have always been part of the scientific community. The sociologist
Robert K. Merton described the four basic elements of the community—universalism (an international perspective), communalism (sharing information), objectivity (removing one's personal views from the scientific inquiry) and organized skepticism (requirements of proof and review) that describe the (idealised) scientific community. These principles are, in part, complemented by US law's focus on protecting expression and method but not the ideas themselves. There is also a tradition of publishing research results to the scientific community instead of keeping all such knowledge proprietary. One of the recent initiatives in scientific publishing has been
open access—the idea that research should be published in such a way that it is free and available to the public. There are currently many open access journals where the information is available free online, however most journals do charge a fee (either to users or libraries for access). The
Budapest Open Access Initiative is an international effort with the goal of making all research articles available free on the Internet. The
National Institutes of Health has recently proposed a policy on "Enhanced Public Access to NIH Research Information". This policy would provide a free, searchable resource of NIH-funded results to the public and with other international repositories six months after its initial publication. The NIH's move is an important one because there is significant amount of public funding in scientific research. Many of the questions have yet to be answered—the balancing of profit vs. public access, and ensuring that desirable standards and incentives do not diminish with a shift to open access.
Benjamin Franklin was an early contributor eventually donating all his inventions including the
Franklin stove,
bifocals, and the
lightning rod to the public domain. New NGO communities are starting to use open-source technology as a tool. One example is the Open Source Youth Network started in 2007 in Lisboa by ISCA members.
Open innovation is also a new emerging concept which advocates putting R&D in a common pool. The
Eclipse platform is openly presenting itself as an open innovation network.
Arts and recreation Copyright protection is used in the performing arts and even in athletic activities. Some groups have attempted to remove copyright from such practices. In 2012, Russian music composer, scientist and
Russian Pirate Party member
Victor Argonov presented detailed raw files of his electronic opera "2032" under free license
CC BY-NC 3.0 (later relicensed under
CC BY-SA 4.0). This opera was originally composed and published in 2007 by Russian label
MC Entertainment as a commercial product, but then the author changed its status to free. In his blog he said that he decided to open raw files (including wav, midi and other used formats) to the public to support worldwide pirate actions against
SOPA and
PIPA. Several Internet resources called "2032" the first open-source musical opera in history.
Other related movements Notable events and applications that have been developed via the
open source community, and echo the ideologies of the open source movement, include the
Open Education Consortium,
Project Gutenberg, Synthethic Biology, and Wikipedia. The Open Education Consortium is an organization composed of various colleges that support open source and share some of their material online. This organization, headed by
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, was established to aid in the exchange of open source educational materials. Wikipedia is a user-generated
online encyclopedia with sister projects in academic areas, such as
Wikiversity—a community dedicated to the creation and exchange of learning materials. Prior to the existence of
Google Scholar Beta, Project Gutenberg was the first supplier of
electronic books and the first free library project. The
free-culture movement is a movement that seeks to achieve a culture that engages in collective freedom via freedom of expression, free public access to knowledge and information, full demonstration of creativity and innovation in various arenas, and promotion of citizen liberties. While its activism and events are typically focused on media and education, TZM is a major supporter of open source projects worldwide since they allow for uninhibited advancement of science and technology, independent of constraints posed by institutions of patenting and capitalist investment. P2P Foundation is an "international organization focused on studying, researching, documenting and promoting
peer to peer practices in a very broad sense." Its objectives incorporate those of the open source movement, whose principles are integrated in a larger socio-economic model.
Open-weight Open-weight refers to the release of an artificial intelligence model's trained parameters, or
weights, for public use. Unlike fully
open-source models, open-weight releases may not include the underlying source code, training data, or full documentation. The availability of weights allows researchers and developers to run, evaluate, or fine-tune the model, though license terms may restrict redistribution or commercial use. The term is commonly used in reference to large language models such as
LLaMA and
Mistral, which have released model weights under research or custom licenses. ==See also==