Heated tobacco products Heated tobacco products (HTPs) are a relatively recent introduction among the various types of tobacco products: also known as "heat-not-burn" or "heat, not burn" products ("heat-not-burn" being a marketing term employed by the tobacco industry), the use of HTPs involves heating tobacco at a temperature lower than conventional, combustible cigarettes.
Nicotine-only products brand nicotine aerosolizer or vaporizer ("vape"), produced in the common
electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) style. Vapes and e-cigarettes are examples of nicotine-only products. Nicotine-only products are, like HTPs, a category of tobacco product which, except in the case of
nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) products, were developed only somewhat recently. Nicotine-only products consist of nicotine in the absence of tobacco, whether the nicotine contained in the product is extracted from tobacco plants or synthesized. They include nicotine-containing
e-liquid—
aerosolized in an
e-cigarette or "
vape"—
nicotine pouches, and NRT products—those used to achieve nicotine cessation or
tobacco cessation—such as pharmaceutical
nicotine gum,
nicotine lozenges,
nicotine patches, and
nicotine inhalers. The term
alternative nicotine products refers specifically to those nicotine-only products which, unlike NRT products, have been developed for recreational, rather than strictly medicinal, use: these include the aforementioned e-liquid and nicotine pouches, as well as disposable or pre-filled nicotine vaporizers and nicotine toothpicks.
Smoked tobacco Cigars A cigar is a tightly rolled bundle of dried and fermented tobacco which is ignited so that its smoke may be drawn into the smoker's mouth and expelled; thus the cigar is generally "puffed on" (like a tobacco pipe) as opposed to being inhaled from (as is the case with cigarettes). The cigar is one of the oldest methods of preparing tobacco for consumption, some of the first cigars being introduced to Europeans as rolls of tobacco smoked by the
Taíno people of 15th century Cuba. There are numerous varieties of cigar, differentiated by their size, shape, color, and composition. Some products developed from the cigar are, however, markedly different from the traditional product. (Cigarillos, blunts, and little cigars, for instance.) Cigarettes may be the most notable example of this deviation, although they do, in a sense, represent a category of their own.
Tobacciana associated with cigars include cigar
ashtrays,
cigar tubes,
cigar boxes, cigar holders (also known as
cigar mouthpieces, which are similar to
cigarette holders),
cigar cutters (including cigar scissors or shears),
cigar cases, and
humidors.
Blunts Blunts are wide, somewhat stubby versions of cigars. Most, if not all, are machine-made "domestic cigars" created from homogenized or reconstituted tobacco. They are usually inexpensive, and only lightly fermented.
Cigarillos Cigarillos are long, thin cigars, somewhat larger than cigarettes but smaller than regular cigars. They may be fitted into a cigarillo holder in order to be smoked, though they are most often smoked without such a device. Using a cutting tool in order to prepare a cigarillo is less common than with larger cigars, as they are often open on both ends. Cigarillos may be machine-made, although many hand-made versions do exist; the latter are often produced by premium cigar manufacturers. In modern-day America, machine-made cigarillos can be used as marijuana cigars in a manner similar to machine made-large cigars.
Little cigars A little cigar is a cigar that is the same size as a cigarette—often featuring a
filter—however, it still retains its identity as a cigar because it is wrapped in a tobacco leaf, or more often a paper wrapper made of tobacco pulp, reconstituted tobacco or homogenized tobacco. Flavored little cigars are available on the market as well. Flavored little cigars have been steadily increasing in popularity among cigar smokers. Manufacturers like Prime Time have been offering flavored little cigars since 1993.
Roll-your-own cigars Several manufacturers have begun producing
cigar wraps. Cigar wraps consist of tobacco leaf which can then be used with a tobacco blend to produce a hand-rolled cigar.
Cigarettes Cigarettes are a product consumed by smoking and manufactured out of cured and finely cut tobacco leaves and reconstituted tobacco, often combined with other additives, then rolled or stuffed into a paper-wrapped cylinder (generally less than 120 mm in length and 10 mm in diameter).
Bidis Beedis or bidis (also biris) are cigarette- or miniature cigar-like tubes of tobacco. They are similar to unfiltered cigarettes, except that they are wrapped in leaves—typically tendu leaves—rather than paper. They originate from the Indian subcontinent, where they are popular for smoking.
Kreteks Kreteks are cigarettes made with a complex blend of tobacco, cloves and a flavoring 'sauce'.
Roll-Your-Own Roll-Your-Own (RYO) or hand-rolled cigarettes, are very popular particularly in European countries. These are prepared from loose tobacco, cigarette papers and filters all bought separately. They are usually much cheaper to make.
Pipe tobacco Dokha Dokha is a tobacco of
Iranian origin mixed with leaves, bark, and herbs. It is traditionally smoked in a
midwakh.
Kizami Kizami is a tobacco product produced in Japan and intended for smoking in Japanese
kiseru pipes.
Mu'assel ''Mu'assel
, shisha tobacco, hookah tobacco, or simply shisha
is a somewhat moist form of tobacco that is mixed with glycerin and coagulated with molasses or other sticky sweeteners. It has been popular in the Middle East for centuries. It is often smoked with a hookah. Its names include ma'sal
(also romanized as mu'assel
, as above), tumbâk
and jurâk''.
Smokeless tobacco Smokeless tobacco products are tobacco-containing products which do not require smoking in order to be used or consumed. More specifically, the phrase
smokeless tobacco typically refers to such products without reference to HTPs and nicotine-only products, regardless of the fact that neither HTPs nor nicotine-only products require one to smoke tobacco in order to use them.
Mixed routes of administration Kuber Kuber is a smokeless tobacco product known for its highly addictive properties and its unique presentation disguised as a mouth freshener. Users commonly add it to tea or consume it directly by placing a pinch under the lower lip.
Nasal administration Snuff Snuff is a generic term for finely-ground smokeless tobacco products. Originally, the term
snuff referred specifically to
dry snuff, otherwise known as
nasal snuff, though today the word
snuff, when used on its own, may also refer to other pulverized tobacco products such as dipping tobacco and snus.
Snuff etymologically derives from the
Dutch language, and likely
Middle Dutch specifically: in the 16th century the Dutch, for whom the terms "sniff" and "snuff" were essentially
synonymous at the time, referred to nasal snuff as
snuf (Dutch: "sniff" or "snuff"), from
snuffen (Dutch: "sniffing", "to sniff" or "snuffing", "to snuff"), the word
snuf short for
snuftabak (Dutch: "sniff tobacco" or "snuff tobacco", cognate to the
German schnupftabak). (Presently, in contemporary
Modern Dutch, the term
snuf has largely given way to
snuif (Dutch: "sniff" or "snort", from
snuiven (Dutch: "sniffing", "to sniff", sometimes translated as "snorting", "to snort")), and today
snuftabak is more often rendered
snuiftabak (Dutch:
lit. "sniff[ing] tobacco" or "snort[ing] tobacco", though practically "snuff[ing] tobacco"). Likewise, in the
English-speaking world the terms "snuff" and "snuffing" (whether as
nouns or
verbs) are rarely used in reference to the act of insufflation, sniffing, or snorting in comparison to "sniff" and "sniffing", respectively.) Hence the term "snuff" originated from
snuf and "snuff tobacco" from
snuftabak. Nasal snuff is a fine tobacco dust, flour, or powder meant for light
insufflation, or "snuffing", popular and widespread mainly in the 18th century. (Dry snuff is still used today, albeit much less often than other, more popular tobacco products.) Believed to have originated among the
indigenous peoples of
Central and
South America, namely
peoples endemic to the territory of modern-day Brazil, members of
Christopher Columbus's crew observed
native Caribbean peoples insufflating a snuff-like preparation of tobacco in the late
15th century. Soon after introduced to Europe, snuff was being produced by the Spanish royal tobacco monopoly in the 17th century, and later came to popularity in England in the same century. By the 18th century the habit of snuff use had spread throughout much of the world, though in the 19th, and especially 20th, centuries nasal snuff had largely fallen into disuse. The 20th century witnessed an explosive increase in the popularity of cigarettes as the predominant and preferred type of tobacco product, first in the Western world, and later throughout much of the rest of the world, due to which both nasal snuff and other tobacco products became much less popular among tobacco consumers. The popularity of nasal snuff has increased in the 21st century, though only marginally. Several broad categories of dry snuff exist: •
American-style (dry) snuff — A form of nasal snuff originating from the United States, although based upon the earlier development of European-style nasal snuff, and intended for either snuffing into the nostrils or placing between the lip and gum, the latter method allowing for the product to be used like dipping tobacco. (Also known as (American)
moist snuff.) •
Scotch snuff — A particular style of American dry snuff produced by scorching tobacco until it is dried and cured; it is then used to produce snuff. The term
Scotch snuff is a folk-etymology derivation referring to this scorching process. •
European-style (dry) snuff — A style of dry snuff intended, almost exclusively, to be shallowly "sniffed" or "snuffed" into the nose, where nicotine is absorbed through the mucous membranes in the nostrils. (Snuff is not deeply "snorted" (such as in the way
cocaine powder is) because snuff isn't intended to move beyond the nose, i.e. into the sinuses, throat or lungs.) European-style nasal snuff comes in several varieties: •
Plain (otherwise known as
natural snuff) – A type of European tobacco snuff without the addition of flavorants. •
Rappee — The term
rappee coming from the
French râpé ("grated"),
rappee is a type of coarse, pungent snuff made from dark tobacco •
Schmalzler — A type of snuff originating in Germanophone countries,
schmalzler is
schmalzed ("oiled"). •
Toast — A very dry and finely-ground type of snuff. European-style nasal snuff also comes in numerous different flavors or aromas, including the so-called
medicated variety (nasal snuff made with a scent basis of menthol, camphor, or eucalyptus). Other scent varieties of European-style snuff include
gourmand snuff–scented with the aromas of foodstuffs—and
SP snuff—often featuring a mixture of bergamot and citrus, as well as sometimes floral notes–the meaning of the
acronym SP being unknown. •
Rapé (pronounced "hah-peh"; also transliterated
rapéh,
hapé, and
hapéh) — A traditional preparation of tobacco, namely
mapacho (
N. rustica) leaves: the prototypical form of nasal snuff typically used in a shamanic, entheogenic, or ethnomedicinal context by certain Indigenous peoples of the Amazon Basin. The term
rapé may be etymologically related to the word
rappee, which refers to the particular style or form of European dry snuff mentioned above. Confusion may arise from the fact that the term
rapé is used in Iberophone countries and by
Ibero-Romance language (namely
Portuguese and
Spanish) speakers to refer to nasal snuff in general, rather than the particular form of nasal snuff produced and used by peoples native to the Amazon Basin region. Nasal snuff comes in several consistencies, or "grinds", depending on how finely pulverized the tobacco leaves used to produce snuff are rendered: fine (
fin), medium-fine to medium (
demi-gros), and coarse (
gros). Levels of moisture may differ between varieties and brands of snuff, and between particular snuff products. Snuffs also differ in color, ranging from green to various shades of tan or brown to black or near-black. It has been claimed that European-style nasal snuff originated in the
U.K. town of
Great Harwood, and was famously ground in the town's monument prior to local distribution and transport farther north to Scotland. European (dry) snuff is mainly produced by the following brands: Toque Tobacco (UK), Bernards (Germany),
Fribourg & Treyer (UK), Gawith (UK), Gawith Hoggarth (UK), Hedges (UK), Lotzbeck (Germany), McChrystal's (UK), Pöschl (Germany), Toque (UK), and
Wilsons of Sharrow (UK). Some well-known brands of American (dry) snuff are Carhart's CC, Peach Sweet, and Tube Rose. Generally, a small portion of dry snuff is either pinched between the fingers (usually the thumb and forefinger) or laid out on the wrist (the
anatomical snuffbox) of the user, from where it is sniffed. Other methods of taking snuff include using a device called a snuff bullet; the "boxcar method"—by which the user places snuff upon the tip of their thumbnail while it is tucked into the curled index finger—which allows the user to take a larger amount of snuff; utilizing a snuff ejector; snuffing snuff directly from a
snuff spoon; and sniffing snuff through a special tube called a sniffer. Tobacciana associated with nasal snuff use include snuff containers, whether totally sealable (such as
snuff bottles,
snuff boxes, snuff horns, snuff jars, and snuff tubes (snuff cylinders)) or containing an opening from which to take snuff (such as snuff bullets and snuff ejectors); and other accoutrements to augment or ease the process of, and hygiene surrounding, snuff use (such as
handkerchiefs, sniffing tubes (sniffers), and snuff spoons). While the use of nasal snuff—namely its habitual or repeated use—is typically not implicated in the development of
lung cancer, it is known to be associated with an increased risk of developing cancers
of the nasal cavity and nostrils, as well as those of the
pancreas,
throat, and
mouth. However, a 2012 German research study on risk factors for nasal
malignancies among German men found that cigarette smoking potentially increases the likelihood of developing nasal cancer more than the use of nasal snuff. Additionally, according to a letter written by L.M. Ramström, the director of the Institute for Tobacco Studies in
Stockholm, and published in the
British Dental Journal, the 2016 update to the
Global Burden of Disease Study (GBD) found that the
risk ratios (RRs) for developing oral and
esophageal cancer due to the use of chewing tobacco were "significantly higher" than those associated with nasal snuff use; regarding both nasal snuff and snus use, researchers, via the GBD update, stated, "We did not find sufficient evidence of a RR greater than one for any health outcome." FUBAR, a brand of Indian nasal snuff sold by the online snuff outlet MrSnuff, produces an
herbal nasal snuff alterative infused with nicotine.
Moist snuff, a product of American origin, is synonymous with
dipping tobacco or
dip.
Oral mucosa Products that utilizes the
oral mucosa for absorption via
buccal,
sublabial, or
sublingual administration.
Chewing tobacco loose leaf chewing tobacco and
Oliver Twist tobacco bits/pellets Chewing is one of the oldest methods of consuming tobacco leaves. Native Americans in both North and South America chewed the fresh leaves of the tobacco plant, frequently mixed with
lime. Kinds of chewing tobacco can broadly be divided into types from the Western world and those of Eastern origin, namely from the
Indian subcontinent. •
Western chewing tobacco Modern American-style chewing tobacco (colloquially known as
chew or
chaw, especially in the
American South and Midwest) is produced from cured and often fermented tobacco, usually dampened and mixed with some type of sweetener. (Often
molasses.) Twist tobacco may be an exception in this case, as many brands of twist are not sweetened. In using chewing tobacco—at least types other than tobacco pellets—the consumer usually deposits the tobacco between the cheek and teeth and lightly macerates and sucks the tobacco to allow its juices to flow. Thus when chewing, it is common to spit and discard excess saliva caused by the release of juices from the tobacco, justifying the existence of the
spittoon, or
cuspidor. The popularity of American-style chewing tobacco and the associated spittoon reached its height in the
American Midwest during the late 19th century; however, as
cigarettes became the predominant form of tobacco consumption the spittoon gradually fell into disuse across the United States. While spittoons are often a rarity in modern society, loose leaf chewing tobacco can still be purchased at many convenience stores or from tobacconists throughout the
United States and
Canada. Chewing tobacco endemic to the
Western world is manufactured in several forms: ;Loose leaf Loose leaf chewing tobacco, also known as
scrap, is perhaps the most common contemporary form of American-style chewing tobacco. It consists of cut or shredded strips of tobacco leaf, and is usually sold in sealed pouches or bags lined with foil. Often sweetened, loose leaf chew may have a tacky texture. (Though there are also unflavored or "natural" loose leaf chews. However, these are far less common.) Popular, modern brands of scrap sold in North America include
America's Best Chew,
Levi Garrett, Jackson's Apple Jack (made by
Swisher International), Beech-Nut (formerly made by
Lorillard; now
Reynolds American), and
Stoker's. ;Pellets Pellets or
bits consist of tobacco rolled into small pellets. They are often packaged in portable tins. Tobacco pellets are used in the same manner as
snus, in that they are placed between the lip and gum, and that spitting is typically unnecessary. It is suggested that the user may periodically chew the pellets lightly in order to release additional juice, flavor, and/or
nicotine. Tobacco bits are almost exclusively produced under the
Northern European
Oliver Twist and Piccanell brands. They are thus—like snus—preponderant in the
Scandinavian region. ;Plug Plug tobacco is made up of tobacco leaves that have been pressed together and bound by some type of sweetener, resulting in a dense, square tobacco mass. (Some compare the look of plug tobacco to a
brownie or similar pastry.) One can then bite directly from the mass or slice the tobacco into portions. Some types of plug may either be chewed or smoked in a
tobacco pipe, and some are exclusive to one method of consumption or the other. Plug tobacco was once a much more common product, available to many American consumers during the 19th century. Two tobacco companies that historically manufactured plug are
Liggett and Lorillard. (The latter was known for its Climax brand of plug.) Modern brands of chewing plug include "rustic" and simple packaging, as is the case with popular plugs like Apple Sun Cured, Brown's Mule, Cannon Ball, Cup, Days Work, and Days O Work. Some well-known loose leaf chewing tobacco brands, such as America's Best Chew and Levi Garrett, also have their own versions of plug tobacco. ;Sticks Chewing tobacco sticks are tightly bound rolls or "sticks" of chewable tobacco, usually sold in pouches. Brands include the German Grimm und Triepel and the Brazilian La Corona. ;Twist Twist or rope tobacco is made up of rope-like strands of tobacco that have been twisted together and cured in that position, afterwards being cut. Some types of twist may either be chewed or smoked in a tobacco pipe, and some are exclusive to one method or the other. Unlike other types of chewing tobacco, twist tobacco isn't always a sweetened product, and may be devoid of molasses. Different types of chewing tobacco are endemic to various parts of India and the surrounding regions: •
Indian chewing tobacco ;Gutkha
Gutkha (also transliterated
gutka) is a chewing tobacco product popular in India and surrounding regions. It is a mixture of
betel nuts, tobacco,
paraffin wax,
catechu, and
slaked lime. It is similar to
mava. ;Mava
Mava (also transliterated
mawa) is a chewing tobacco product popular in
Gujarat, India, made with a mixture of
betel nut,
calcium carbonate and flavoured tobacco. It is also known
faki or
masala. It is similar to
gutkha. ;Tambaku paan Tambaku paan is a type of
paan with tobacco. It contains many of the same ingredients as gutkha.
Creamy snuff Creamy snuff is a tobacco paste, consisting of tobacco, clove oil, glycerin, spearmint, menthol, and camphor, and sold in a toothpaste tube. It is marketed mainly to women in
India, and is known by the brand names Dentobac, Tona, Ganesh. It is locally known as "mishri" in some parts of Maharashtra. According to the U.S.
NIH-sponsored 2002 Smokeless Tobacco Fact Sheet. The same factsheet also mentions that it is "often used to clean teeth". The manufacturer recommends letting the paste linger in the mouth before rinsing.
Dipping tobacco Dipping tobacco, also known as
dip,
moist snuff (or simply
snuff),
American moist snuff, or
spit tobacco, is a form of
smokeless tobacco. Dip is sometimes also called
chew or
chaw; because of this, it is commonly confused with
chewing tobacco. Because it is sometimes called
snuff or
moist snuff, it can also be confused with nasal or dry snuff. Instead of literally chewing on dipping tobacco, as is the case with chewing tobacco, a small clump of dip is "pinched" out of its container and placed between the lower or upper lip and gums. While it is most common to place the tobacco between the lower lip and gums, utilizing the upper lip for this purpose—in a manner more common to snus—is known as an "upper decker". In modern times, dipping tobacco is usually packaged in metal or plastic tins, sometimes with the addition of fiberboard. Some brands are packaged into "tubs", or deeper hand-held containers. Dipping tobacco comes in several varieties. Many dipping tobacco producers also manufacture pouches of dipping tobacco, making the habit cleaner and more convenient. The following are standard cut sizes, but some brands can still vary in size. ;Cut sizes
Extra long cuts are the longest cut size. Copenhagen and Grizzly both make an extra long cut natural variety.
Wide cuts have thicker strands than all other cuts of dipping tobacco. Currently, wide cut is only manufactured by Grizzly.
Long cuts are easier to manage than fine cuts (a smaller granular sized dip - in regard to ease of grabbing the tobacco and keeping it comfortably in mouth). This is the most common cut of tobacco.
Mid cut sized dipping tobacco is comparable to small granules at about 1 mm cubed. A couple of mid cuts were on the smokeless tobacco market but have since been discontinued.
Fine cut comes in granules slightly larger than sand or coffee grounds.
Snuff or simply
moist snuff looks similar to dirt or sand in terms of granular size. Extremely small cut.
Pouches hold fine cut tobacco in a small teabag-like pouch for convenience. Pouches are typically about the same size, but one brand, Skoal, also offers a smaller pouch called Bandits.
Dissolvable tobacco Dissolvable tobacco is a recent introduction, entering mainstream use in the later half of the 2000s (decade). The product consists of finely processed tobacco which is developed in such a way as to allow the substance to
dissolve on the
tongue or in the mouth.
Camel tobacco is the major purveyor of dissolvable tobacco products, with three varieties, including
strips,
sticks and
orbs, however companies such as
Ariva and
Stonewall have also been successful with such manufacturing, marketing compressed tobacco lozenges.
Gutka Gutka (also spelled gutkha, guttkha, guthka) is a preparation of crushed betel nut, tobacco, and sweet or savory flavorings. It is manufactured in India and exported to a few other countries. A mild stimulant, it is sold across India in small, individual-size packets. It is consumed much like chewing tobacco, and like chewing tobacco it is considered responsible for oral cancer and other severe negative health effects. Used by millions of adults, it is also marketed to children. Some packaging does not mention tobacco as an ingredient, and some brands are pitched as candies - featuring packaging with children's faces and are brightly colored. Some are chocolate-flavored, and some are marketed as breath fresheners.
Iqmik Iqmik is an Alaskan smokeless tobacco product used with punk ash. It is most common among natives. Nicotine is freebased with caustic ash and thus iqmik is more addicting and potent than regular chewing tobacco.
Naswar Naswar is a type of smokeless tobacco popular in Afghanistan and surrounding countries. It is moist and powdered, and lime or juniper is added for flavor.
Pituri Pituri, also known as mingkulpa is a mixture of leaves and wood ash traditionally chewed as a
stimulant (or, after extended use, a
depressant) by
Aboriginal Australians widely across the continent. Leaves are gathered from any of several species of native tobacco (
Nicotiana) or from at least one distinct population of the species
Duboisia hopwoodii. Various species of
Acacia,
Grevillea and
Eucalyptus are burned to produce the ash. The term "pituri" may also refer to the plants from which the leaves are gathered or from which the ash is made. Some authors use the term to refer only to the plant
Duboisia hopwoodii and its leaves and any chewing mixture containing its leaves.
Snus Snus is a type of smokeless tobacco originating from and popular in
Sweden and other
Scandinavian countries. It differs from moist snuff or chewing tobacco in that it is made from steam-cured tobacco leaves, rather than fire-cured ones, and its
health effects are markedly different, with epidemiological studies showing lower rates of cancer and other tobacco-related health problems than cigarettes, American "
chewing tobacco", Indian
gutka or African-type tobacco products. Prominent Swedish brands are
Swedish Match, General,
Ettan, and
Tre Ankare. In many Scandinavian countries, snus comes either in loose powder form, to be pressed into a small ball (called "baking" the snus) by hand or with the use of a special tool, or in small bags (called "portioned snus" form). Both are suitable for placing under one of the lips, most often the upper. Portioned snus is in particular a popular type because it keeps loose tobacco from becoming stuck between the user's teeth; they also produce less spittle when in contact with mucous membranes inside the mouth which extends the usage time of the tobacco product. However, loose form snus tends to deliver more
nicotine than portioned form.
Tobacco edibles Tobacco gum, like dissolvable tobacco, is a recent introduction - a type of
chewing gum which, like
nicotine gum provides nicotine through oral absorption. However, the difference between nicotine gum and tobacco gum is that tobacco gum is made from finely powdered tobacco mixed with a gum base, rather than freebase nicotine. ==Non-consumable==