Palangka Raya

through the city of Palangka Raya.|alt=|left The name Palangka Raya is a combination of two words from two languages: palangka (Dayak Ngaju), meaning sacred site, and raya (Malay), meaning vast; therefore, Palangka Raya means a vast sacred site. The city stands on the site of a small Dayak village called Pahandut that was surrounded by rainforest. According to a local legend, Bayuh and Kambang, a married Dayak couple, founded the village because the surrounding region was not suitable for building a house, as its soil was made up of peat and swamps. Over time, the village grew into a small Dayak outpost with its surroundings being used for farming and as a small plantation. At first, it was believed that the name of the village was Dukuh Bayuh. Dukuh Bayuh was thought to be derived from Eka Badukuh, meaning "place to settle" in Dayak (with daily usage called Dukuh ain Bayuh, shortened Dukuh Bayuh). Pahandut on the other hand, according to local stories, was a respected elder and cultural figure from the village. He was often called Bapa Handut, which literally means Mr. Handut. Handut died of illness, and to respect his death as an important figure from the village, it was named Pahandut. == History ==

Colonial Era According to documents from the Dutch East Indies, Pahandut village's existence was discovered by Zacharias Hartman, a Dutch explorer, on his journey around Kahayan and Kapuas River in 1823. This conflicts with the statements that claim the village was previously known under the Sultanate of Banjar, which became a Dutch protectorate under an agreement with Sultan Tahmidullah II in 1787. The region was leased to the Dutch East Indies by Sultan Sulaiman in 1817, and was ceded by Sultan Adam of Banjar under a contract signed on 4 May 1826, written in Dutch on second point which reads in English as: It was integrated into Zuid Ooster Afdeeling in accordance with Bêsluit van den Minister van Staat, Gouverneur-Generaal van Nederlandsch-Indie No. 8, 27 August 1849. ("Decision of the Minister of State, Governor-General of Netherlands-India No. 8) In 1898, it became part of Afdeeling Dajaklandeen in accordance with Staatblad 1898 No. 178. (Official Gazette 1898 No. 178) Dutch rule remained weak in this region and several revolts from native rulers took place, such as under Raden Djaija and Pambakal Sulil in 1849. Later, during Indonesian National Revolution, there were armed clash within the region between Indonesian nationalists under unit TNI/MN 1001 and Royal Netherlands East Indies Army on 17 January 1946. Establishment The province of Central Kalimantan was established on 23 May 1957. At first, the capital for the Central Kalimantan province was not agreed and it was debated where it should be located. R.T.A. Milono, acting governor of Central Kalimantan, discussed the matter with several native organizations and cultural figures from the region. This however evoked tension from several native tribes and organizations that each wanted their own region to be chosen as capital. On 23 January 1957, a committee to discuss the matter was created, consisting mostly of Dayak cultural figures, in addition to military figures such as Tjilik Riwut and Dutch-descendant architect D.A.W. Van Der Pijl who also later designed the then-proposed new capital of South Kalimantan, Banjarbaru. From the committee's meeting, it was decided that Pahandut village would be the capital to avoid cultural association within tribes in the province, hence avoiding conflicts. The first pillar in the development of Palangka Raya City was erected by Sukarno, the President of the Republic of Indonesia, on 17 July 1957, marking the inauguration of the monument to the provincial capital of Central Kalimantan in Pahandut. Then, in accordance with Law No. 21 of 1958, Pahandut was renamed to Palangka Raya City, maintaining its status as the provincial seat. The construction of the city was directly led by Tjilik Riwut, whom by then had become governor of the Central Kalimantan province. The city was claimed by him to be "free from colonial legacies". At first however, he was rumoured to be insane by residents of the province for trying to build a city on top of nothingness. The city was constructed with the assistance of Soviet military, especially regarding road construction due to the terrain of the region - dominated by swamps and peat. The road which today is named Jl. Tjilik Riwut, was previously planned to be constructed from the city to Pangkalan Bun and Sampit. This however, was never realized due to 30 September Movement, coup d'état against Sukarno, and subsequent communist purge that followed. Many local workers resigned and abandoned their work due to fear of being accused as communist and the road construction stopped at the town of Tangkiling. In 2019, the haze caused several people to evacuate the city. Forest fires and haze have been annual threats to the city and the city government formed a special agency to deal with forest fires and haze. The city government constructed 23 canals and three retention basins around the city to deal with threat of forest fires in 2019. The city was a candidate to become the new Indonesian capital until the 2019 announcement that the new capital will be in Penajam North Paser Regency and Kutai Kartanegara Regency, both in East Kalimantan. == Geography ==

Palangka Raya borders Gunung Mas Regency to the north, Katingan Regency to the west, and Pulang Pisau Regency to the south and east. The area's soil consists mostly of peat and alluvium in its southern part and podzol on the northern part of the city. Overall, podzol soil dominates the city soil with 218,486 out of 285,349 hectares of city's landscape. Most of the city's topography is flat, with a general slope of less than 40 percent. Palangka Raya is mostly located around 35 meters above sea level. 10,105.34 hectares of land in the city is designated as protected forest, while 90,722.15 hectares are production forest. In addition, there are also 63,816.40 hectares of national park, 1,771.13 hectares of nature reserve, and 726.20 hectares of preserved nature. Climate Palangka Raya has a tropical rainforest climate (Af) with heavy rainfall year-round. According to Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysical Agency, average temperature in Palangka Raya is , with minimum temperature , and highest temperature . Moisture is between 65 – 95% with yearly average of 82.89%. Wind usually flows between 2 and 22 knots, with yearly average of 5.3 knots. Increase of wind speed is expected in August and November. == Demographics ==

Population growth was 2.84% as of 2019, with sex ratio of 106 males per 100 females. As of 2020, the city's population is dominated by younger demographics above the age of 15, making up an estimated 222,285 people of reproductive age. There are estimated to be 199,140 Muslims, 73,641 Protestants, 5,511 Catholics, 3,453 Hindus, 485 Buddhists, 8 Confucians, and 27 followers of other religions such as folk religions. Majority of city population are Dayak ethnic, accounts more than half of city's population. Other ethnics such as Banjar, Malay, Buginese, and Javanese also exist in the city. More than half of the city population are from Jekan Raya District. == Economy ==

Economic growth was 7% in 2019, above the national average, and inflation rate in the same year was 0.85%. Unemployment rate was 6% in 2020. The service sector is the largest contributor to city's gross regional product, contributing 28.36% of it in 2020, in contrast with neighboring regions which still rely mainly on agriculture and extraction. The next largest contributor to city's economy in 2020 was trade, with figure of 17.85%, followed by construction with 11.06%. The financial and banking sector provides around 6% of the city's economy. Agriculture, forestry, plantation, and fishery all combined contributed to 2.45% of the city's economy in 2019. Crop yields decreased rapidly from year-on-year; production of red chili dropped from 2,864 tons in 2018 to just more than 200 tons in 2020. Fish catch also decreased by 19.8% from 2018 to 2019. Tourism is a small but growing sector, with 389,235 domestic tourists and 3,865 foreign tourists visiting the city in 2019. There are 56,430 small and medium enterprises in 2017, from which 72% are on trade, restaurant, and hotel sector. On the same year, there are more than 250 registered cooperatives in the city. ==Governance==

Administrative districts Prior to decentralization in 2001, Palangka Raya had two administrative districts, Pahandut and Bukit Batu. Palangka Raya now consists of five administrative districts, tabulated below with their areas and population totals from the 2010 Census and from the 2020 Census, The table also includes the number of administrative subdistricts in each district (all classed as urban kelurahan), and its post codes. The districts are sub-divided into 30 urban subdistricts (kelurahan), with their areas and 2023 populations as set out below: ==Local Government==

As with all Indonesian cities, it is a second-level administrative division run by a mayor and a vice mayor together with the city parliament, and it is equivalent to a regency. Executive power is vested in the mayor and vice mayor, while legislative duties are vested in the local parliament. The mayor, vice mayor, and parliament members are directly elected by the people of the city in an election. Heads of districts are appointed by the mayor on the recommendation of the city secretary. Politics Palangka Raya is part of 1st Central Kalimantan electoral district at the provincial level. That electoral district, which includes Katingan Regency and Gunung Mas Regency, has 10 representatives out of 45 in the provincial parliament. At the city level, Palangka Raya is divided into three electoral districts. City parliament in total has 30 representatives that are democratically elected by people of the city in an election. Jekan Raya District is divided into two electoral districts, with Jekan Raya A consisting of Bukit Tunggal kelurahan and Petuk Katimpun kelurahan, and Jekan Raya B consisting of Menteng kelurahan and Palangka kelurahan. The most recent election was in 2024 and the next one will be in 2029. As Palangka Raya is also the provincial capital, it also has the governor's office and the provincial parliament of Central Kalimantan located in the city. Military The city is headquarter of Kodim 1016/Palangka Raya inside Korem 102/Panju Pujung, which was historically under Kodam XI/Tambun Bungai but currently is under Kodam XII/Tanjungpura. The unit was created on 9 December 1975 and formalized on 23 March 1976. The unit has one raider battalion attached to it as of 2021, which is Raider Battalion 631st Antang Elang. == Culture and entertainment ==

Entertainment Several malls exist in the city, such as Palangka Raya Mall, Mega Town Square, and Barata Departement Store. Palangka Raya Mall is integrated with a hotel named Hotel Neo, which has an interior connection to the mall. Construction of the Palangka Raya Trade Center was halted in 2019 because of a land dispute and followed by Supreme Court of Indonesia's rejection of the prosecutor's dispute. According to city media center, Palangka Raya has 63 city parks as of January 2020. These parks scattered in Pahandut, Jekan Raya, and Sebangau District. Cultural events are often held on city park beside Kahayan Bridge. The Sebangau District is home to Sebangau National Park, which was established in 2004. The Balanga Museum has collections focused on history of Dayak people and their culture. It was built in 1973 and inaugurated in 1990. Festival The preservation of Dayak culture has been promoted by the provincial government through cultural events and festivals, including the annual Isen Mulang Festival, usually held in May and June. Other festivals were later held in 2020 with support of Ministry of Tourism, including those celebrating Malay cultures. Sport Palangka Raya is home to Kalteng Putra F.C, which as of 2021 competes in Liga 2 after degradation from Liga 1. Its home stadium is Tuah Pahoe Stadium, located in Jekan Raya District. It was expanded in 2019 to increase stadium's capacity, in addition to facility upgrades. == Infrastructure ==

Education There are 134 kindergartens, 146 elementary schools, 60 junior highschools, 34 senior highschools, and 16 vocational highschools in the city. Palangka Raya is a home to number of universities and higher education institutions. University of Palangka Raya is the only public university in the city and the most notable one in the city. Other higher education institutions are Palangka Raya Christian University, Tampung Penyang Hindu Institute, Palangka Raya Muhammadiyah University, among many others. School enrollment rate as of 2020 was 99%. Notable private hospital companies such as Siloam Hospitals also exist in the city. The city also has several laboratorium facilities for many purposes, such as disease control, water and food quality check, and animal health laboratory. Life expectancy of the city is 73.19 years, which is significantly higher than national average and the highest in the province. Religion There are exactly 234 mosques, 204 churches, four Hindu temples, and five Chinese Buddhist temples in the city as of 2020. St. Mary's Cathedral, Palangkaraya, a Catholic church, located also in Jekan Raya District. It was inaugurated on 21 March 1999. Hindu temples in the city such as Pura Pitamaha, the biggest out of the four, located also in Jekan Raya District, was constructed by Indonesian Army to help local Hindu population in 1978 and now mostly used by Balinese migrants. == Transportation ==

The city is served by Tjilik Riwut Airport, which is also home to an aviation school operated by Lion Air. The airport served more than 8,000 aircraft and approximately 800,000 passengers in 2020. The city government has announced plans to revitalize the river port as a historic landmark and tourist destination. The city has a bus rapid transit system operated by city government, named Trans Palangkaraya. This BRT system has five lines, and was launched in early 2018. Its operation was halted during the COVID-19 pandemic until resuming on 8 November 2020. App-based ride-hailing services such as Gojek and Grab also serve the city. Angkots used to be important for urban transportation within the city. However, arrival of online ride-hailing services and taxis together with creation of urban bus system resulted in angkot presence's decline. It is estimated as of 2020, 80% of angkot operators has been stop operating due to not being able to cover fuel cost and compete with other public transportation services. == Media ==

According to the Press Council, there are 14 mass media companies registered in Palangka Raya, ranging from online news, printed media, to television. Radio Republik Indonesia has local branch operating in Palangka Raya, as with most of other major cities in Indonesia. According to Ministry of Communication and Information Technology, there were 13 unlicensed media in Palangka Raya as of 2017. == References ==