1956–1963: Formation The Quarrymen and name changes In November 1956, sixteen-year-old
John Lennon formed a
skiffle group with several friends from
Quarry Bank High School in
Liverpool. They were called
the Quarrymen, a reference to their school song "Quarry men old before our birth". Fifteen-year-old
Paul McCartney met Lennon on 6 July 1957 and joined as a
rhythm guitarist shortly after. In February 1958, McCartney invited his friend
George Harrison, then aged fifteen, to watch the band. Harrison auditioned for Lennon, impressing him with his playing, but Lennon initially thought Harrison was too young. After a month's persistence, during a second meeting (arranged by McCartney), Harrison performed the lead guitar part of the instrumental song "
Raunchy" on the upper deck of a Liverpool bus, and they enlisted him as
lead guitarist. By January 1959, Lennon's Quarry Bank friends had left the group and he began his studies at the
Liverpool College of Art. The three guitarists, billing themselves as Johnny and the Moondogs, were playing
rock and roll whenever they could find a drummer. They also performed as
the Rainbows. Paul McCartney later told
New Musical Express that they called themselves that "because we all had different coloured shirts and we couldn't afford any others!" Lennon's art school friend
Stuart Sutcliffe, who had just sold one of his paintings and was persuaded to purchase a bass guitar with the proceeds, joined in January 1960. He suggested changing the band's name to
Beatals, as a tribute to
Buddy Holly and
the Crickets. They used this name until May, when they became
the Silver Beetles, before undertaking a brief
tour of Scotland as the backing group for pop singer and fellow
Liverpudlian Johnny Gentle. By early July, they had refashioned themselves as
the Silver Beatles and by the middle of August simply
the Beatles.
Early residencies and UK popularity ,
George Harrison,
John Lennon,
Paul McCartney, and
Stuart Sutcliffe at Hamburg Funfair in 1960, photographed by
Astrid Kirchherr. Sutcliffe left the Beatles in 1961 and
Ringo Starr replaced Best in 1962.
Allan Williams, the Beatles' unofficial manager, arranged a
residency for them in Hamburg. They auditioned and hired drummer
Pete Best in mid-August 1960. The band, now a five-piece, departed Liverpool for Hamburg four days later, contracted to club owner
Bruno Koschmider for what would be a -month residency. Beatles historian
Mark Lewisohn writes: "They pulled into Hamburg at dusk on 17 August, the time when the
red-light area comes to life ... flashing neon lights screamed out the various entertainment on offer, while scantily clad women sat unabashed in shop windows waiting for business opportunities." Koschmider had converted a couple of strip clubs in the red light
Reeperbahn district of
St. Pauli into music venues and initially placed the Beatles at the
Indra Club. After closing Indra due to noise complaints, he moved them to the
Kaiserkeller in October. When he learned they had been performing at the rival
Top Ten Club in breach of their contract, he gave them one month's termination notice, and reported the underage Harrison, who had obtained permission to stay in Hamburg by lying to the German authorities about his age. The authorities arranged for Harrison's deportation in late November. One week later, Koschmider had McCartney and Best arrested for arson after they set fire to a condom in a concrete corridor; the authorities deported them. Lennon returned to Liverpool in early December, while Sutcliffe remained in Hamburg until late February with his German fiancée
Astrid Kirchherr, who took the first semi-professional photos of the Beatles. During the next two years, the Beatles were
resident for periods in Hamburg, where they used
Preludin both recreationally and to maintain their energy through all-night performances. In 1961, during their second Hamburg engagement, Kirchherr cut Sutcliffe's hair in the "
exi" (existentialist) style, later adopted by the other Beatles. Sutcliffe decided to leave the band early that year and resume his art studies in Germany. McCartney took over bass. Producer
Bert Kaempfert contracted what was now a four-piece group until June 1962, and he used them as
Tony Sheridan's
backing band on a series of recordings for
Polydor Records. As part of the sessions, the Beatles were signed to Polydor for one year. Credited to "Tony Sheridan & the Beat Brothers", the single "
My Bonnie", recorded in June 1961 and released four months later, reached number 32 on the
Musikmarkt chart. After the Beatles completed their second
Hamburg residency, they enjoyed increasing popularity in Liverpool with the growing
Merseybeat movement. However, they were growing tired of the monotony of numerous appearances at the same clubs night after night. In November 1961, during one of the group's frequent performances at
the Cavern Club, they encountered
Brian Epstein, a local record-store owner and music columnist. He later recalled: "I immediately liked what I heard. They were fresh, and they were honest, and they had what I thought was a sort of presence ... [a] star quality."
First EMI recordings Epstein courted the band over the next couple of months, and they appointed him as their manager in January 1962. Epstein began negotiations with record labels for a recording contract. After a New Year's Day audition,
Decca Records rejected the band, saying, "Guitar groups are on the way out, Mr. Epstein". However, three months later, producer
George Martin signed the Beatles to
EMI's
Parlophone label. Throughout early and mid-1962, to secure a UK record contract, Epstein sought to free the Beatles from their contractual obligations to Polyðor and Bert Kaempfert Productions. He eventually negotiated a one-month early release in exchange for one last recording session in Hamburg backing Tony Sheridan. On their return to Germany in April, a distraught Kirchherr met them at the airport with news of Sutcliffe's death the previous day from a
brain haemorrhage. (now Abbey Road Studios, pictured 2007) |alt=A flight of stone steps leads from an asphalt car park up to the main entrance of a white two-story building. The ground floor has two sash windows, the first floor has three shorter sash windows. Two more windows are visible at basement level. The decorative stonework around the doors and windows is painted grey. Martin's first recording session with the Beatles took place at
EMI Recording Studios (later Abbey Road Studios) in London on 6 June 1962. He immediately complained to Epstein about Best's drumming and suggested they use a
session drummer in his place. Already contemplating Best's dismissal, the Beatles replaced him in mid-August with
Ringo Starr, who left
Rory Storm and the Hurricanes to join them. A 4 September session at EMI yielded a recording of "
Love Me Do" featuring Starr on drums, but a dissatisfied Martin hired drummer
Andy White for the band's third session a week later, which produced recordings of "Love Me Do", "
Please Please Me" and "
P.S. I Love You". Martin initially selected the Starr version of "Love Me Do" for the band's first single, though subsequent re-pressings featured the White version, with Starr on tambourine. Released in early October, "Love Me Do" peaked at number 17 on the
Record Retailer chart. Their television debut came later that month with a live performance on the regional news programme
People and Places. After Martin suggested rerecording "Please Please Me" at a faster tempo, a studio session in late November yielded that recording, of which Martin accurately predicted, "You've just made your first No. 1". In December 1962, the Beatles concluded their fifth and final Hamburg residency at the
Star-Club. By 1963, they had agreed that all four band members would contribute vocals to their albums – including Starr, despite his restricted vocal range, to validate his standing in the group. Lennon and McCartney had established
a songwriting partnership, and as the band's success grew, their dominant collaboration limited Harrison's opportunities as a
lead vocalist. Epstein, to maximise the Beatles' commercial potential, encouraged them to adopt a professional approach to performing. Lennon recalled him saying, "Look, if you really want to get in these bigger places, you're going to have to change – stop eating on stage, stop swearing, stop smoking ...".
1963–1966: Beatlemania and touring years Please Please Me and With the Beatles . On 11 February 1963, the Beatles recorded ten songs during a single studio session for their debut LP,
Please Please Me. It was supplemented by the four tracks already released on their first two singles. Martin considered recording the LP live at
The Cavern Club, but after deciding that the building's acoustics were inadequate, he elected to simulate a "live" album with minimal production in "a single marathon session at
Abbey Road". After the moderate success of "Love Me Do", the single "Please Please Me" was released in January 1963, two months ahead of the album. It reached number one on every UK chart except
Record Retailer, where it peaked at number two. Recalling how the Beatles "rushed to deliver a debut album, bashing out
Please Please Me in a day",
AllMusic critic
Stephen Thomas Erlewine wrote: "Decades after its release, the album still sounds fresh, precisely because of its intense origins." Lennon said little thought went into composition at the time; he and McCartney were "just writing songs
à la Everly Brothers,
à la Buddy Holly, pop songs with no more thought of them than that – to create a sound. And the words were almost irrelevant." Released in March 1963,
Please Please Me was the first of eleven consecutive Beatles albums released in the United Kingdom to reach number one. The band's third single, "
From Me to You", came out in April and began an almost unbroken string of seventeen British number-one singles, including all but one of the eighteen they released over the next six years. Issued in August, their fourth single, "
She Loves You", achieved the fastest sales of any record in the UK up to that time, selling three-quarters of a million copies in under four weeks. It became their first single to sell a million copies and remained the biggest-selling record in the UK until 1978. The success brought increased media exposure, to which the Beatles responded with an irreverent and comical attitude that defied the expectations of pop musicians at the time, inspiring even more interest. The band toured the UK three times in the first half of the year: a four-week tour that began in February, the Beatles' first nationwide, preceded three-week tours in March and May–June. As their popularity spread, a frenzied adulation of the group took hold. On 13 October, the Beatles starred on
Sunday Night at the London Palladium, the UK's top variety show. Their performance was televised live and watched by 15 million viewers. One national paper's headlines in the following days coined the term "
Beatlemania" to describe the riotous enthusiasm by screaming fans who greeted the band – and it stuck. Although not billed as tour leaders, the Beatles overshadowed American acts
Tommy Roe and
Chris Montez during the February engagements and assumed top billing "by audience demand", something no British act had previously accomplished while touring with artists from the US. A similar situation arose during their May–June
tour with Roy Orbison. and Lennon on the set of the
Swedish television show
Drop-In, 30 October 1963 In late October, the Beatles began a five-day tour of Sweden, their first time abroad since the final Hamburg engagement of December 1962. On their return to the UK on 31 October, several hundred screaming fans greeted them in heavy rain at
Heathrow Airport. Around 50 to 100 journalists and photographers, as well as representatives from the
BBC, also joined the airport reception, the first of more than 100 such events. The next day, the band began its fourth tour of Britain within nine months, this one scheduled for six weeks. In mid-November, as Beatlemania intensified, police resorted to using high-pressure water hoses to control the crowd before a concert in Plymouth. On 4 November, they played in front of
The Queen Mother and
Princess Margaret during the
Royal Variety Performance at the
Prince of Wales Theatre.
Please Please Me maintained the top position on the
Record Retailer chart for 30 weeks, only to be displaced by its follow-up,
With the Beatles, which EMI released on 22 November to record advance orders of 270,000 copies. The LP topped a half-million albums sold in one week. Recorded between July and October,
With the Beatles made better use of studio production techniques than its predecessor. It held the top spot for 21 weeks with a chart life of 40 weeks. Erlewine described the LP as "a sequel of the highest order – one that betters the original". In a reversal of then standard practice, EMI released the album ahead of the impending single "
I Want to Hold Your Hand", with the song excluded to maximise the single's sales. The album caught the attention of music critic
William Mann of
The Times, who suggested that Lennon and McCartney were "the outstanding English composers of 1963". The newspaper published a series of articles in which Mann offered detailed analyses of the music, lending it respectability.
With the Beatles became the second album in UK chart history to sell a million copies, a figure previously reached only by the 1958
South Pacific soundtrack. When writing the
sleeve notes for the album, the band's press officer,
Tony Barrow, used the superlative the "fabulous foursome", which the media widely adopted as "the Fab Four".
First visit to the United States and the British Invasion , 7 February 1964 EMI's American subsidiary,
Capitol Records, hindered the Beatles' releases in the United States for more than a year by initially declining to issue their music, including their first three singles. Concurrent negotiations with the independent US label
Vee-Jay led to the release of some, but not all, of the songs in 1963. Vee-Jay finished preparation for the album
Introducing... The Beatles, comprising most of the songs of Parlophone's
Please Please Me, but a management shake-up led to the album not being released. After it emerged that the label did not report royalties on their sales, the licence that Vee-Jay had signed with EMI was voided. A new licence was granted to the
Swan label for the single "She Loves You". The record received some airplay in the
Tidewater area of Virginia from Gene Loving of radio station
WGH and was featured on the "Rate-a-Record" segment of
American Bandstand, but it failed to catch on nationally. Epstein brought a demo copy of "
I Want to Hold Your Hand" to Capitol's
Brown Meggs, who signed the band and arranged for a $40,000 US marketing campaign. American chart success began after disc jockey Carroll James of AM radio station
WWDC, in Washington, DC, obtained a copy of the British single "I Want to Hold Your Hand" in mid-December 1963 and began playing it on-air. Taped copies of the song soon circulated among other radio stations throughout the US. This caused an increase in demand, leading Capitol to bring forward the release of "I Want to Hold Your Hand" by three weeks. Issued on 26 December, with the band's previously scheduled debut there just weeks away, "I Want to Hold Your Hand" sold a million copies, becoming a number-one hit in the US by mid-January. In its wake Vee-Jay released
Introducing... The Beatles along with Capitol's debut album,
Meet the Beatles!, while Swan reactivated production of "She Loves You". The
Odeon label, an EMI subsidiary, pressed Beatles LPs to be shipped out and distributed abroad. After the Beatles' US trip,
MGM Records released the single "My Bonnie" backed with "The Saints" in the US on 27 January 1964 as a Beatles single, and
Atco followed in issuing the recordings the Beatles had made in Germany with Tony Sheridan in 1961 and 1962. On 7 February 1964, the Beatles departed from Heathrow with an estimated 4,000 fans waving and screaming as the aircraft took off. Upon landing at New York's
John F. Kennedy Airport, an uproarious crowd estimated at 3,000 greeted them. They gave their first live US television performance two days later on
The Ed Sullivan Show, watched by approximately 73 million viewers in over 23 million households, or 34 per cent of the American population. Biographer Jonathan Gould writes that, according to the
Nielsen rating service, it was "the largest audience that had ever been recorded for an American television ". The next morning, the Beatles awoke to a largely negative critical consensus in the US, but a day later at their first US concert, Beatlemania erupted at the
Washington Coliseum. Back in New York the following day, the Beatles met with another strong reception during two shows at
Carnegie Hall. The band flew to Florida, where they appeared on
The Ed Sullivan Show a second time, again before 70 million viewers, before returning to the UK on 22 February. The Beatles' first visit to the US took place when the nation was still mourning the
assassination of President John F. Kennedy the previous November. Commentators often suggest that for many, particularly the young, the Beatles' performances reignited the sense of excitement and possibility that had momentarily faded in the wake of the assassination and helped pave the way for the revolutionary social changes to come later in the decade. Their hairstyle, unusually long for the era and mocked by many adults, became an emblem of rebellion to the burgeoning youth culture. The group's popularity generated unprecedented interest in British music, and many other UK acts subsequently made their American debuts, successfully touring over the next three years in what was termed the
British Invasion. The Beatles' success in the US opened the door for a successive string of British
beat groups and
pop acts such as
the Dave Clark Five,
the Animals,
Herman's Hermits,
Petula Clark,
the Kinks and
the Rolling Stones to achieve success in America. During the week of 4 April 1964, the Beatles held twelve positions on the
Billboard Hot 100 singles chart, including the top five.
''A Hard Day's Night'' Capitol Records' lack of interest throughout 1963 did not go unnoticed, and a competitor,
United Artists Records, encouraged
its film division to offer the Beatles a three-motion-picture deal, primarily for the commercial potential of the soundtracks in the US. Directed by
Richard Lester, ''
A Hard Day's Night'' involved the band for six weeks in March–April 1964 as they played themselves in a musical comedy. The film premiered in London and New York in July and August, respectively, and was an international success, with some critics drawing a comparison with the
Marx Brothers. United Artists released a
full soundtrack album for the North American market, combining Beatles songs and Martin's orchestral score; elsewhere, the group's third studio LP, ''
A Hard Day's Night'', contained songs from the film on side one and other new recordings on side two. According to Erlewine, the album saw them "truly coming into their own as a band. All of the disparate influences on their first two albums coalesced into a bright, joyous, original sound, filled with ringing guitars and irresistible melodies." That "ringing guitar" sound was primarily the product of Harrison's
12-string electric Rickenbacker, a prototype given to him by the manufacturer, which made its debut on the record.
1964 world tour, meeting Bob Dylan and stand on civil rights Touring internationally in June and July, the Beatles staged 37 shows over 27 days in Denmark, the Netherlands, Hong Kong, Australia and New Zealand. In August and September, they returned to the US, with a 30-concert tour of 23 cities. Generating intense interest once again, the month-long tour attracted between 10,000 and 20,000 people to each 30-minute performance in cities from New York to San Francisco. In August, journalist
Al Aronowitz arranged for the Beatles to meet
Bob Dylan. Visiting the band in their New York hotel suite, Dylan introduced them to
cannabis. Gould points out the musical and cultural significance of this meeting, before which the musicians' respective fan bases were "perceived as inhabiting two separate subcultural worlds": Dylan's audience of "college kids with artistic or intellectual leanings, a dawning political and social idealism, and a mildly
bohemian style" contrasted with their fans, "veritable '
teenyboppers' – kids in high school or grade school whose lives were totally wrapped up in the commercialised popular culture of television, radio, pop records, fan magazines and teen fashion. To many of Dylan's followers in the
folk music scene, the Beatles were seen as idolaters, not idealists." Within six months of the meeting, according to Gould, "Lennon would be making records on which he openly imitated Dylan's nasal drone, brittle strum, and introspective vocal persona"; and six months after that, Dylan began performing with a backing band and
electric instrumentation, and "dressed in the height of Mod fashion". As a result, Gould continues, the traditional division between folk and rock enthusiasts "nearly evaporated", as the Beatles' fans began to mature in their outlook and Dylan's audience embraced the new, youth-driven pop culture. During
the 1964 US tour, the group were confronted with
racial segregation in the country at the time. When informed that the venue for their 11 September concert, the
Gator Bowl in
Jacksonville, Florida, was segregated, the Beatles said they would refuse to perform unless the audience was integrated.
Beatles for Sale, Help! and Rubber Soul According to Gould, the Beatles' fourth studio LP,
Beatles for Sale, evidenced a growing conflict between the commercial pressures of their global success and their creative ambitions. They had intended the album, recorded between August and October 1964, to continue the format established by ''A Hard Day's Night'' which, unlike their first two LPs, contained only original songs. They had nearly exhausted their backlog of songs on the previous album, however, and given the challenges constant international touring posed to their songwriting efforts, Lennon admitted, "Material's becoming a hell of a problem". As a result, six covers from their extensive repertoire were chosen to complete the album. Released in early December, its eight original compositions stood out, demonstrating the growing maturity of the
Lennon–McCartney songwriting partnership. In early 1965, following a dinner with Lennon, Harrison and their wives, Harrison's dentist, John Riley, secretly added
LSD to their coffee. Lennon described the experience: "It was just terrifying, but it was fantastic. I was pretty stunned for a month or two." He and Harrison subsequently became regular users of the drug, joined by Starr on at least one occasion. Harrison's use of
psychedelic drugs encouraged his path to meditation and Hinduism. He commented: "For me, it was like a flash. The first time I had
acid, it just opened up something in my head that was inside of me, and I realised a lot of things. I didn't learn them because I already knew them, but that happened to be the key that opened the door to reveal them. From the moment I had that, I wanted to have it all the time – these thoughts about the yogis and the Himalayas, and
Ravi's music." McCartney was initially reluctant to try it, but eventually did so in late 1966. He became the first Beatle to discuss LSD publicly, declaring in a magazine interview that "it opened my eyes" and "made me a better, more honest, more tolerant member of society". '' with (from the rear) Harrison, McCartney, Lennon and (largely obscured) Starr Controversy erupted in June 1965 when Queen
Elizabeth II appointed all four Beatles Members of the
Order of the British Empire (MBE) after Prime Minister
Harold Wilson nominated them for the award. In protest – the honour was at that time primarily bestowed upon military veterans and civic leaders – some conservative MBE recipients returned their insignia. In July, the Beatles' second film,
Help!, was released, again directed by Lester. Described as "mainly a relentless spoof of
Bond", it inspired a mixed response among both reviewers and the band. McCartney said: "
Help! was great but it wasn't our film – we were sort of guest stars. It was fun, but basically, as an idea for a film, it was a bit wrong." The soundtrack was dominated by Lennon, who wrote and sang lead on most of its songs, including the two singles: "
Help!" and "
Ticket to Ride". The
Help! album, the group's fifth studio LP, mirrored ''A Hard Day's Night
by featuring soundtrack songs on side one and additional songs from the same sessions on side two. The LP contained all original material save for two covers, "Act Naturally" and "Dizzy Miss Lizzy"; they were the last covers the band would include on an album until Let It Be brief rendition of the traditional Liverpool folk song "Maggie Mae". The band expanded their use of vocal overdubs on Help!
and incorporated classical instruments into some arrangements, including a string quartet on the pop ballad "Yesterday". Composed and sung by McCartney – none of the other Beatles perform on the recording – "Yesterday" has inspired the most cover versions of any song ever written. With Help!'', the Beatles became the first rock group to be nominated for a
Grammy Award for Album of the Year. in August 1965, shortly after playing at
Shea Stadium in New York The group's third US tour opened with a performance before a world-record crowd of 55,600 at New York's
Shea Stadium on 15 August – "perhaps the most famous of all Beatles' concerts", in Lewisohn's description. A further nine successful concerts followed in other American cities. At a show in Atlanta, the Beatles gave one of the first live performances ever to make use of a
foldback system of on-stage monitor speakers. Towards the end of the tour, they met with
Elvis Presley, a foundational musical influence on the band, who invited them to his home in
Beverly Hills. Presley later said the band was an example of a trend of anti-Americanism and drug abuse. September 1965 saw the launch of an American
Saturday-morning cartoon series,
The Beatles, that echoed ''A Hard Day's Night'' slapstick antics over its two-year original run. The series was the first weekly television series to feature animated versions of real, living people. In mid-October, the Beatles entered the recording studio; for the first time when making an album, they had an extended period without other major commitments. Until this time, according to George Martin, "we had been making albums rather like a collection of singles. Now we were really beginning to think about albums as a bit of art on their own." Released in December,
Rubber Soul was hailed by critics as a major step forward in the maturity and complexity of the band's music. Their thematic reach was beginning to expand as they embraced deeper aspects of romance and philosophy, a development that NEMS executive
Peter Brown attributed to the band members' "now habitual use of marijuana". Lennon referred to
Rubber Soul as "the pot album" and Starr said: "Grass was really influential in a lot of our changes, especially with the writers. And because they were writing different material, we were playing differently." After
Help!s foray into classical music with flutes and strings, Harrison's introduction of a
sitar on "
Norwegian Wood (This Bird Has Flown)" marked a further progression outside the traditional boundaries of popular music. As the lyrics grew more artful, fans began to study them for deeper meaning. While some of
Rubber Souls songs were the product of Lennon and McCartney's collaborative songwriting, the album also included distinct compositions from each, though they continued to share official credit. "
In My Life", of which each later claimed lead authorship, is considered a highlight of the entire Lennon–McCartney catalogue. Harrison called
Rubber Soul his "favourite album", and Starr referred to it as "the departure record". McCartney has said, "We'd had our cute period, and now it was time to expand." However, recording engineer
Norman Smith later stated that the studio sessions revealed signs of growing conflict within the group – "the clash between John and Paul was becoming obvious", he wrote, and "as far as Paul was concerned, George could do no right". In an interview with
Dan Rather which aired on
AXS TV on 10 May 2024, Starr said that "we didn't get along, we were four guys, we had rows," noting that their relationship was getting more tense even by the time he had children.
Controversies, Revolver and final tour Capitol Records, from December 1963 when it began issuing Beatles recordings for the US market, exercised complete control over format, compiling distinct US albums from the band's recordings and issuing songs of their choosing as singles. In June 1966, the Capitol LP
Yesterday and Today caused an uproar with its cover, which portrayed the grinning Beatles dressed in butcher's overalls, accompanied by raw meat and mutilated plastic baby dolls. According to Beatles biographer
Bill Harry, it has been incorrectly suggested that this was meant as a satirical response to the way Capitol had "butchered" the US versions of the band's albums. Thousands of copies of the LP had a new cover pasted over the original; an unpeeled "first-state" copy fetched $10,500 at a December 2005 auction. In England, meanwhile, Harrison met sitar maestro
Ravi Shankar, who agreed to train him on the instrument. The Beatles toured Japan the month after the
Yesterday and Today furore, facing death threats from Japanese Conservatives due to the Beatles unknowingly performing at the
Budokan Stadium, which was designated as a place to revere Japan's war dead. When they toured the Philippines a few days later, the Beatles unintentionally snubbed the nation's first lady,
Imelda Marcos, who had expected them to attend a breakfast reception at the
Presidential Palace. When presented with the invitation, Epstein politely declined on the band members' behalf, as it had never been his policy to accept such official invitations. They soon found that the
Marcos regime was unaccustomed to taking no for an answer. The resulting riots endangered the group and they escaped the country with difficulty. Immediately afterwards, the band members visited India for the first time. Almost as soon as they returned home, the Beatles faced a fierce backlash from US religious and social conservatives (as well as the
Ku Klux Klan) over a comment Lennon had made in a March interview with British reporter
Maureen Cleave. "Christianity will go", Lennon had said. "It will vanish and shrink. I needn't argue about that; I'm right and I will be proved right ...
Jesus was alright but his
disciples were thick and ordinary. It's them twisting it that ruins it for me." His comments went virtually unnoticed in England, but when US teenage fan magazine
Datebook printed them five months later, it sparked a controversy with Christians in America's conservative
Bible Belt region. The
Vatican issued a protest, and bans on Beatles records were imposed by Spanish and Dutch stations and South Africa's
national broadcasting service. Epstein accused
Datebook of having taken Lennon's words out of context. At a press conference, Lennon pointed out, "If I'd said television was more popular than Jesus, I might have got away with it." He claimed that he was referring to how other people viewed their success, but at the prompting of reporters, he concluded: "If you want me to apologise, if that will make you happy, then okay, I'm sorry." Released in August 1966, a week before the Beatles' final tour,
Revolver marked another artistic step forward for the group. The album featured sophisticated songwriting, studio experimentation and a greatly expanded repertoire of musical styles, ranging from innovative classical string arrangements to
psychedelia. Abandoning the customary group photograph, its
Aubrey Beardsley-inspired cover – designed by
Klaus Voormann, a friend of the band since their Hamburg days – was a monochrome collage and line drawing caricature of the group. The album was preceded by the single "
Paperback Writer", backed by "
Rain". Short promotional films were made for both songs; described by cultural historian Saul Austerlitz as "among the first true music videos", they aired on
The Ed Sullivan Show and
Top of the Pops in June. Among the experimental songs on
Revolver was "
Tomorrow Never Knows", the lyrics for which Lennon drew from
Timothy Leary's
The Psychedelic Experience: A Manual Based on the Tibetan Book of the Dead. Its creation involved eight tape decks distributed about the EMI building, each staffed by an engineer or band member, who randomly varied the movement of a
tape loop while Martin created a composite recording by sampling the incoming data. McCartney's "
Eleanor Rigby" made prominent use of a
string octet; Gould describes it as "a true hybrid, conforming to no recognisable style or genre of song". Harrison's emergence as a songwriter was reflected in three of his compositions appearing on the record. Among these, "
Taxman", which opened the album, marked the first example of the Beatles making a political statement through their music. (pictured in the early 1960s) was the venue for the Beatles' final concert before a paying audience. As preparations were made for a tour of the US, the Beatles knew that their music would hardly be heard. Having originally used
Vox AC30 amplifiers, they later acquired more powerful 100-watt amplifiers, specially designed for them by
Vox, as they moved into larger venues in 1964; however, these were still inadequate. Struggling to compete with the volume of sound generated by screaming fans, the band had grown increasingly bored with the routine of performing live. Recognising that their shows were no longer about the music, and shaken up from the recent incident in the Philippines, they decided to make the August tour their last. The band performed none of their new songs on the tour. In Chris Ingham's description, they were very much "studio creations ... and there was no way a four-piece rock 'n' roll group could do them justice, particularly through the desensitising wall of the fans' screams. 'Live Beatles' and 'Studio Beatles' had become entirely different beasts." The band's concert at San Francisco's
Candlestick Park on 29 August was their last commercial concert. It marked the end of four years dominated by almost nonstop touring that included over 1,400 concert appearances internationally.
1966–1970: Studio years and breakup ''Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' '', "the most famous cover of any music album, and one of the most imitated images in the world" Freed from the burden of touring, the Beatles embraced an increasingly experimental approach as they recorded ''
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'', beginning in late November 1966. According to engineer
Geoff Emerick, the album's recording took over 700 hours. He recalled the band's insistence "that everything on
Sgt. Pepper had to be different. We had microphones right down in the bells of brass instruments and headphones turned into microphones attached to violins. We used giant primitive oscillators to vary the speed of instruments and vocals and we had tapes chopped to pieces and stuck together upside down and the wrong way around." Parts of "
A Day in the Life" featured a 40-piece orchestra. The sessions initially yielded the non-album
double A-side single "
Strawberry Fields Forever"/"
Penny Lane" in February 1967; the
Sgt. Pepper LP followed with a rush-release in May. The musical complexity of the records, created using relatively primitive
four-track recording technology, astounded contemporary artists. Among music critics, acclaim for the album was virtually universal. Gould writes: In the wake of
Sgt. Pepper, the underground and mainstream press widely publicised the Beatles as leaders of youth culture, as well as "lifestyle revolutionaries". The album was the first major pop/rock LP to include its complete lyrics, which appeared on the back cover. Those lyrics were the subject of critical analysis; for instance, in late 1967 the album was the subject of a scholarly inquiry by American literary critic and professor of English
Richard Poirier, who observed that his students were "listening to the group's music with a degree of engagement that he, as a teacher of literature, could only envy". The elaborate cover also attracted considerable interest and study. A collage designed by
pop artists
Peter Blake and
Jann Haworth, it depicted the group as the fictional band referred to in the album's
title track standing in front of
a crowd of famous people. The heavy moustaches worn by the group reflected the growing influence of the
hippie movement, while cultural historian Jonathan Harris describes their "brightly coloured parodies of military uniforms" as a knowingly "anti-authoritarian and anti-establishment" display.
Sgt. Pepper topped the UK charts for 23 consecutive weeks, with a further four weeks at number one until February 1968. With 2.5 million copies sold within three months of its release,
Sgt. Peppers initial commercial success exceeded that of all previous Beatles albums. It was the first rock album to win the
Grammy Award for Album of the Year. It sustained its immense popularity into the 21st century while breaking numerous sales records.
Magical Mystery Tour and Yellow Submarine " in 1967 Two Beatles film projects were conceived within weeks of completing
Sgt. Pepper:
Magical Mystery Tour, a one-hour television film, and
Yellow Submarine, an animated feature-length film produced by
United Artists. The group began recording music for the former in late April 1967, but the project then lay dormant as they focused on recording songs for the latter. On 25 June, the Beatles performed their forthcoming single "
All You Need Is Love" to an estimated 350 million viewers on
Our World, the first live global television link. Released a week later, during the
Summer of Love, the song was adopted as a
flower power anthem. The Beatles' use of psychedelic drugs was at its height during that summer. In July and August, the group pursued interests related to similar utopian-based ideology, including a week-long investigation into the possibility of starting an island-based
commune off the coast of Greece. On 24 August, the group were introduced to
Maharishi Mahesh Yogi in London. The next day, they travelled to
Bangor for his
Transcendental Meditation retreat. On 27 August, their manager's assistant, Peter Brown, phoned to inform them that Epstein had died. The coroner ruled the death an accidental
carbitol overdose, although it was widely rumoured to be a suicide. His death left the group disoriented and fearful about the future. Lennon recalled: "We collapsed. I knew that we were in trouble then. I didn't really have any misconceptions about our ability to do anything other than play music, and I was scared. I thought, 'We've fuckin' had it now. Harrison's then-wife
Pattie Boyd remembered that "Paul and George were in complete shock. I don't think it could have been worse if they had heard that their own fathers had dropped dead." During a band meeting in September, McCartney recommended that the band proceed with
Magical Mystery Tour. The
Magical Mystery Tour soundtrack was released in the UK as a six-track double
extended play (EP) in early December 1967. It was the first example of a double EP in the UK. The record carried on the psychedelic vein of
Sgt. Pepper, though in line with the band's wishes, the packaging reinforced the idea that the release was a film soundtrack rather than a follow-up to
Sgt. Pepper. In the US, the soundtrack appeared as an identically titled LP that also included five tracks from the band's recent singles. In its first three weeks, the album set a record for the highest initial sales of any Capitol LP and is the only Capitol compilation later to be adopted in the band's official canon of studio albums.
Magical Mystery Tour first aired on
Boxing Day to an audience of approximately 15 million. Largely directed by McCartney, the film was the band's first critical failure in the UK. It was dismissed as "blatant rubbish" by the
Daily Express, the
Daily Mail called it "a colossal conceit" and
The Guardian labelled the film "a kind of fantasy morality play about the grossness and warmth and stupidity of the audience". Gould describes it as "a great deal of raw footage showing a group of people getting on, getting off, and riding on a bus". Although the viewership figures were respectable, its slating in the press led US television networks to lose interest in broadcasting the film. The group were less involved with
Yellow Submarine, which featured the band appearing as themselves for only a short live-action segment. Premiering in July 1968, the film featured cartoon versions of the band members and a soundtrack with eleven of their songs, including four unreleased studio recordings that made their debut in the film. Critics praised the film for its music, humour and innovative visual style. A
soundtrack LP was issued seven months later; it contained those four new songs, the title track (already issued on
Revolver), "All You Need Is Love" (already issued as a single and on the US
Magical Mystery Tour LP) and seven instrumental pieces composed by Martin.
India retreat, Apple Corps and the White Album In February 1968, the Beatles travelled to Maharishi Mahesh Yogi's
ashram in
Rishikesh, India, to take part in a three-month meditation "Guide Course". Their
time in India marked one of the band's most prolific periods, yielding numerous songs, including a majority of those on their next album. However, Starr left after only ten days, unable to stomach the food, and McCartney eventually grew bored and departed a month later. For Lennon and Harrison, creativity turned to question when an electronics technician known as
Magic Alex suggested that the Maharishi was attempting to manipulate them. When he alleged that the Maharishi had made sexual advances to women attendees, a persuaded Lennon left abruptly just two months into the course, bringing an unconvinced Harrison and the remainder of the group's entourage with him. In anger, Lennon wrote a scathing song titled "Maharishi", renamed "
Sexy Sadie" to avoid potential legal issues. McCartney said, "We made a mistake. We thought there was more to him than there was." In May, Lennon and McCartney travelled to New York for the public unveiling of the Beatles' new business venture,
Apple Corps. It was initially formed several months earlier as part of a plan to create a tax-effective business structure, but the band then desired to extend the corporation to other pursuits, including record distribution, peace activism and education. McCartney described Apple as "rather like a Western communism". The enterprise drained the group financially with a series of unsuccessful projects handled largely by members of the Beatles' entourage, who were given their jobs regardless of talent and experience. Among its numerous subsidiaries were
Apple Electronics, established to foster technological innovations with Magic Alex at the head, and Apple Retailing, which opened the short-lived
Apple Boutique in London. Harrison later said, "Basically, it was chaos ... John and Paul got carried away with the idea and blew millions, and Ringo and I just had to go along with it." "in direct contrast to
Sgt. Pepper", while also suggesting a "clean slate" From late May to mid-October 1968, the group recorded what became
The Beatles, a double LP commonly known as "the White Album" for its virtually featureless cover. During this time, relations between the members grew openly divisive. Starr quit for two weeks, leaving his bandmates to record "
Back in the U.S.S.R." and "
Dear Prudence" as a trio, with McCartney filling in on drums. Lennon had lost interest in collaborating with McCartney, whose contribution "
Ob-La-Di, Ob-La-Da" he scorned as "granny music shit". Tensions were further aggravated by Lennon's romantic preoccupation with
avant-garde artist
Yoko Ono, whom he insisted on bringing to the sessions despite the group's well-established understanding that girlfriends were not allowed in the studio. McCartney has recalled that the album "wasn't a pleasant one to make". He and Lennon identified the sessions as the start of the band's break-up. With the record, the band executed a wider range of musical styles and broke with their recent tradition of incorporating several musical styles in one song by keeping each piece of music consistently faithful to a select genre. During the sessions, the group upgraded to an eight-track tape console, which made it easier for them to layer tracks piecemeal, while the members often recorded independently of each other, affording the album a reputation as a collection of solo recordings rather than a unified group effort. Describing the double album, Lennon later said: "Every track is an individual track; there isn't any Beatle music on it. [It's] John and the band, Paul and the band, George and the band." The sessions also produced the Beatles' longest song yet, "
Hey Jude", released in August as a non-album single with "
Revolution". Issued in November, the White Album was the band's first
Apple Records album release, although EMI continued to own their recordings. The record attracted more than 2 million advance orders, selling nearly 4 million copies in the US in little over a month, and its tracks dominated the playlists of American radio stations. Its lyrical content was the focus of much analysis by the counterculture. Despite its popularity, the album puzzled critics and failed to generate the critical acclaim of
Sgt. Pepper.
Abbey Road, Let It Be and separation Although
Let It Be was the Beatles' final album release, it was largely recorded before
Abbey Road. The project's impetus came from an idea Martin attributes to McCartney, who suggested they "record an album of new material and rehearse it, then perform it before a live audience for the very first time – on record and on film". Originally intended for a one-hour television programme to be called
Beatles at Work, in the event much of the album's content came from studio work beginning in January 1969, many hours of which were captured on film by director
Michael Lindsay-Hogg. Martin said that the project was "not at all a happy recording experience. It was a time when relations between the Beatles were at their lowest ebb." Lennon described the largely impromptu sessions as "hell ... the most miserable ... on Earth", and Harrison, "the low of all-time". Irritated by McCartney and Lennon, Harrison walked out for five days. Upon returning, he threatened to leave the band unless they "abandon[ed] all talk of live performance" and instead focused on finishing a new album, initially titled
Get Back, using songs recorded for the TV special. He also demanded they cease work at
Twickenham Film Studios, where the sessions had begun, and relocate to the newly finished
Apple Studio. His bandmates agreed and it was decided to salvage the footage shot for the TV production for use in a feature film. (pictured in 1971) was, for a short time, considered a
fifth Beatle during the
Get Back sessions. To alleviate tensions within the band and improve the quality of their live sound, Harrison invited keyboardist
Billy Preston to participate in the last nine days of sessions. Preston received label billing on the "
Get Back" single – the only musician ever to receive that acknowledgment on an official Beatles release. After the rehearsals, the band could not agree on a location to film a concert, rejecting several ideas, including a boat at sea, a lunatic asylum, the Libyan desert and the
Colosseum. Ultimately, what would be their
final live performance was filmed on the rooftop of the Apple Corps building at 3
Savile Row, London, on 30 January 1969. Five weeks later, engineer
Glyn Johns, whom Lewisohn describes as
Get Backs "uncredited producer", began work assembling an album, given "free rein" as the band "all but washed their hands of the entire project". New strains developed between the band members regarding the appointment of a financial adviser, the need for which had become evident without Epstein to manage business affairs. Lennon, Harrison and Starr favoured
Allen Klein, who had managed
the Rolling Stones and
Sam Cooke; McCartney wanted
Lee and John Eastman – father and brother, respectively, of
Linda Eastman, whom McCartney married on 12 March. Agreement could not be reached, so both Klein and the Eastmans were temporarily appointed: Klein as the Beatles' business manager and the Eastmans as their lawyers. Further conflict ensued, however, and financial opportunities were lost. On 8 May, Klein was named sole manager of the band, the Eastmans having previously been dismissed as the Beatles' lawyers. McCartney refused to sign the management contract with Klein, but he was out-voted by the other Beatles. Martin stated that he was surprised when McCartney asked him to produce another album, as the
Get Back sessions had been "a miserable experience" and he had "thought it was the end of the road for all of us". The primary recording sessions for
Abbey Road began on 2 July. Lennon, who rejected Martin's proposed format of a "continuously moving piece of music", wanted his and McCartney's songs to occupy separate sides of the album. The eventual format, with individually composed songs on the first side and the second consisting largely of a
medley, was McCartney's suggested compromise. Emerick noted that the replacement of the studio's
valve-based mixing console with a transistorised one yielded a less punchy sound, leaving the group frustrated at the thinner tone and lack of impact and contributing to its "kinder, gentler" feel relative to their previous albums. '' album cover, on 8 August 1969, turned out to be the band's penultimate one. From left: Harrison, McCartney, Starr, Lennon. On 4 July, the first solo single by a Beatle was released: Lennon's "
Give Peace a Chance", credited to the
Plastic Ono Band. The completion and mixing of "
I Want You (She's So Heavy)" on 20 August was the last occasion on which all four Beatles were together in the same studio. On 8 September, while Starr was in hospital, the other band members met to discuss recording a new album. They considered a different approach to songwriting by ending the Lennon–McCartney pretence and having four compositions apiece from Lennon, McCartney and Harrison, with two from Starr and a lead single around Christmas. On 20 September, Lennon announced his departure to the rest of the group but agreed to withhold a public announcement to avoid undermining sales of the forthcoming album. Released on 26 September,
Abbey Road sold four million copies within three months and topped the UK charts for a total of seventeen weeks. Its second track, the ballad "
Something", was issued as a single – the only Harrison composition that appeared as a Beatles A-side.
Abbey Road received mixed reviews, although the medley met with general acclaim. Unterberger considers it "a fitting swan song for the group", containing "some of the greatest harmonies to be heard on any rock record".
Musicologist and author
Ian MacDonald calls the album "erratic and often hollow", despite the "semblance of unity and coherence" offered by the medley. Martin singled it out as his favourite Beatles album; Lennon said it was "competent" but had "no life in it". For the still unfinished
Get Back album, one last song, Harrison's "
I Me Mine", was recorded on 3 January 1970. Lennon, in Denmark at the time, did not participate. In March, rejecting the work Johns had done on the project, now retitled
Let It Be, Klein gave the session tapes to American producer
Phil Spector, who had recently produced Lennon's solo single "
Instant Karma!" In addition to remixing the material, Spector edited, spliced and overdubbed several of the recordings that had been intended as "live". McCartney was unhappy with the producer's approach and particularly dissatisfied with the lavish orchestration on "
The Long and Winding Road", which involved a fourteen-voice choir and 36-piece instrumental ensemble. McCartney's demands that the alterations to the song be reverted were ignored, and he publicly announced his departure from the band on 10 April, a week before the release of his first
self-titled solo album. On 8 May 1970,
Let It Be was released. Its accompanying single, "The Long and Winding Road", was expected to be the Beatles' last; it was released in the US, but not in the UK. The
Let It Be documentary film followed later that month and would win the 1970 Academy Award for
Best Original Song Score.
Sunday Telegraph critic
Penelope Gilliatt called it "a very bad film and a touching one ... about the breaking apart of this reassuring, geometrically perfect, once apparently ageless family of siblings". Several reviewers stated that some of the performances in the film sounded better than their analogous album tracks. Describing
Let It Be as the "only Beatles album to occasion negative, even hostile reviews", Unterberger calls it "on the whole underrated"; he singles out "some good moments of straight hard rock in '
I've Got a Feeling' and '
Dig a Pony and praises "
Let It Be", "Get Back" and "the folky '
Two of Us', with John and Paul harmonising together". McCartney filed suit for the dissolution of the Beatles' contractual partnership on 31 December 1970. Legal disputes continued long after their break-up and the dissolution was not formalised until 29 December 1974, when Lennon signed the paperwork terminating the partnership while on vacation with his family at
Walt Disney World Resort in Florida.
Post-breakup activities 1970s Lennon, McCartney, Harrison and Starr all released solo albums in 1970. Their solo records sometimes involved one or more of the other members; Starr's
Ringo (1973) was the only album to include compositions and performances by all four ex-Beatles, albeit on separate songs. With Starr's participation, Harrison staged
the Concert for Bangladesh in New York City in August 1971. Other than an unreleased jam session in 1974, later
bootlegged as ''
A Toot and a Snore in '74'', Lennon and McCartney never recorded together again. Two double-LP sets of the Beatles' greatest hits, compiled by Klein,
1962–1966 and
1967–1970, were released in 1973, at first under the Apple Records imprint. Commonly known as the "Red Album" and "Blue Album", respectively, each has earned a
Multi-Platinum certification in the US and a Platinum certification in the UK. Between 1976 and 1982, EMI/Capitol released a wave of compilation albums without input from the ex-Beatles, starting with the double-disc compilation ''
Rock 'n' Roll Music. The only one to feature previously unreleased material was The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl'' (1977); the first officially issued concert recordings by the group, it contained selections from two shows they played during their 1964 and 1965 US tours. The music and enduring fame of the Beatles were commercially exploited in various other ways, again often outside their creative control. In April 1974, the musical
John, Paul, George, Ringo ... and Bert, written by
Willy Russell and featuring singer
Barbara Dickson, opened in London. It included, with permission from Northern Songs, eleven Lennon–McCartney compositions and one by Harrison, "
Here Comes the Sun". Displeased with the production's use of his song, Harrison withdrew his permission to use it. Later that year, the off-Broadway musical ''
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band on the Road opened. All This and World War II (1976) was an unorthodox nonfiction film that combined newsreel footage with covers of Beatles songs by performers ranging from Elton John and Keith Moon to the London Symphony Orchestra. The Broadway musical Beatlemania, an unauthorised nostalgia revue, opened in early 1977 and proved popular, spinning off five separate touring productions. In 1979, the band sued the producers, settling for several million dollars in damages. Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' (1978), a musical film starring the
Bee Gees and
Peter Frampton, was a commercial failure and an "artistic fiasco", according to Ingham. Accompanying the wave of Beatles nostalgia and persistent reunion rumours in the US during the 1970s, several entrepreneurs made public offers to the Beatles for a reunion concert. Promoter Bill Sargent first offered the Beatles $10 million for a reunion concert in 1974. He raised his offer to $30 million in January 1976 and then to $50 million the following month. On 24 April 1976, during a broadcast of
Saturday Night Live, producer
Lorne Michaels jokingly offered the Beatles $3,000 to reunite on the show. Lennon and McCartney were watching the live broadcast at Lennon's apartment at
the Dakota in New York, which was within driving distance of the
NBC studio where the show was being broadcast. The former bandmates briefly entertained the idea of going to the studio and surprising Michaels by accepting his offer, but decided not to.
1980s In December 1980, Lennon was
shot and killed outside his New York City apartment by
Mark David Chapman, an American former Beatles fan. Harrison rewrote the lyrics of his song "
All Those Years Ago" in Lennon's honour. With Starr on drums and McCartney and his wife,
Linda, contributing backing vocals, the song was released as a single in May 1981. McCartney's own tribute, "
Here Today", appeared on his
Tug of War album in April 1982. In 1984, Starr co-starred in McCartney's film
Give My Regards to Broad Street, and played with McCartney on several of the songs on the
soundtrack. In 1987, Harrison's
Cloud Nine album included "
When We Was Fab", a song about the Beatlemania era. When the Beatles' studio albums were released on CD by EMI and Apple Corps in 1987, their catalogue was standardised throughout the world, establishing a canon of the twelve original studio LPs as issued in the UK plus the US LP version of
Magical Mystery Tour. McCartney declined to attend, citing unresolved "business differences" that would make him "feel like a complete hypocrite waving and smiling with them at a fake reunion". The following year, EMI/Capitol settled a decade-long lawsuit filed by the band over royalties, clearing the way to commercially package previously unreleased material.
1990s Live at the BBC, the first official release of unissued Beatles performances in 17 years, appeared in 1994. That same year McCartney, Harrison and Starr collaborated on the
Anthology project.
Anthology was the culmination of work begun in 1970, when Apple Corps director
Neil Aspinall, their former road manager and personal assistant, had started to gather material for a documentary with the working title
The Long and Winding Road. During 1995–96, the project yielded a television miniseries, an eight-volume video set and three two-CD/three-LP box sets featuring artwork by
Klaus Voormann. Documenting their history in the band's own words, the
Anthology project included the release of several unissued Beatles recordings. Alongside producer
Jeff Lynne, McCartney, Harrison and Starr also added new instrumental and vocal parts to songs recorded as demos by Lennon in the late 1970s, resulting in the release of two "new" Beatles singles, "
Free as a Bird" and "
Real Love". A third Lennon demo, "
Now and Then", was also attempted, but abandoned due to the low quality of the recording. and 13 million within a month. It topped albums charts in at least 28 countries. The compilation had sold 31 million copies globally by April 2009. Harrison died from
metastatic lung cancer in November 2001. McCartney and Starr were among the musicians who performed at the
Concert for George, organised by
Eric Clapton and Harrison's widow,
Olivia. The tribute event took place at the
Royal Albert Hall on the first anniversary of Harrison's death. In 2003,
Let It Be... Naked, a reconceived version of the
Let It Be album, with McCartney supervising production, was released. One of the main differences from the Spector-produced version was the omission of the original string arrangements. It was a top-ten hit in both Britain and America. The US album configurations from 1964 to 1965 were released as box sets in 2004 and 2006;
The Capitol Albums, Volume 1 and
Volume 2 included both stereo and mono versions based on the mixes that were prepared for vinyl at the time of the music's original American release. As a soundtrack for
Cirque du Soleil's
Las Vegas Beatles stage revue,
Love, George Martin and his son
Giles remixed and
blended 130 of the band's recordings to create what Martin called "a way of re-living the whole Beatles musical lifespan in a very condensed period". The show premiered in June 2006 and the
Love album was released that November. In April 2009, Starr performed three songs with McCartney at a benefit concert held at New York's
Radio City Music Hall and organised by McCartney. On 9 September 2009, the Beatles' entire back catalogue was reissued following an extensive digital remastering process that lasted four years. Stereo editions of all twelve original UK studio albums, along with
Magical Mystery Tour and the
Past Masters compilation, were released on compact disc both individually and
as a box set. A second collection,
The Beatles in Mono, included remastered versions of every Beatles album released in true mono along with the original 1965 stereo mixes of
Help! and
Rubber Soul (both of which Martin had remixed for the 1987 editions).
The Beatles: Rock Band, a music video game in the
Rock Band series, was issued on the same day. In December 2009, the band's catalogue was officially released in
FLAC and
MP3 format in
a limited edition of 30,000 USB flash drives.
2010s Owing to a long-running royalty disagreement, the Beatles were among the last major artists to sign deals with online music services. Residual disagreement emanating from
Apple Corps' dispute with Apple, Inc.,
iTunes' owners, over the use of the name "Apple" was also partly responsible for the delay, although in 2008, McCartney stated that the main obstacle to making the Beatles' catalogue available online was that EMI "want[s] something we're not prepared to give them". In 2010, the official canon of thirteen Beatles studio albums,
Past Masters and the "Red" and "Blue" greatest-hits albums were made available on iTunes. In 2012, EMI's recorded music operations were sold to
Universal Music Group. In order for Universal Music to acquire EMI, the
European Union, for
antitrust reasons, forced EMI to spin off assets including Parlophone. Universal was allowed to keep the Beatles' recorded music catalogue, managed by
Capitol Records under its
Capitol Music Group division. The entire original Beatles album catalogue was also reissued on vinyl in 2012; available either individually or as a box set. In 2013, a second volume of BBC recordings,
On Air – Live at the BBC Volume 2, was released. That December saw the release of another 59 Beatles recordings on iTunes. The set, titled
The Beatles Bootleg Recordings 1963, had the opportunity to gain a 70-year copyright extension conditional on the songs being published at least once before the end of 2013. Apple Records released the recordings on 17 December to prevent them from going into the public domain and had them taken down from iTunes later that same day. Fan reactions to the release were mixed, with one blogger saying "the hardcore Beatles collectors who are trying to obtain everything will already have these." On 26 January 2014, McCartney and Starr performed together at the
56th Annual Grammy Awards, held at the
Staples Center in Los Angeles. The following day,
The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to the Beatles television special was taped in the
Los Angeles Convention Center's West Hall. It aired on 9 February, the exact date of – and at the same time and on the same network as – the original broadcast of the Beatles' first US television appearance on
The Ed Sullivan Show, 50 years earlier. The special included performances of Beatles songs by current artists as well as by McCartney and Starr, archival footage and interviews with the two surviving ex-Beatles carried out by
David Letterman at the
Ed Sullivan Theater. In December 2015, the Beatles released their catalogue for streaming on various streaming music services including
Spotify and
Apple Music. In September 2016, the documentary film
The Beatles: Eight Days a Week was released. Directed by
Ron Howard, it chronicled the Beatles' career during their touring years from 1961 to 1966, from their performances in Liverpool's the Cavern Club in 1961 to their final concert in San Francisco in 1966. The film was released theatrically on 15 September in the UK and the US, and started streaming on
Hulu on 17 September. It received several awards and nominations, including for Best Documentary at the 70th British Academy Film Awards and the Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special at the 69th Primetime Creative Arts Emmy Awards. An expanded, remixed and remastered version of
The Beatles at the Hollywood Bowl was released on 9 September, to coincide with the release of the film. in 2018 On 18 May 2017,
Sirius XM Radio launched a 24/7 radio channel, The Beatles Channel. A week later, ''
Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band'' was reissued with new stereo mixes and unreleased material for the album's 50th anniversary. Similar box sets were released for
The Beatles in November 2018, and
Abbey Road in September 2019. In October 2019,
Abbey Road returned to number one on the UK Albums Chart. The Beatles broke their own record for the album with the longest gap between topping the charts as
Abbey Road hit the top spot 50 years after its original release.
2020s In November 2021,
The Beatles: Get Back, a documentary directed by
Peter Jackson using footage captured for the
Let It Be film, was released on
Disney+ as a three-part
miniseries. A book by the same title was released on 12 October. A
super deluxe version of the
Let It Be album was released on 15 October. In January 2022, the album
Get Back (Rooftop Performance), consisting of newly mixed audio of
the Beatles' rooftop performance, was released on streaming services. In 2022, McCartney and Starr collaborated on
a new recording of "
Let It Be" with
Dolly Parton,
Peter Frampton and
Mick Fleetwood, which was released on Parton's album
Rockstar in November 2023. In October, a
special edition of
Revolver was released, featuring unreleased demos, studio outtakes, the original mono mix and a new stereo remix using
AI de-mixing technology developed by Peter Jackson's
WingNut Films, which had previously been used to restore audio for the documentary
Get Back. New music videos were produced for "
Here, There and Everywhere" and "
I'm Only Sleeping", the latter of which won the
Grammy Award for Best Music Video at the
66th Annual Grammy Awards. In June 2023, McCartney announced plans to release "the final Beatles record" later in the year, using Jackson's de-mixing technology to extract Lennon's voice from an old demo of a song that he had written as a solo artist. The song, "
Now and Then", was released on 2 November 2023. Its official music video came out the following day, garnering upwards of 8 million views in its first 12 hours, as the song arrived on Spotify's rankings as one of the most-streamed current songs. The song became their first UK number-one single since 1969. It won the
Grammy Award for Best Rock Performance at the
67th Annual Grammy Awards, and was also nominated for
Record of the Year. The nominations were also historically significant for making "Now and Then" the first artificial intelligence–assisted track to be nominated for a Grammy award, and the first to win. On 8 May 2024, the 1970 film
Let It Be was released on Disney+, following a digital restoration by Jackson's
Park Road Post; it was the first time it was publicly screened since its original theatrical release. == Artistry ==