Michif Michif derives nouns, numerals, definite/indefinite articles, possessive pronouns, some adverbs and adjectives from
French, while it derives demonstratives (in/animate), question words, verbs (in/animacy agreement with the subject/object), and some adverbs/verb-like adjectives from
Cree. Further, many speakers of Michif are able to identify the French and Cree components of a given sentence, likely from the phonological and morphological features of words. Although the phonological systems of both French and Cree are generally independent in Michif, there is convergence in 1) mid-vowel raising, 2) sibilant harmony, 3) vowel length (e.g. French vowel pairs [i]/[ɪ] and [a]/[ɑ] differ in length as in Cree), and 4) instances where the three nasal vowels /æ̃/, /ũ/, and /ĩ/ occur in the Cree components, although this last point of convergence may be due to Ojibwe influence. In an attempt to make students unlearn Michif French, some nuns used a "token-system" in which each student was given ten tokens each week, and for every use of Michif French, a student would have to surrender a token. Students with the most tokens were rewarded with a prize. Overall, this system did not work. Newer research has moreover drawn more attention to the Bantu language known as Mbugu, spoken by the same ethnic group: it has proven to be identical in its grammar to Ma'a, to possess a lexicon with identical semantic and morphological organization, and to be known by all speakers of Ma'a. Mbugu and Ma'a are therefore today considered a single language with two separate lexical
registers, instead of two parallel "mixed" and "unmixed" languages. While the deep penetration of Cushitic vocabulary and its consistent stratification apart from Bantu vocabulary demands an exceptional account for the language's formation, inherited Bantu lexicon is therefore regardless also still present in the language.
Media Lengua Media Lengua (roughly translated to "half language" or "in-between language"), also known as
Chaupi-shimi,
Chaupi-lengua,
Chaupi-Quichua,
Quichuañol,
Chapu-shimi or
llanga-shimi, is a mixed language that consists of Spanish
vocabulary and
Ecuadorian
Quichua grammar, most conspicuously in its
morphology. Almost all
lexemes (89%), including
core vocabulary, are of Spanish origin and appear to conform to Quichua
phonotactics. Media Lengua is one of the few widely acknowledged examples of a "bilingual mixed language" in both the conventional and narrow
linguistic sense because of its split between roots and suffixes. Such extreme and systematic borrowing is only rarely attested, and Media Lengua is not typically described as a variety of either Quichua or Spanish. Arends et al. list two languages subsumed under the name
Media Lengua: Salcedo Media Lengua and Media Lengua of Saraguro. and more specifically, the dialect varieties within the province are known as Pijal Media Lengua and Anglas Media Lengua. Pieter Muysken suggests that the social context in which the language emerged as an intralanguage involved a presence of "acculturated Indians" that neither identified with traditional, rural Quechua nor with urban Spanish cultures. This is an instance of a language developing from a need for "ethnic self-identification".
Gurindji Kriol Gurindji Kriol exhibits a structural split between the noun phrase and verb phrase, with Gurindji contributing the noun structure including case-marking, and the verb structure including TAM (
tense-aspect-mood) auxiliaries coming from Kriol. In this respect, Gurindji Kriol is classified as a verb-noun (V-N) mixed language. Other examples of V-N mixed languages include
Michif and
Light Warlpiri. The maintenance of Gurindji within the mixed language can be seen as the perpetuation of Aboriginal identity under massive and continuing cultural incursion.
Cappadocian Greek and Cypriot Arabic Both
Cappadocian Greek and
Cypriot Maronite-Arabic are cases of extreme borrowing—the former from
Turkish and the latter from
Greek. The remaining Greek dialects of
Asia Minor display borrowing of vocabulary, function words, derivational morphology, and some borrowed nominal and verbal inflectional morphology from Turkish. Cypriot Arabic largely shows borrowing of vocabulary, and consequently Greek morphosyntax. While the language's grammatical base is from K'iche', its lexicon is supplied by Kaqchikel.
Other possible mixed languages •
Surzhyk, a freeform mixture of
Ukrainian and
Russian spoken in rural areas of
Ukraine. •
Bolze, a mixture of
French and
Swiss German spoken in the
Basse-Ville district of
Fribourg,
Switzerland. •
Bonin English, a mix of
Japanese and
English Creole. •
Gadal, or
Tagdal, a
Songhay base with a majority-
Tuareg vocabulary, sometimes considered a mixed language. •
Jopara, a mixture of
Guaraní and
Spanish that involves incorporating elements of Spanish grammar and vocabulary into Guaraní. •
Língua Geral Amazônica and
Língua Geral Paulista, important historical languages spoken in
colonial Brazil, composed mainly of Amerindian (predominantly
Tupi) lexicon and
Portuguese structure. •
Lomavren, a combination of
Armenian and
Indo-Aryan. •
Makassar Malay, mixing
Malay and
Makassarese elements. •
Missingsch,
Low Saxon grammar, pronunciation, pragmatics, loanwords and substrate and German vocabulary. •
Para-Romani languages such as
Erromintxela, which derives most of its lexicon from
Kalderash Romani but uses
Basque grammar and syntax. •
Petuh, Danish grammar and semantics with German vocabulary. •
Reo Rapa, a mixture of
Tahitian and Old Rapa. •
Shaetlan, a mixture of
Lowland Scots and the now extinct
Norn. •
Siculo-Arbëresh as spoken in
Sicily may possibly be classed as a mixed language, as it is largely mixed
Sicilian and
Arbëresh lexicon with
Arbëresh grammar. •
Yiddish, theorised by
Max Weinreich to have used elements of
Zarphatic,
Judeo-Italian,
Middle High German, versions of
Biblical Hebrew including Talmudic and post-Talmudic, and various
Slavic languages, including
Czech,
Ukrainian,
Polish,
Belarusian, and
Russian.
Possible mixed languages with a Chinese element •
Wutunhua, a mix of
Chinese and
Mongol •
Dao, Chinese–Tibetan •
E, a mix of one of the
Zhuang languages and
Pinghua Chinese •
Lingling and
Maojia, Mandarin–Miao •
Tangwang, Mandarin–Santa •
Waxiang, Hunanese–Miao •
Hezhou, Uyghur–Mandarin •
Chinglish, a mix of English with a Chinese language, especially when spoken by second-generation Chinese •
Kelantan Peranakan Hokkien, a mix of
Hokkien,
Kelantan-Pattani Malay and
Southern Thai. •
Philippine Hybrid Hokkien, a mix of
Philippine Hokkien,
Tagalog, and
English. ==Controversy==