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Habitats Directive

The Habitats Directive is a directive adopted by the European Community in 1992 as a response to the Berne Convention. The European Community was reformed as the European Union the following year, but the directive is still recognised.

History
From 1988 to 1992, the policy was given importance at the national level by policy experts, scientists and ecologists; later on in the 1990s this spawned further political, social and administrative discussions among the relevant countries. Due to differences in nature conservation traditions, national problems have arisen in the implementation of the directive. Since member states in the south and east of Europe participated less in nature policies, these states experienced problems with the EU provisions. In Germany, Austria, Italy and Belgium, the observation of conflicts between various government layers have caused prolonged delays in the management of nature policies. On the other hand, in member states such as the United Kingdom and Sweden, positive outcomes have developed due to stakeholder involvement, pro-active authorities, agencies responsible for implementation and public participation. According to one 2014 report there are increasing incompatibilities with the Natura 2000 policy on economic development. ==Annex I==
Annex I
Annex I lists the specific habitats which have been designated as the a Special Area of Conservation, to which a common EU-wide legislation applies. Certain habitats among those are furthermore designated as "priority habitat types". Habitats in the EU are given codes. An area or habitat can combine two habitats, and be designated as for example code 35.2 × 64.1 - Open grassland with Corynephorus and Agrostis (35.2), in combination with continental dunes (64.1). Example Annex I habitats are: Open sea and tidal areas • Sea cliffs and shingle or stony beaches • Atlantic and continental salt marshes and salt meadows • Mediterranean and thermo-Atlantic salt marshes and salt meadows • Salt and gypsum continental steppes Dunes • Sea dunes of the Mediterranean coast • Continental dunes, old and decalcified Standing and running freshwater • Sections of water courses with natural or semi-natural dynamics (minor, average and major beds) where the water quality shows no significant deterioration Matorral • Mediterranean arborescent matorral • Thermo-Mediterranean and pre-steppe brush • Phrygana Grasslands • Natural grasslands • Semi-natural dry grasslands and scrubland facies • Sclerophyllous grazed forests (dehesas) • Semi-natural tall-herb humid meadows • Mesophile grasslands Bogs, mires and fens • Sphagnum acid bogs • Calcareous fens Rocky areas and caves • Scree, chasmophytic vegetation on rocky slopes • Other rocky habitats Forests - Only (sub-)natural • Forests of temperate Europe • Mediterranean deciduous forests • Mediterranean sclerophyllous forests • Alpine and subalpine coniferous forests • Mediterranean mountainous coniferous forests The full list of habitats is distributed over 9 main categories. ==Annex II==
Annex II
Annex II lists species which determine if an area is a Special Area of Conservation. These include: Animals MammalsPyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus) • Bats: Rhinolophus blasii, R. euryale, R. ferrumequinum, R. hipposideros, R. mehelyi, Barbastella barbastellus, Miniopterus schreibersi, Myotis bechsteini, M. blythi, M. capaccinii, M. dasycneme, M. emarginatus, M. myotis • Rodents: Spermophilus citellus, Castor fiber, Microtus cabrerae • Carnivores: Lynx (Lynx lynx), otter (Lutra lutra) and Mustela lutreolaGrey seal and harbour seal • natural populations of wild goats (Capra aegagrus) • natural populations of wild sheep (Ovis ammon musimon) on Corsica and Sardinia. • Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica • the dolphin Tursiops truncatus and the harbour porpoise Phocoena phocoena Reptiles and amphibians • Land tortoises: Testudo hermanni, T. graeca and T. marginata • Freshwater turtles: Emys orbicularis, Mauremys caspica and M. leprosa • Lizards: Lacerta monticola, L. schreiberi, Gallotia galloti insulanagae, Podarcis lilfordi, P. pityusensis, Chalcides occidentalis (a skink) and Phyllodactylus europaeus (a gecko) • Snakes: Elaphe quatuorlineata, E. situla and Vipera ursinii • Salamanders: Chioglossa lusitanica, Mertensiella luschani, Salamandrina terdigitata, Triturus cristatus, olm (Proteus anguinus), Speleomantes ambrosii, S. flavus, S. genei, S. imperialis and S. supramontes • Toads: Bombina bombina and B. variegata • Frogs: Rana latastei, Discoglossus jeanneae, D. montalentii and D. sardus Fish • All Eudontomyzon species, Lampetra fluviatilis, L. planeri, Lethenteron zanandrai, Petromyzon marinusAphanius iberus and A. fasciatus • only natural populations of Hucho hucho • only freshwater populations of salmon (Salmo salar), the trout S. marmoradus and S. macrostigma • the cyprid fish Alburnus vulturius, A. albidus, Anaecypris hispanica, Aspius aspius, Barbus plebejus, B. meridionalis, B. capito, B. comiza, Chalcalburnus chalcoides, Chondrostoma soetta, Ch. polylepis, Ch. genei, Ch. lusitanicum, Ch. toxostoma, Gobio albipinnatus, G. uranoscopus, Iberocypris palaciosi, Leuciscus lucomonis, L. souffia, all species of Phoxinellus, Rutilus pigus, R. rubilio, R. arcasii, R. macrolepidotus, R. lemmingii, R. friesii meidingeri, R. alburnoides, Rhodeus sericeus amarus, Scardinius graecus • the Cobitidae loaches Cobitis conspersa, C. larvata, C. trichonica, C. taenia, Misgurnis fossilis, Sabanejewia aurata • of the perches: Gymnocephalus schraetzer and all Zingel species except Z. asper and Z. zingelGobiidae: Pomatoschistus canestrini, Padogobius panizzai, P. nigricans • the freshwater sculpins Cottus ferruginosus, C. gobio, C. petiti • all Alosa species, the river herrings or scads. • Aristotle's catfish (Silurus aristotelis) Crustaceans • the freshwater crayfish Austropotamobius pallipes Insects • the beetles Buprestis splendens, Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Dytiscus latissimus, Graphoderus bilineatus, Limoniscus violaceus, Lucanus cervus and Morimus funereus • the butterflies Coenonympha oedippus, Erebia calcaria, E. christi, Eriogaster catax, Euphydryas aurinia, Graellsia isabellae, Hypodryas maturna, Lycaena dispar, Maculinea nausithous, M. teleius, Melanagria arge, Papilio hospiton, Plebicula golgus • the praying mantis Apteromantis aptera • the dragonflies Coenagrion hylas, C. mercuriale, Cordulegaster trinacriae, Gomphus graslinii, Leucorrhina pectoralis, Lindenia tetraphylla, Macromia splendens, Ophiogomphus cecilia, Oxygastra curtisii • the grasshopper Baetica ustulata MolluscsGastropods (snails): Caseolus calculus, C. commixta, C. sphaerula, Discula leacockiana, D. tabellata, Discus defloratus, D. guerinianus, Elona quimperiana, Geomalacus maculosus, Geomitra moniziana, Idiomela subplicata (as Helix subplicata), Leiostyla abbreviata, L. cassida, L. corneocostata, L. gibba, L. lamellosa, Vertigo angustior, V. genesii, V. geyeri, V. moulinsiana • Bivalves: Margaritifera margaritifera and Unio crassus Plants Mosses and liverworts: Bruchia vogesiaca, Buxbaumia viridis, Dichelyma capillaceum, Dicranum viride, Distichophyllum carinatum, Drepanocladus vernicosus, Jungermannia handelii, Mannia triandra, Meesia longiseta, Nothothylas orbicularis, Orthotrichum rogeri, Petalophyllum ralfsii, Riccia breidleri, Riella helicophylla, Scapania massolongi, Sphagnum pylaisii, Tayloria rudolphiana Ferns and allies • the ferns Asplenium jahandiezii, Culcita macrocarpa, Trichomanes speciosum and Woodwardia radicans • the water ferns Marsilea batardae, M. quadrifolia and M. strigosaBotrychium simplex and Ophioglossum polyphyllum • the squillworts Isoetes boryana and I. malinverniana Monocots • Alismataceae: Caldesia parnassifolia and Luronium natansAllium grosiiEleocharis carniolicaJuncus valvatusHyacinthoides vicentinaLeucojum nicaeense • Daffodils: Narcissus asturiensis, N. calcicola, N. cyclamineus, N. fernandesii, N. humilis, N. pseudonarcissus subsp. nobilis, N. scaberulus, N. triandrus subsp. capax and N. viridiflorus • Grasses: Avenula hackelii, Bromus grossus, Coleanthus subtilis, Festuca brigantina, F. duriotagana, F. elegans, F. henriquesii, F. sumilusitanica, Gaudinia hispanica, Holcus setiglumis subsp. duriensis, Micropyropsis tuberosa. Pseudarrhenatherum pallens and Puccinellia pungens • Orchids: Cypripedium calceolus and Liparis loeselii • Cretan date palm (Phoenix theophrasti) Dicots • Apiaceae: Angelica palustris, Apium repens, Athamanta cortiana, Eryngium alpinum, Petagnia saniculifolia, Rouya polygama and Thorella verticillatinundataAldrovanda vesiculosaAsteraceae: Centaurea corymbosa, C. gadorensis, C. kartschiana, Centaurea micrantha subsp. herminii, C. pulvinata, C. rothmalerana, C. vicentina, Crepis granatensis, Erigeron frigidus, Hymenostemma pseudanthemis, Leontodon microcephalus, L. boryi, Leuzea longifolia, Ligularia sibirica, Santolina impressa, S. semidentata and Senecio nevadensisBoraginaceae: Myosotis lusitanica, M. rehsteineri, M. retusifolia, Omphalodes kuzinskyana and Solenanthus albanicusBrassicaceae: Alyssum pyrenaicum, Arabis sadina, Biscutella vincentina, Boleum asperum, Brassica glabrescens, B. insularis, Coincya cintrana, Diplotaxis ibicensis, D. vicentina, Erucastrum palustre, Iberis procumbens subsp. microcarpa, Ionopsidium savianum, Sisymbrium cavanillesianum and S. supinumCampanulaceae: Asyneuma giganteum, Jasione crispa subsp. serpentinica and J. lusitanicaCaryophyllaceae: Arenaria provincialis, Dianthus cintranus subsp. cintranus, D. marizii, D. rupicola, Herniaria algarvica, H. berlengiana, H. maritima, Moehringia tommasinii, Petrocoptis grandiflora, P. montsicciana, P. pseudoviscosa, Silene cintrana, S. hifacensis, S. longicilia and S. marianaCentranthus trinervisCistaceae: Cistus palhinhae, Halimium verticillatum, Helianthemum alypoides and H. caput-felisDaphne petraeaErodium paularenseEuphorbia transtaganaFabaceae: Anthyllis hystrix, Astragalus alopecurus (as Astragalus centralpinus), A. tremolsianus, Genista dorycnifolia, G. holopetala, Melilotus segetalis subsp. fallax and Trifolium saxatileGentianaceae: Gentiana ligustica and Gentianella angelicaLamiaceae: Dracocephalum austriacum, Nepeta dirphya, Origanum dictamnus, Sideritis incana subsp. glauca, S. javalambrensis, S. serrata, Teucrium lepicephalum, T. turredanum and Thymus carnosusMalvaceae: Kosteletzkya pentacarposNajas flexilisPaeoniaceae: Paeonia cambessedesii, P. parnassica and P. clusii subsp. rhodiaPinguicula nevadensisPlantago algarbiensis and P. almogravensisPlumbaginaceae: Armeria berlengensis, A. negleta, A. pseudarmeria, A. soleirolii, A. velutina, Limonium dodartii subsp. lusitanicum, L. lanceolatum and L. multiflorumPolygonaceae: Polygonum praelongum and Rumex rupestrisPrimulaceae: Androsace mathildae, A. pyrenaica, Primula palinuri and Soldanella villosaRanunculaceae: Adonis distorta, Aquilegia bertolonii, A. kitaibelii and Pulsatilla patensRosaceae: Potentilla delphinensisSaxifragaceae: Saxifraga berica, S. florulenta, S. hirculus and S. tombeanensisScrophulariaceae: Antirrhinum charidemi, Chaenorrhinum serpyllifolium subsp. lusitanicum, Euphrasia marchesettii, Linaria algarviana, L. coutinhoi, L. flava, L. tonzigii, Odontites granatensis, Verbascum litigiosum and Veronica micranthaThesium ebracteatumViola jaubertiana • Willow: Salix salviifolia subsp. australisZelkova abelicea Priority species There are also a number of priority species: AnimalsDutch tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus arenicola) • Wolf (Canis lupus): Spanish populations: only those south of the Duero; Greek populations: only those south of the 39th parallel) • Brown bear • Iberian lynx • Monk seal (Monachus monachus) • Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus) • Pyrenean ibex (Capra pyrenaica pyrenaica) • Apennine chamois (Rupicapra ornata) • Loggerhead sea turtle (Caretta caretta) • the lizard Gallotia simonyi • the viper Vipera schweizeri • Fire salamander (Salamandra salamandra aurorae) • Majorcan midwife toad (Alytes muletensis) • the frog Pelobates fuscus insubricus • the sturgeons Acipenser naccarii and Acipenser sturio • the fish Valencia hispanica • some of the anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea of Coregonus oxyrhynchus • the cyprid fish Ladigesocypris ghigii • the beetles Carabus olympiae, Osmoderma eremita and Rosalia alpina • the butterfly Euplagia quadripunctaria (under the synonym Callimorpha quadripunctata) Plants • the fern Dryopteris corleyi • the moss Bryoerythrophyllum machadoanum • the liverwort Marsupella profunda • the spruce Abies nebrodensisAndrocymbium rechingeriAsphodelus bento-rainhaeMuscari gussonei • the daffodil Narcissus nevadensisCarex panormitanaDioscorea chouardii (as Borderea chouardii) • Grasses: Stipa austroitalica, S. bavarica and S. veneta • Orchids: Cephalanthera cucullata and Ophrys lunulataApiaceae: Angelica heterocarpa, Apium bermejoi, Bupleurum capillare, B. kakiskalae, Eryngium viviparum, Laserpitium longiradium, Naufraga balearica, Oenanthe conioides and Seseli intricatumAsteraceae: Anthemis glaberrima, Artemisia granatensis, Aster pyrenaeus, A. sorrentinii, Carduus myriacanthus, Centaurea alba subsp. heldreichii and subsp. princeps, C. attica subsp. megarensis, C. balearica, C. borjae, C. citricolor, C. horrida, C. kalambakensis, C. lactiflora, C. niederi, C. peucedanifolia, C. pinnata, Crepis crocifolia, Jurinea cyanoides, J. fontqueri, Lamyropsis microcephala, Leontodon siculus and Senecio elodesAtropa baeticaBassia saxicolaBoraginaceae: Anchusa crispa, Lithodora nitida, Omphalodes littoralis and Symphytum cycladenseBrassicaceae: Biscutella neustriaca, Brassica macrocarpa, Coincya rupestris, Coronopus navasii, Diplotaxis siettiana, Iberis arbuscula and Ionopsidium acauleCampanula sabatiaCaryophyllaceae: Arenaria nevadensis, Gypsophila papillosa, Herniaria latifolia subsp. litardierei, Silene hicesiae, S. holzmanii, S. orphanidis, S. rothmaleri and S. velutinaConvolvulaceae: Convolvulus argyrothamnus and C. fernandesiiCistaceae: Tuberaria majorDaphne rodrigueziiEuphorbia margalidianaFabaceae: Astragalus algarbiensis, A. aquilanus, A. maritimus, A. verrucosus, Cytisus aeolicus, Ononis hackelii and Vicia bifoliolataGentianaceae: Centaurium rigualii and C. somedanumGeraniaceae: Erodium astragaloides and E. rupicolaHypericum aciferumLamiaceae: Micromeria taygetea, Nepeta sphaciotica, Thymus camphoratus and T. cephalotosLinum muelleriLythrum flexuosumPlumbaginaceae: Armeria helodes, A. rouyana, Limonium insulare, L. pseudolaetum and L. strictissimumPrimulaceae: Primula apenninaRanunculaceae: Aconitum corsicum, Aquilegia pyrenaica subsp. cazorlensis, Consolida samia and Ranunculus weyleriReseda decursivaRibes sardum a currant from Saridnia • Rubiaceae: Galium litorale and G. viridiflorumSalicornia venetaScrophulariaceae: Euphrasia genargentea, Globularia stygia, Linaria ficalhoana, L. hellenica, L. ricardoi, L. tursica and Veronica oetaeaViola hispida Macaronesia There is a separate list for plants from Macaronesia. • Isoestes azoricaMarsilea azoricaCarex malato-belizii • Grasses: Deschampsia maderensis, Phalaris maderensisScilla maderensisSemele maderensis • Orchids: Goodyera macrophyllaApiaceae: Ammi trifoliatum, Bupleurum handiense, Chaerophyllum azoricum, Ferula latipinna, Melanoselinum decipiens, Monizia edulis, Oenanthe divaricata and Sanicula azoricaArceuthobium azoricumAsteraceae: Andryala crithmifolia, Argyranthemum thalassophylum. A. winterii, Atractylis preauxiana, Calendula maderensis, Cheirolophus duranii, Ch. ghomerytus, Ch. junonianus, Ch. massonianus, Cirsium latifolium, Helichrysum gossypinum, H. oligocephala, Phagnalon benettii, Stemmacantha cynaroides and Sventenia bupleuroidesBeta patulaCaralluma burchardiiBoraginaceae: Echium candicans, Myosotis azorica and M. maritimaBrassicaceae: Crambe laevigata and Sinapidendron rupestreCampanulaceae: Musschia aureaCistaceae: Cistus chinamadensisCrassulaceae: Aeonium gomeraense, A. saundersii, Aichryson dumosum, Monanthes wildpretii and Sedum brissemoretiiCaryophyllaceae: Spergularia azoricaErica azoricaEuphorbia lambii and E. stygianaFabaceae: Anthyllis lemanniana, Lotus callis-viridis and Vicia dennesianaFrangula azoricaKunkeliella subsucculentaLamiaceae: Sideritis infernalis, S. marmorea, Teucrium abutiloides and T. betonicumMaytenus umbellataOleaceae: Jasminum azoricum and Picconia azoricaPlantago malato-beliziiPlumbaginaceae: Limonium dendroidesRumex azoricusRosaceae: Bencomia sphaerocarpa, Dendriopterium pulidoi, Marcetella maderensis, Prunus lusitanica subsp. azorica and Sorbus maderensisScabiosa nitensScrophulariaceae: Euphrasia grandiflora, Isoplexis isabelliana, Odontites holliana and Sibthorpia peregrinaViola paradoxa Macaronesian priority species • Mosses: Echinodium spinosum and Thamnobryum fernandesii Androcymbium psammophilumAsteraceae: Argyranthemum lidii, Atractylis arbuscula, Lactuca watsoniana, Onopordum nogalesii, O. carduelinum, Pericallis hadrosoma and Tanacetum ptarmiciflorumBoraginaceae: Echium gentianoidesBrassicaceae: Crambe arborea, C. sventenii and Parolinia schizogynoidesCampanulaceae: Azorina vidalii and Musschia wollastoniiCeropegia chrysanthaCistaceae: Helianthemum bystropogophyllumConvolvulaceae: Convolvulus caput-medusae, C. lopez-socasii and C. massoniiEuphorbia handiensisFabaceae: Anagyris latifolia, Dorycnium spectabile, Lotus azoricus, Lotus kunkelii, Teline rosmarinifolia and T. salsoloidesGeranium maderenseLamiaceae: Sideritis cystosiphon and S. discolorMyrica rivas-martineziiPittosporum coriaceumPlumbaginaceae: Limonium arborescens, L. spectabile and L. sventeniiRosaceae: Bencomia brachystachya and Chamaemeles coriaceaSambucus palmensisSolanum lidiiScrophulariaceae: Euphrasia azorica, Globularia ascanii, G. sarcophylla and Isoplexis chalcantha ==Annex III==
Annex III
This annex explains the criteria which are used to select sites which are eligible to be recognised as important for Europe, or as Special Areas of Conservation. The process consists of two stages. The first stage is to assess the importance at a national level, based on the habitats and species listed in Annex I and II. The second stage is to assess the importance for Europe as a whole, again based on the two earlier annexes. ==Annex IV==
Annex IV
Annex IV lists species of interest to Europe which are in need of strict protection. Mammals • Insectivores: Pyrenean desman (Galemys pyrenaicus), Erinaceus algirus and Crocidura canariensis • All species of Microchiroptera • Rodents: Beaver (Castor fiber), Cricetus cricetus, porcupine (Hystrix cristata), Sicista betulina, suslik (Citellus citellus), Sciurus anomalus, Microtus cabrerae, Dutch tundra vole (Microtus oeconomus arenicola), and all species of Gliridae except Glis glis and Eliomys quercinus • Carnivores: Grey wolf (except Spanish populations north of the Duero and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel), brown bear (Ursus arctos), otter {Lutra lutra}, Mustela lutreola, wild cat (Felis silvestris), lynx (Lynx lynx), Iberian lynx (Lynx pardinus) and monk seal (Monachus monachus) • Hoofed animals: Corsican red deer (Cervus elaphus corsicanus), natural populations of wild goats (Capra aegagrus), natural populations of wild sheep (Ovis ammon musimon) on Corsica and Sardinia, Balcan (Rupicapra rupicapra balcanica) and Apennine chamois (R. ornata) • Cetaceans: All species Reptiles and amphibians Turtles • Tortoises: Testudo hermanni, T. graeca and T. marginata • Sea turtles: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, Lepidochelys kempii, Eretmochelys imbricata and Dermochelys coriacea • Freshwater turtles: Emys orbicularis, Mauremys caspica and M. leprosa Lizards • Algyroides fitzingeri, A. marchi, A. moreoticus and A. nigropunctatusChamaeleo chamaeleonGallotia atlantica, G. galloti (including specifically the subspecies insulanagae), G. simonyi and G. stehlini • Geckoes: Cyrtopodion kotschyi, Phyllodactylus europaeus, Tarentola angustimentalis, T. boettgeri, T. delalandii and T. gomerensis. • Lacerta agilis, L. bedriagae, L. danfordi, L. dugesi, L. graeca, L. horvathi, L. monticola, L. schreiberi, L. trilineata and L. viridisOphisaurus apodusOphisops elegansPodarcis erhardii, P. filfolensis, Podarcis hispanica atrata, P. lilfordi, P. melisellensis, P. milensis, P. muralis, P. peloponnesiaca, P. pityusensis, P. sicula, P. taurica, P. tiliguerta and P. wagleriana • Skinks: Ablepharus kitaibelli, Chalcides bedriagai, Ch. occidentalis, Ch. ocellatus, Ch. sexlineatus, Ch. viridianus and Ophiomorus punctatissimusStellio stellio Snakes • Coluber caspius, C. hippocrepis, C. jugularis, C. laurenti, C. najadum, C. nummifer and C. viridiflavusCoronella austriacaEirenis modestaElaphe longissima, E. quatuorlineata and E. situlaEryx jaculusNatrix natrix cetti, N. natrix corsa and N. tessellataTelescopus falaxVipera ammodytes, V. schweizeri, V. seoanni (except Spanish populations), V. ursinii and V. xanthina Salamanders: • Chioglossa lusitanicaEuproctus asper, E. montanus and E. platycephalusOlm (Proteus anguinus) • Salamandra atra, S. salamandra aurorae, S. lanzai and S. luschaniSalamandrina terdigitataSpeleomantes ambrosii, S. flavus, S. genei, S. imperialis, S. italicus and S. supramontesTriturus carnifex, T. cristatus, T. italicus, T. karelinii and T. marmoratus Toads and frogs: • Alytes cisternasii, A. muletensis and A. obstetricansBombina bombina and B. variegataBufo calamita and B. viridisDiscoglossus galganoi, D. jeanneae, D. montalentii, D. pictus and D. sardus • Treefrogs: Hyla arborea, H. meridionalis and H. sardaPelobates cultripes, P. fuscus and P. syriacusRana arvalis, R. dalmatina, R. graeca, R. iberica, R. latastei and R. lessonae Fish • Perches: Zingel asper • Sturgeons: Acipenser naccarii and A. sturioCoregonus oxyrhynchus (anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea) • Valencia hispanica Insects • Beetles: Buprestis splendens, Carabus olympiae, Cerambyx cerdo, Cucujus cinnaberinus, Dytiscus latissimus, Graphoderus bilineatus, Osmoderma eremita and Rosalia alpina • Dragonflies: Aeshna viridis, Cordulegaster trinacriae, Gomphus graslinii, Leucorrhina albifrons, L. caudalis, L. pectoralis, Lindenia tetraphylla, Macromia splendens, Ophiogomphus cecilia, Oxygastra curtisii, Stylurus flavipes and Sympecma braueri • Grasshoppers: Baetica ustulata and Saga pedo • Lepidoptera: Apatura metis, Coenonympha hero, C. oedippus, Erebia calcaria, E. christi, E. sudetica, Eriogaster catax, Fabriciana elisa, Hypodryas maturna, Hyles hippophaes, Lopinga achine, Lycaena dispar, Maculinea arion, M. nausithous, M. teleius, M. arge, Papilio alexanor, P. hospiton, Parnassius apollo, P. mnemosyne, Plebicula golgus, Proserpinus proserpina and Zerynthia polyxena • Mantids: Apteromantis aptera SpidersMacrothele calpeiana MolluscsGastropods (snails): Patella feruginea, Caseolus calculus, C. commixta, C. sphaerula, Discula leacockiana, D. tabellata, D. testudinalis, D. turricula, Discus defloratus, D. guerinianus, Elona quimperiana, Geomalacus maculosus, Geomitra moniziana, Helix subplicata, Leiostyla abbreviata, L. cassida, L. corneocostata, L. gibba and L. lamellosa • Bivalves: Lithophaga lithophaga, Pinna nobilis, Margaritifera auricularia and Unio crassus EchinodermsCentrostephanus longispinus Plants Annex IV contains all the plant species listed in Annex II (except the mosses and lichens), plus the plant taxa listed below: • Ferns: Asplenium hemionitisDracaena dracoIridaceae: Crocus etruscus, Iris boissieri and I. mariscaLiliaceae: Androcymbium europeum, Bellevalia hackelli, Colchicum corsicum, C. cousturieri, Fritillaria conica, F. drenovskii, F. gussichiae, F. obliqua, F. rhodocanakis, Ornithogalum reverchonii, Scilla beirana and S. odorataNarcissus longispathus and N. triandrus • Orchids: Ophrys argolica, Orchis scopulorum and Spiranthes aestivalisApiaceae: Bunium brevifoliumAquilegia alpinaAsteraceae: Argyranthemum pinnatifidum subsp. succulentum, Helichrysum sibthorpii, Picris willkommii, Santolina elegans, Senecio caespitosus, S. lagascanus subsp. lusitanicus and Wagenitzia lancifoliaBerberis maderensisCampanula morettiana and Physoplexis comosaEuphorbia nevadensisGesneriads: Ramonda heldreichii (as Jankaea heldreichii) and Ramonda serbicaLamiaceae: Rosmarinus tomentosus, Teucrium charidemi, Thymus capitellatus and T. villosus subsp. villosusMandragora officinarumMoehringia fontqueriMurbeckiella sousaePrimulaceae: Androsace cylindrica, Primula glaucescens and P. spectabilisSaxifraga cintrana, S. portosanctana, S. presolanensis, S. valdensis and S. vayredanaScrophulariaceae: Antirrhinum lopesianum and Lindernia procumbensSideroxylon marmulanoThymelaea broteranaViola athois, V. cazorlensis and V. delphinanth ==Annex V==
Annex V
Annex V details the species which are of 'interest' to the European Union, of which the taking or exploitation of wild may be subject to the management decisions of the individual countries concerned. This largely concerns plants or animals in which the hunting or gathering was/is an economic activity. Mammals • Carnivores: golden jackal (Canis aureus moreoticus), Spanish populations north of the Duera and Greek populations north of the 39th parallel of the grey wolf, Martes martes, Mustela putorius, all species of Phocidae (seals) not mentioned in Annex IV, Genetta genetta and Herpestes ichneumonMountain hare (Lepus timidus) • Hoofed mammals: Capra ibex, C. pyrenaica (except C. pyrenaica pyrenaica) and Rupicapra rupicapra (except R. rupicapra balcanica and R. ornata) Amphibians • Rana esculenta, R. perezi, R. ridibunda and R. temporaria Fish • Lampreys: Lampetra fluviatilis and Lethenteron zanandrai • All sturgeon species not mentioned in Annex IV • Salmonidae: Thymallus thymallus, Hucho hucho, Salmo salar (only when in fresh water) and all Coregonus spp. (except Coregonus oxyrhynchus - anadromous populations in certain sectors of the North Sea) • Cyprinids: all Barbus spp. • Perciformes: Gymnocephalus schraetzer and Zingel zingel • All Alosa spp. • Catfish: Silurus aristotelis Other • Corals: Corallium rubrum • Molluscs: Helix pomatia, Margaritifera margaritifera, Microcondylaea compressa and Unio elongatulusHirudo medicinalis • Crabs: Astacus astacus, Austropotamobius pallipes and A. torrentium • Lobster: Scyllarides latus • Moth: Graellsia isabellae Plants • Red algae: Lithothamnium coralloides and Phymatholithon calcareum • Lichens: Cladonia subgenus Cladina • Mosses: Leucobryum glaucum, all Sphagnum species except Sphagnum pylasii • :Clubmosses: all Lycopodium spp. (see lycopodium powder) • Galanthus nivalis, Narcissus bulbocodium and N. juncifoliusIris lusitanicaLilium rubrumRuscus aculeatusAsteraceae: Arnica montana, Artemisia eriantha, A. genipi, Doronicum plantagineum subsp. tournefortii and Leuzea rhaponticoidesBrassicaceae: Alyssum pintadasilvae, Malcolmia lacera subsp. graccilima and Murbeckiella pinnatifida subsp. herminiiGentianaceae: Gentiana luteaLamiaceae: Teucrium salviastrum subsp. salviastrumFabaceae: Anthyllis lusitanica, Dorycnium pentaphyllum subsp. transmontana and Ulex densusPlumbaginaceae: Armeria sampaioRosaceae: Rubus genevieri subsp. herminiiScrophulariaceae: Anarrhinum longipedicelatum, Euphrasia mendonçae, Scrophularia grandiflora subsp. grandiflora, S. berminii and S. sublyrata ==Annex VI==
Annex VI
This annex compiles the types of capture and killing (i.e. hunting) which are prohibited in the European Community (and now the European Union), as well as prohibited modes of transport (while hunting). These can vary according to form of life. Birds are covered by the older Birds Directive. • Mammals, for example, may not be hunted using explosives, gassing or smoking out burrows, poisons and poisoned or anaesthetic bait, tape recorders, artificial light sources, mirrors and other dazzling devices, blind or mutilated animals used as live decoys, non-selective nets or traps, crossbows and semi-automatic or automatic machine guns with a magazine capable of holding more than two rounds of ammunition. Other prohibited hunting devices are those to illuminate targets, electrical and/or electronic devices capable of killing or stunning and sighting scopes for night shooting with an electronic image magnifier or image converter. • Fish may not be caught using poisons or explosives. It is furthermore illegal to hunt wildlife in the European Union from an aircraft or moving motor vehicle. ==See also==
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