Madonna and religion

Shortly after her debut in the 1980s, various cultural analyses of her figure touched on Madonna's religious connotations. Various of them were categorized under her mini academic subdiscipline, the Madonna studies, which flourished with other topics, according to observers such as Andi Zeisler, Douglas Kellner and Ricardo Baca. Author and professor Thomas Ferraro notes this early stage, saying "Madonna's impact posed an expressly religious puzzle". She also became a "favorite topic" for religious fundamentalists in her prime according to editors of Religion and Popular Culture (2016). They also addressed how her video "Like a Prayer" inspired "perhaps more than any other music video scholarly analysis of its religious meanings". In 2018, Cady Lang from Time magazine, commented that there are few figures more closely associated with religion in pop culture than Madonna. According to Ferraro, in Felling Italian: The Art of Ethnicity in America (2005), "Italian Catholicism informs just about everything Madonna does, most often in ways that are not officially sanctioned". In 2010, Time magazine included Madonna's moments in their "Top 10 Vatican Pop-Culture Moments"; a rank that shows how the Roman Catholic Church mixed with contemporary culture. == Madonna's religious profile ==

Madonna's religious background and public display have been documented. Catholicism Madonna was born and raised Catholic. She adopted "Veronica" as her confirmation name, paying tribute to Saint Veronica. Agents like the American theologian Chester Gillis, have explained that Madonna was educated in a strict Catholic household. It influenced and left a mark on both her life and career, In 1991, Christian author Graham Cray, wrote for Third Way that Madonna was the only lapsed Catholic in popular music who "has made a reaction against her Catholic background, in her driving force" and as a source of "motivation of her work". Biographer J. Randy Taraborrelli, in Madonna: An Intimate Biography (2018) adds that to Madonna's ambivalence about religion "must have been the way she was influenced by the somewhat fanatical —and confusing— she witnessed in her mother". He cited an adult Madonna saying: "I saw my mother doing things that really affected me. She would kneel on uncooked rice [...] If my aunt came over my house and had jeans that zipped up front, my mother covered all the statues so that they couldn't see such a display. She then turned the holy pictures towards the wall". Spiritual seeking Madonna made a major turn in the mid-1990s during her pregnancy. She began practicing yoga and reading spiritual developments coming from Asia such as Hinduism and Buddhism. She also became a Kabbalah devotee. However, she kept her Christian education, revealing that her daughter Lourdes, "will spend more time with the Bible than her television". Religious professor Kathryn Lofton, said that her turn to Kabbalah "inspired articles emphasizing her new spiritual enthusiasm". Erik Davis, considered her case "the biggest metaphysical blast" in an article for Spin published in 1999, where he reviewed industry's artists that incorporated or practiced spiritual beliefs. Amid her spiritual enthusiasm, Madonna later adopted the name "Esther", a Biblical Hebrew name that means "star". The centre attracted several Hollywood celebrities from Elizabeth Taylor to Britney Spears, but Madonna attracted "bigger headlines" according to Los Angeles Times investigative journalists Harriet Ryan and Kim Christensen. According to American scientist Peter Gleick, she also made famous their "Kabbalah water". Into the 2010s, it remained unclear if Madonna kept studying Kabbalah or if she was still an active member of the centre. In 2017, a Vice contributor explained that many celebrities, stopped attend the centre or studying Kabbalah. In 2011, British tabloid Daily Mirror and other media outlets, reported that Madonna considered joining Opus Dei, although Spanish newspaper El Confidencial reported it was a hoax. In 2020, editor Pedro Marrero interprets that Madonna has been a spiritual woman who has always sought God. Mary Lambert, director of her video "Like a Prayer", describes that "Madonna is a very religious person in her own way". Madonna herself, told Terry Wogan, in a 1991 interview, "I'm spiritual, religious". She reportedly prays before a stage show, and for what academic Akbar Ahmed called Madonna, the "pop philosopher of postmodernist culture" in the 1990s. Madonna's religious views, and others interpretations Besides her spiritual seeking, Madonna has made several statements about religion, and specific denominations. "So many critics seem to love to discuss Madonna's obsession with religion", wrote Fosca D'Acierno in The Italian American Heritage (1998). In this regard, Anne-Marie Korte from Utrecht University, wrote that "religion plays a major role in Madonna's statements and provocations". She has been quoted criticizing Catholic dogma, saying once that Catholicism "[is] not what God and Christianity are all about". In 2019, she also felt and stated: "The idea that in any church you go, you see a man on a cross and everyone genuflects and prays to him [...] in a way it's paganism/idolatry because people are worshipping a thing". In Fill These Hearts (2013), West quotes Madonna supporting Jesus as a divine being, who walked on the Earth, but she rejects "the religious behavior of any religious organization that does not encourage you to ask questions and your own explorations". Similarly, Christian author Dan Kimball wrote in They Like Jesus but Not the Church (2009), that "Madonna doesn't find anything wrong with the teachings of Jesus" but doesn't believe that "all paths lead to God", citing the problem of religious war. Spaniard music critic Joaquín Luqui reports that she loves Jesus, in "her own way". Canadian professor of religious studies, Aaron W. Hughes, in Defining Judaism: A Reader (2016), interprets that "for Madonna, religion in general and Judaism in particular are inherently divisive and this divisiveness is ultimately responsible for the problems we face". Korte was critical, saying that "Madonna's interest in religion has never been theologically focused: it consists of a combinations of distrust towards institutional religion and an eclectic individual form of spirituality". Broadly, Catholic author Christopher West believes that "her reflections on her religious upbringing echo the sentiments of a large swath of the population". == Implementation in her works ==

{{multiple image Religion has influenced Madonna's artistic path; she frequently incorporates religious iconography and themes of different denominations into her visuals and works. Cath Martin from Christian Today, wrote she "blurred the lines between art and her own take on religion". Due to her abundant usage, Conrad Ostwalt, a religious studies scholar at Appalachian State University, wrote in Secular Steeples (2012): "Perhaps the most interesting pop star whose work touches upon and implicates religious themes is Madonna". Similarly, professor Andrew Tomasello as cited by scholars David Rothenberg and Benjamin Brand, referred: Catholic iconography has been Madonna's constant. Martin commented that her love affair with the cross "has spanned her music career". In 2023, she reflected her work as an "artist united people, gave them freedom of expression, unity. It was the mirror of Jesus' teachings", in her understanding. About her use of crosses, she stated: "I like crosses. I'm sentimental about Jesus on the cross. Jesus was a Jew, and also I believe he was a catalyst, and I think he offended people because his message was to love your neighbor as yourself [...] He embraced all people, whether it was a beggar on the street or a prostitute, and he admonished a group of Jews who were not observing the prophets of the Torah. So he rattled a lot of people's cages". Author and professor Thomas Ferraro, cites celebrities such Mario Puzo and Frank Sinatra as examples of an "Italian pagan Catholic understanding of power", but he claims Madonna "gave it" a "long-awaited" and much "needed" female valence. On the other hand, her mispronunciation for the astangi in Ray of Light earned criticism of Hindu priests in Benaras and also intrigued some Sanskrit scholars. == Leadership reactions ==

noted Madonna revived a similar longstanding religious criticism on rock and roll. over the best part of her career. "Madonna has a particular distinction of enraging a variety of religious leaders", wrote Purchase College professor Steven C. Dubin. Alone her 2006 onstage crucifixion, attracted criticism from Christian, Muslim and Jewish leaders. About that event, San Francisco Examiner staffers, said "only Madonna could get Muslim, Jewish and Catholic leaders to agree on something". American philosopher Mark C. Taylor noted Madonna revived a similar longstanding religious criticism on rock and roll, that led representative of the religions charge her as a demonic. Organizations related to the Church, such as the Episcopal Conference of Italy criticized Madonna, and tried to ban her concerts. A parish priest from the organization, denounced Madonna as "an infidel and sacrilegious". She continued to attract public disapproval from Catholic Church in the early years of the 21st century. Vatican representatives questioned her forays with the Kabbalah. With her Confessions Tour, Madonna garnered a major backlash for her segment when she appeared crucified on a giant cross in the countries where the tour was scheduled. Other leaders and groups from Christian denominations, such as the Baptist Church, have criticized her. Vsevolod Chaplin from the Russian Orthodox Church, says "I'm absolutely sure that this person needs spiritual assistance" further adding "It's definitely clear for me that all these attempts to use religious symbols also reflect her state of mind and state of soul". American Baptist pastor Jerry Falwell and other conservative Christians leaders found Madonna's wearing religious symbols "trivializing" and "blasphemous" as well. Other religions Madonna also attracted the displeasure of various Hindu and Jews spiritual leaders. Orthodox rabbis also concerned about Madonna, denouncing her for debasing "Judaism's deepest mystical tradition", Rabbi Yisrael (Israel) Deri, caretaker of Isaac Luria's tomb (founder of Kabbalah), commented "this kind of woman wreaks an enormous sin upon the Kabbalah". Neutral views A handful of religious leaders were sympathetic or neutral towards Madonna's acts, and her artistic representation with religion. According to Goldman, some traditional rabbis tolerated her brand of Kabbalism. For instance, she brought the example of Jesuit priest Carlos Novoa, whom wrote in El Tiempo, is not a "mockery of the cross, but rather the complete opposite: An exaltation of the mystery of death". "My personal opinion is that Madonna is an artist and, like most artists, uses her experience and understanding of her culture in her work", Presbyterian minister Glenn Cardy stated in 2016. On the other hand, Sun Ho, a Singaporean Christian pastor and former singer, praised Madonna's music contribution in the field of dance music in 2006. In Seeker Churches (2000), author addressed the fact that "seeker church pastors tend to be more sympathetic in their analysis of Madonna's misguided quest for personal fulfillment", as pastor Lee Strobel suggests that Madonna's main problem is neither her "almost sacrilegious use of religious symbols" nor her "morally objectionable behavior", but instead that "she seeks fulfillment in all the wrong places". John W. Frye, citing Strobel in Jesus the Pastor (2010), said his models of teaching move toward "compassion" as in What Jesus Would Say, Strobel "imagines Jesus speaking to Madonna". Catholic priest Michael P. Sullivan, writing for Sun-Sentinel in 1994, stated: "Perhaps Madonna's displays of religion and her belief that she 'reeks of Catholicism' is part of God's unfolding will for her to be Madonna, virgin, open and loving, and perhaps mother as well". == Public reaction ==

Reactions towards Madonna among religious press and community, as well from general public for her religious display, vary with different degrees and perspectives. Religious community The Christian community has been described as the religious sector most offended by Madonna. Outside Christian religious community, in 2005, Reuters also informed: She "[...] has drawn frequent censure from ultra-Orthodox Jews who say her embrace of Kabbalah debases their religion". Some of them deemed Madonna as a "depraved cultural icon". Madonna's persona and work were both analyzed and commented in some religious-targeted publications. Colombian newspaper El Tiempo remarked in 1997, a dedicated article to Madonna and her film Evita by Italian's Catholic newspaper Famiglia Cristiana. She topped 2013's rank by Religion News Service of the "10 'blasphemous' pop songs and music videos". In the book What about Christian Rock? (1986), authors compared how the religious press called Christian singer Sheila Walsh "sexy", while labeling "porn queen Madonna 'born again'". They also reported about the nickname given to Amy Grant, as the "Madonna of Christian Rock", explaining that some publications picked it up, but when it appeared in the religious press, it offended many Christian readers. Susan also compared Saint Hildegard of Bingen's reputation, saying her fan base "continue to grow eight centuries after her death". In 2006, during her Confessions Tour, Christine Whelan dedicated an article to Madonna in Paulist Fathers' Busted Halo, receiving commentaries by website's community. Broadly, American religion historian Randall J. Stephens wrote in ''The Devil's Music: How Christians Inspired, Condemned, and Embraced Rock ’n’ Roll'' (2016), that some Christians might find the songs of performers such as the Beatles, Led Zeppelin or Madonna "degraded and artless". Madonna appeared with other entertainers in Focus on the Family's Chart Watch book of 1998, where some albums were reviewed, remarking their "pro-social content" and "objectionable" content, as well an "advisory" to readers. Various Madonna's concerts were condemned by religious adherents, including radical Orthodox believers. She angered many Polish religious adherents in various of her stops when she toured. According to Evangelical Times during her Dutch stop of the Confessions Tour, police arrested a 63-year-old priest who admitted to making a hoax call in an attempt to disrupt the event. A bomb threat was also reported. In January 2023, Madonna sparked again outrage among Christian community after doing an all-female Last Supper photoshoot, and also for channeling Virgin Mary as Our Lady of Sorrows, on the first Vanity Fairs European "Icon issue". The European Conservative headlined, that her photoshoots "Reveals Deep Occult Roots of the Entertainment Industry". Moderate views have been also reported. Jock McGregor, a contributor to the evangelical organization L'Abri commented that "not all Christians have been hostile" toward Madonna. McGregor, himself, considered dedicating a few words to Madonna because she is "a significant and representative child of her times". Anglican British writer, Karl Dallas commented at some point that "so far she has done little more than to use the talents God gave her, and challenged a few sensibilities with them". Theological, secular and other views Madonna has also been criticized from reviewers of non-religious targeted press, although throughout years, others have interpreted her religious display differently as well, with some favoring free speech. In Stealing My Religion: Not Just Any Cultural Appropriation (2022), her usage of Catholic aesthetics is understood as an appropriation "to promote her brand". Academic Anne-Marie Korte, similarly states she uses Christian symbols and misuses them to attract attention while showing disrespect for Christian and for religion in general. Media scholar John Fiske once felt and stated that her uses of religious iconography are neither religious nor sacrilegious. {{multiple image|perrow =3|total_width= 410 During the release of her video of "Like a Prayer", it was reported that religious liberals supported her as a martyr to free speech. According to authors of Doing Gender in Media, Art and Culture (2009), some theologians have supported Madonna, including her 2006 stage crucifixion, been called as a "contribution to feminist theology and liberation theology". In 2008, Gail Walker from Belfast Telegraph brought the scandals that Catholic Church have rocked, and also commented that her "musings on the simple icons of her culture seem more a positive recognition of the emotional power of Christianity than ridicule of it". Outside Christian world, some Hindu scholars backed Madonna's display of their religious traditions, including Vagish Shastri after the criticism she faced by religious organizations like World Vaisnava Association with her performance at MTV in 1998. Her conduit was also addressed. In Profiles of Female Genius (1994), editor compared that "if nothing else, she is honest" with her reflection, describing that despite she is offensive and appear sacrilegious to most people, he believes she is "more honest than many women see walking the streets of the world with crucifixes". Journalists Andrew Breitbart and Mark Ebner called Madonna, the "Mother Superior of perpetual self-indulgence". In the late-twentieth century, American journalist Pete Hamill even considered her "a good Christian". Some Madonna's responses and others interpretations Some of Madonna's statements as responses to controversies were documented. During the Blond Ambition World Tour, she invited the clergy of Vatican to attend the concert and "judge for themselves", while stated that her show was a "theatrical presentation of my music, and like theater, it ask questions, provokes thought [...]" and that the moral also include "believe in freedom and in God". As one of her most controversial performances, she claimed about her stage crucifixion in the Confessions Tour, that her performance was "neither anti-Christian, sacrilegious or blasphemous" and "it is not different than a persona wearing a cross". In 2018, Justin Ravitz from entertainment website Refinery29, labeled her as maybe one of the most famous Catholics in the world, and remarked her relationship and response to Catholicism, as a "confrontational and provocative" from the jump. Feminist scholar Camille Paglia described Madonna in 1991, as "the latest atavistic discoverer of the pagan heart of Catholicism". According to Premier Christian in 2015, her shows of the Rebel Heart Tour were accused of "Catholic-bashing" and for which Catholic League's Bill Donohue, said that her "anti-Catholic performances" are for her, and her fans, "a one thing that never gets old". For others, according to National World's Molly Paul, both her actions and religious themes may have crossed the line one "too many times". After her usage of Revelation 2:9's term of Synagogue of Satan, in the remix "Justify my Love" ("The Beast Within"), whom rabbi Abraham Cooper labeled as antisemitism, or "Jew as Devil", Madonna responded through her publicist according to the Associated Press. == Madonna and metaphors ==

Reviewers have noted how Madonna was analogously described with emic religious words and terms from some faith traditions or religious mythical folklore, both for concerns or as a metaphor. American author Boyé Lafayette De Mente noted how "millions" regarded her as an anti-Christ for "frequently profaning religious symbols". According to Seventh-day Adventist magazine Sings of the Times, some have adopted an alienated view of Madonna as the Great Whore of Babylon. Guilbert, also pointed out that she "projects the eternal image of the Babylon prostitute". Parallels to a cult following were also defined. From general perspectives, authors of Global Perspectives on Sports and Christianity (2017), explains that in the literature of fandoms, studiers use religious metaphors, further comparing that a fan club could be considered a "modern and secularized version of a religious group"; they also mentioned Madonna's case, while Lee Barron in Celebrity Cultures: An Introduction (2014), explains that "for many commentators", a celebrity can be read in a religious manner, whereby they are perceived to be figures worthy of "worship", although offering no salvation, he adds, as well also for their "religious endorsements" such as Tom Cruise (Scientology) or Madonna (Kabbalah). Academic Leo Braudy, in The Frenzy of Renown: Fame and Its History, traces the modern history of fame from medieval "glorification" of saints, through "creative artists" of the Renaissance and to "modern's performers" such as Madonna and Michael Jackson. Guilbert compared her "own cult" with that of a "goddess and priestess". After the announcement of her first concert in Mexico, in 1993, some called her an "enemy" of Our Lady of Guadalupe. In 2008, American journalist Ricardo Baca commented how some even considered her as a "divine creation", describing Madonna for pushing trends, including religious ones over the past 25 years. Kate Racculia even referred in her novel Tuesday Mooney Talks to Ghosts: An Adventure (2019), to the "altar of Our Lady Madonna Louise of Ciccone", telling part of the story of "Dex". In The Power of Madonna, character Sue Sylvester also looks up to Madonna as a concept/deity. "A figure as disturbing as she is sacred", commented Olivier Bouchara from Vanity Fair France in 2023. In 2016, professor Abigail Gardner, similarly stated that she "has been referred to as a modern pop goddess". Moreover, art historian Kyra Belán also noted in The Virgin in Art (2018), that "some" have called Madonna as "The Holy Mother of Pop". In 2006, Ottawa Citizens Dunlevy, T'cha discussed and referred to her as the "matron saint of pop music". Others have referred to her as the "high priestess of pop", and journalists like Julián Ruiz from El Mundo called her as "Our Lady". Case of word "icon" Madonna was both defined and discussed as an "icon", a word of religious overtones. Günter Leypoldt, Universität Heidelberg professor of American literature, lumped her with other three examples as "obvious" illustrations of "cultural icon", further citing Oxford English Dictionarys 2009 definition of "icon". "Thus, if researchers, journalists, or everyday conversationalists were to call [...] Madonna a cultural icon, they may not be saying just that she is a striking image but that as a culture, we have invested her with a sacred status that any of her images carry", wrote author of Sexualities and Popular Culture (1998). In Language, Society, and New Media: Sociolinguistics by semiotician Marcel Danesi, is documented that the word "icon" is a "term of religious origin" and "arguably used for the first time in celebrity culture to describe the American pop singer Madonna". The following description asserts that this word is "now used in reference to any widely known celebrity, male or female". Having mentioned the case of Madonna, Guy Babineau from Xtra Magazine stated in 2008: "I'm old enough to remember when people weren't called icons". Over years, while mentioning Madonna but some reacted no impressive, a number of scholars have illustrated how the word "icon" became more popular for cultural terms, instead of religion and art history, including Keyan Tomaselli and David H. T. Scott in Cultural Icons (2009), and authors of Handbook of Research on Consumption, Media, and Popular Culture in the Global Age (2019), where they used the analogy between Madonna and the Virgin Mary. According to scholar Ana Wortman, in the Latin American Council of Social Sciences (2007), she achieved status of "cultural object" in the sense of cultural anthropology. Therefore, Wortman believes that some people wear her image on a T-shirt as a cultural artifact. Background and author interpretations . Danesi stated that calling Madonna an "icon" was also a result of the irony of her name. She "appeared as challenging twentieth-century image of an ancient icon", wrote Lucy O'Brien in Madonna: Like an Icon (2007). In a similar connotation, Gardner also wrote that "she has appeared as a modern incarnation of an ancient icon", comparing her to ancient mythical goddesses like Aphrodite. For Madonna, as Rodrigo Fresán quotes, an icon is when people start to unrealistically identify with them or hate for "all the wrong reasons". In the 1990s, scholar Camille Paglia called her an "important icon", while Rolling Stone staffers, named her a "living icon". In the mid-2010s, Naomi Fry copy chief of T: The New York Times Style Magazine deemed her the "most iconic of icons", and Erica Russell from MTV commented that she has both defined and redefined what it means to be an icon. Depictions and controversies "Religion appears in popular culture and popular culture appears in religion", according to the editors of The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945 (2005). Although the magazine stressed it was to show how some popstars "have achieved cult status and are often referred to as icons". A similar situation occurred in Florida, United States circa 1995, when a bus featured an advertisement of Madonna over a Virgin Mary iconography and caused Catholic League's reactions. A 19th century Virgin Mary icon located in a street of Italy's Rome was overlapping with Madonna's face. An assistant art professor from the University of Tampa, used Madonna and Elvis Presley in an exhibition displayed in Italy to show how popular culture "is becoming a religion for some people". Italian Ursuline nun, Sister Cristina made her musical debut in 2014, covering the song "Like a Virgin", as "a testimony of God's capacity to turn all things into something new". She later gave a copy of her album to Pope Francis. Madonna was name-checked in some religious dialogues. Shaul Magid, a religious scholar, wrote in American Post-Judaism (2013), heard about rabbis in Reform and Conservative synagogues citing in their discourses, the singer, Homer, Plato, Buddha, Muhammad, Gandhi, Martin Luther King Jr. or the Dalai Lama. "This is as if we tried to enter into a dialogue with Catholics, and for this purpose we invite the Pope and pop star Madonna", echoed German academic Christian Joppke from a religious Muslim leader, objecting to the participation of feminist Muslim critics at the first German Islam Conference in September 2006. == Impact in popular culture ==

American professor Arthur Asa Berger described that she has raised many questions about religion. The advent of music video "Like a Prayer" marked alone, to inspire "leading" cultural studies theorists, musicologists, and philosophers, from Susan McClary to Mark C. Taylor to explore new ways of addressing works' religious meanings, according to authors of Religion and Popular Culture (2016). Joel Martin in Screening The Sacred (2018), also said that religion has become a simple one topic, and not a particularly one. He perceives that critics, seem to assume that religion has declined in importance in the modern age of advanced capitalism, and the critical action is elsewhere—with Madonna, not the madonna—. Graham Howes, a sociologist of religion, explored in The Art of the Sacred (2006), the "altered" meanings, describing "a strong case could be made for the dominant imagery of contemporary Western culture being neither primarily visual nor verbal but essentially audiovisual —the singer Madonna, rather than the madonna—. In Changing Fashion (2007), authors commented "nothing is sacred, everything is marketable"; they also mentioned Madonna within the book. secular and religious press would later compare other artists' works with Madonna, including Lady Gaga (pictured). Cady Lang from Time stated in 2018, her "obsession with her Catholic upbringing has undeniably shaped both the pop culture and fashion landscape". "For the first time in mainstream culture", she brought religious symbolism into pop music, said Gail Walker from Belfast Telegraph. Scholars in Queer Religion (2011), wrote: "Since Madonna's time in the media spotlight, we are several cultural cycles removed from the idea that traditional religious imagery points directly and unambiguously to the divine". Media Events in a Global Age (2009) similarly argued that "her use and manipulation of Christian symbolism unleashed a new trajectory of meanings and associations for those symbols quite outside the control and purview of institutional religious authority, much to the chagrin of religion leaders". Some perceived an influence on other entertainers; according to Nelson George, Blackout by Britney Spears "contains some direct Madonna references", with the CD booklet photo showing Spears sitting on a priest's lap. In decrying Lady Gaga's mimicry of Madonna, Bill Donohue president of the US Catholic League acknowledges that "religious" symbolism already has an autonomous, secular system of meaning in popular culture. argues in Virtual Faith (1998) that "pop music has become the amniotic fluid of contemporary society. It is the place where we work out our spirituality". Australian music journalist Craig Mathieson, wrote for The Canberra Times in 2016, that "it was Madonna who summed up the way pop music intertwines the secular and spiritual". Fashion style, which incorporated crucifixes as a fashion item Lynn Neal, assistant professor of religious studies at Wake Forest University, wrote in Religion in Vogue (2019), that despite the criticism from the Christian community toward Madonna, others found her juxtaposition of religious symbols with female sexuality as "fashionable" and sought to emulate her style. The Globe and Mails Nathalie Atkinson was critical, granting Madonna a major role because religious iconography became "subversive" for the masses since the 1980s, while her style infiltrated high fashion. Some authors discussed her impact with the usage of crucifixes as a fashion item in her early career; in 1991, Christian writer Graham Cray said "she has made the crucifix a fashion icon". Vogue Italias Laura Tortora, even thought Madonna was the first to wear crucifixes as fashion accessories. Neal mentioned previous examples, but they generated little commentary and controversy in either the secular or religious press. Due to singer's popularity, Neal said "the most credit" for the popularity of cross jewelry could go to Madonna, further citing an industry insider, whom said her cross "had a noticeable impact". According to authors of The Columbia Documentary History of Religion in America Since 1945 (2005), academics have documented the cross-shaped jewelry inspired by Madonna, might be understood as "a religious symbol that has overtaken the culture". In 1985, minister Donald Wildmon called her "anti-Christian" and "antifamily" for wearing crucifixes as jewelry. Mary Cross also reported that others accused her as "a source of moral contagion" to children and families. Writing for Vanity Fair in 2019, Osman Ahmed, commented that "many of today's" jewelers look to the magpie mash-up of the New Romantics and Madonna in her Like a Virgin phase. In 2004, BBC informed that after Madonna's use of red string, other celebrities followed suit, such as Britney Spears and Courtney Love. Editor of Fashion Fads Through American History (2015), also mentioned other adopters that drew publicity, such as Michael Jackson, Demi Moore and Lindsay Lohan. Spiritual practices/traditions Associate professors in Religion and Popular Culture: Rescripting the Sacred (2016), explained that she has been giving credit for opening up new ways to experience and express spirituality and religion. Similarly, in The Bloomsbury Handbook of Religion and Popular Music (2017) by Christopher Partridge and Marcus Moberg, Madonna is credited with ushering Indochic, and the resignifications of Hindu symbols like the bindi and henna, practices like yoga, meditation and the language Sanskrit as "fashionable and cool" in her generation. Madonna was among the leading celebrities in popularize the Kabbalah studies. Karen Stollznow, an Australian writer commented that she made it "trendy" in Occident. Author Alison Strobel commented that "Madonna had popularized it to the point where it was simple to find a place to go learn". By 2015, American educator and theologian Robert E. Van Voorst remarked Internet searches for "Madonna" and "Kabbalah" returning more than 695,000 hits on February of that year, and which led him to conclude it "remains strong". Other publications have particularly explored Madonna's role for bringing yoga to the masses in her generation; from The New York Times to Diario Sur, placing her on frontline compared to others. These sources have exemplified the previous stereotype associated with the subcultural group of hippies. In Women, Body, Illness (2003), Madonna is credited with popularizing Ashtanga Yoga as a way to blend spiritual awareness with body fitness. However, yoga guru Sadhguru, was overall critical about textbooks and other sources giving credit to figures like Madonna, and not Shiva (Adiyogi). == Cultural concerns ==

Discussions from the Book of Revelation, the biblical references such as "murders, fornicators, and liars will burn in a lake of fire". (Revelation 21:8) Madonna's popularity along with her religion forays and its public reception further worried different societal sectors and imposed cultural concerns. In the 1990s, academic Akbar Ahmed commented that in the cases of Rushdie and Madonna, "numerous overlapping national, intellectual and cultural boundaries are being crossed". In particular, according to sources like National Post, Madonna "has a history of pushing the buttons of the Roman Catholic Church", and British academic Helen Weinreich-Haste says "much has been written about her subversive effect on middle-class and Catholic values". In 2002, H. T. Spence from Foundations Bible College decried that although the world has written her up as being very philosophical and theological in her presentation, "she is the factual commentary that America has come to a cultural illiteracy". Stephen Prothero put Madonna in context of his interpretation in Religious Literacy (2009), that "many cannot recognize the phrase 'Hail, Mary', except as the name of a football play", and also that many are "unaware" that the singer was "named after someone". In Madonna as Postmodern Myth (2002), French academic Georges-Claude Guilbert captures and perceived a related feeling by saying, "today, America knows more about Madonna than about any passage of the Bible". Sociologist Bryan Turner reviewed Ahmed's words and his emphasis on Madonna, saying: Madonna also became one of the entertainers that attracted notable concerns about her spiritual forays. Authors Peter Levenda and Paul Krassner concurred that probably no person of the 1980s and 1990s in the American popular culture represents better the conflicting spiritual forces that Madonna. "Some of the most important and interesting texts in recent U.S. culture which have overlapping concerns with liberations theologies are by Madonna", wrote religious scholar Mark D. Hulsether, in Bruce Forbes's Religion and Popular Culture in America. British-Australian sociologist Bryan Turner explained and commented that popular religion became a component in the industry and Madonna "is the most spectacular illustration of this process". British commentator Melanie Phillips, said that Madonna, Cherie Blair and Princess Diana represent the rise of what Christopher Partridge has termed "occulture". In Mediating Faiths (2016), Joy Kooi-Chin Tong wrote that Madonna, Microsoft and McDonald's, represented a "fierce competition" for religious leaders in Singapore to retain their followers' loyalty. Following the release of "Justify My Love", there was a report of graffiti in at least three synagogues and a high school in Ventura County, California, using the phrase "synagogue of Satan" (Revelations 2:9). Israeli visits and Kabbalah studies Madonna concerned some Israelis and Palestinians, during a massive infiltration of the Kabbalah into the public eye; she attended a Kabbalah lecture in Israel during the 2004 Jewish New Year. Her decision to visit Rachel's Tomb was criticized by pro-Palestinian activists, and some protests were made. Agence France-Presse (AFP), informed that she raised questions over the nature of her faith. Goldman commented she received an overwhelming amount of media and government attention, resulting in "unforeseen diplomatic consequences". As a result, Egypt banned Madonna from visiting their country. The Jewish agency International Society for Sephardic Progress requested to Yitzhak Kaduri —the maximum authority of Kabbalah in his time— to refuse to bless the singer. Kaduri flatly refused to see Madonna on her pilgrimage to Israel. Madonna was reportedly to further made visits to Israel after 2004, due her study of Kabbalah, but no dragged major public concerns. The media were also divided. The Jerusalem Post described her as "an open philo-Semite who has done more than many Jews". Giving Madonna and her embrace of Kabbalah the "benefit of the doubt", staffers of the Post declared: "Perhaps Madonna will lead some Jews and others astray and give a rich and sophisticated branch of Judaism a bad name. Perhaps, however, some of the many Jews and others who seek spirituality and community in other quarters, such as Eastern religions, will be inspired to explore what Judaism has to offer". Scholars from the University of Northern Iowa criticized Madonna for turning the multi-thousand year old religious study into entertainment. Kabbalah itself has also raised concerns; British commentator Melanie Phillips described her as "world's most famous proponent of Kabbalah", which she argues is a "modern perversion" of a branch of Jewish mysticism. On the other hand, Rabbi Kerry M. Olitzky believes that her interest in one form of Jewish philosophy spilled over into advocacy for the land of Israel. She declared: "This [study of Kabbalah] appears like I'm Jewish [...] but these rituals are connected to what I describe as the Tree of Life consciousness and have more to do with the idea of being an Israelite, not Jewish. The tribes of Israel existed before the religion of Judaism existed, so you have to do your history". Madonna and dichotomy {{multiple image She is one of the world's first performers to "manipulate the juxtaposition of sexual and religious themes", said business theorist Jamie Anderson. Donald C. Miller, considered is "something that set her apart from earlier female performers". Conversely, author of Transgressive Corporeality (1995), said that Madonna created "a religion of the simulacrum" by mocking the traditional meaning of the symbols of Catholicism, and reducing them to vehicles for the evocation of sexual feeling. She inscribed her own view of sin exploring her sexuality and religious themes. It influenced others, according to professor Peter Gardella in Innocent Ecstasy (2016). Miller, another supporter of these views, noted her early influence in a substantial number of teenage girls, as Madonna impacted not only their fashion, but their identities and influencing on their life goals and desires. Catholic priest Andrew Greeley, in The Catholic Myth (1997), summed up that for her critics, "it is because she has contaminated religion with sex that Madonna must be condemned". In Kabbalah and Modernity (2010), by professors of religious studies Boaz Huss, Kocku von Stuckrad and researcher Marco Pasi, it is stated that "from the beginning Madonna has presented herself as saint and virgin on the one hand, and as a sinner with inclination to promiscuity" and more that any other artist, Madonna plays with these roles and this way, most interpreters agree she is the "icon" of postmodern self-fashioning. Semiotician Marcel Danesi commented that "perhaps no one has come to symbolize the sacred vs. profane dichotomy more than Madonna". Theologian of gay liberation, Robert Goss described her as an icon whom "has dissolved the boundaries between queer culture and queer faith communities" (also known as gay religion). Other Madonna's acts were analyzed. M.C. Bodden, an early modern English professor at Jesuit institution, Marquette University, explored the "Madonna prayer" in the film Truth or Dare. Sociologist Bryan Turner, as is cited in Religious Commodifications in Asia: Marketing Gods (2007) illustrates: ==See also==

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