Outline of finance

The term finance may incorporate any of the following: • The study of money and other assets • The management and control of those assets • Profiling and managing related risks == Fundamental financial concepts ==

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Asset types • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Financial Technology == History ==

• • • • • • • • • • • Vix pervenit 1745, on usury and other dishonest profit • • • • Post-World War I hyperinflation; see • • • • • • • • • • • • • == Finance terms by field ==

Accounting (financial record keeping) • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Banking • See articles listed under: Corporate finance • Below • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • (Strategic) Financial management • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Investment management • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Personal finance • • • • • • • Credit and debt • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Canada • • • • • United Kingdom • • • United States • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Public finance • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Risk management • • • • • • • • • • • • • Downside risk & Upside risk • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Computation • • • • • Alternate measures • • • • Extensions • • • • • • • • Constraint finance • • • • • • • == Insurance ==

• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Credit insurance • • • • • • • • • • • == Economics and finance ==

Finance-related areas of economics • • • • • • • • • • • • Corporate finance theory • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Uncertainty • • • • • • • Risk management • • • • • Asset pricing theory • • • • • • • • Underlying theory below • Financial markets • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Arbitrage-free price • • • • • • Complete market & Incomplete markets • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Application: • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Asset pricing models • Equilibrium pricing • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities • • • • • • • • • Bonds; other interest rate instruments • • • • Risk neutral pricing • Equities; foreign exchange and commodities; interest rates • • • • • • • Bonds; other interest rate instruments • • • • • • • • • • • • == Mathematics and finance==

Time value of money • Present value • Future value • Discounting • Net present value • Internal rate of return • Annuity • Perpetuity Financial mathematics Mathematical tools • Probability • Probability distribution • Binomial distribution • Log-normal distribution • Poisson distribution • Stochastic calculus • Brownian motion • Geometric Brownian motion • Cameron–Martin theorem • Feynman–Kac formula • Girsanov's theorem • Itô's lemma • Martingale representation theorem • Radon–Nikodym derivative • Stochastic differential equations • Stochastic process • Jump process • Lévy process • Markov process • Ornstein–Uhlenbeck process • Wiener process • Monte Carlo methods • Low-discrepancy sequence • Monte Carlo integration • Quasi-Monte Carlo method • Random number generation • Partial differential equations • Finite difference method • Heat equation • Numerical partial differential equations • Crank–Nicolson method • Volatility • ARCH model • GARCH model • Stochastic volatility • Stochastic volatility jump Derivatives pricing • Underlying logic (see also #Economics and finance above) • Rational pricing • Risk-neutral measure • Arbitrage-free pricing • Brownian model of financial markets • Martingale pricing • Forward contract • Forward contract pricing • Futures • Futures contract pricing • Options (incl. Real options and ESOs) • Valuation of options • Black–Scholes formula • Approximations for American options • Barone-Adesi and Whaley • Bjerksund and Stensland • Black's approximation • Optimal stopping • Roll–Geske–Whaley • Black model • Binomial options model • Finite difference methods for option pricing • Garman–Kohlhagen model • The Greeks • Lattice model (finance) • Margrabe's formula • Monte Carlo methods for option pricing • Monte Carlo methods in finance • Quasi-Monte Carlo methods in finance • Least Square Monte Carlo for American options • Trinomial tree • Volatility • Implied volatility • Historical volatility • Volatility smile (& Volatility surface) • Stochastic volatility • Constant elasticity of variance model • Heston model • SABR volatility model • Local volatility • Implied binomial tree • Implied trinomial tree • Edgeworth binomial tree • Johnson binomial tree • Swaps • Swap valuation • • • • • Multi-curve framework • • Interest rate derivatives (bond options, swaptions, caps and floors, and others) • Black model • caps and floors • swaptions • Bond options • Short-rate models (generally applied via lattice based- and specialized simulation-models, although "Black like" formulae exist in some cases.) • Rendleman–Bartter model • Vasicek model • Ho–Lee model • Hull–White model • Cox–Ingersoll–Ross model • Black–Karasinski model • Black–Derman–Toy model • Kalotay–Williams–Fabozzi model • Longstaff–Schwartz model • Chen model • Forward rate / Forward curve -based models (Application as per short-rate models) • LIBOR market model (also called: Brace–Gatarek–Musiela Model, BGM) • Heath–Jarrow–Morton Model (HJM) • Cheyette model • Valuation adjustments • Credit valuation adjustment • XVA • Yield curve modelling • Multi-curve framework • Bootstrapping (finance) • • • Nelson-Siegel • Portfolio mathematics • Mathematical techniques below • Quantitative investing below • • Portfolio optimization • § Optimization methods • § Mathematical tools • Merton's portfolio problem • Kelly criterion • Roy's safety-first criterion • Specific applications: • Black–Litterman model • Universal portfolio algorithm • Markowitz model • Treynor–Black model == Financial markets ==

Market and instruments • Capital markets • Securities • Financial markets • Primary market • Initial public offering • Aftermarket • Free market • Bull market • Bear market • Bear market rally • Market maker • Dow Jones Industrial Average • Nasdaq • List of stock exchanges • List of stock market indices • List of corporations by market capitalization • Value Line Composite Index Equity market • Stock market • Stock • Common stock • Preferred stock • Treasury stock • Equity investment • Index investing • Private Equity • Financial reports and statements • Fundamental analysis • Dividend • Dividend yield • Stock split Equity valuation • Dow theory • Elliott wave principle • Economic value added • Fibonacci retracement • Gordon model • Growth stock • PEG ratio • PVGO • Mergers and acquisitions • Leveraged buyout • Takeover • Corporate raid • PE ratio • Market capitalization • Income per share • Stock valuation • Technical analysis • Chart patterns • V-trend • Paper valuation Investment theory • Behavioral finance • Dead cat bounce • Efficient market hypothesis • Market microstructure • Stock market crash • Stock market bubble • January effect • Mark Twain effect • Quantitative behavioral finance • Quantitative analysis (finance) • Statistical arbitrage Bond market • Bond (finance) • Zero-coupon bond • Junk bonds • Convertible bond • Accrual bond • Municipal bond • Sovereign bond • Bond valuation • Yield to maturity • Bond duration • Bond convexity • Fixed income Money market • Repurchase agreement • International Money Market • Currency • Exchange rate • International currency codes • Table of historical exchange rates Commodity market • Commodity • Asset • Commodity Futures Trading Commission • Commodity trade • Drawdowns • Forfaiting • Fundamental analysis • Futures contract • Fungibility • Gold as an investment • Hedging • Jesse Lauriston Livermore • List of traded commodities • Ownership equity • Position trader • Risk (Futures) • Seasonal traders • Seasonal spread trading • Slippage • Speculation • Spread trade • Technical analysis • Breakout • Bear market • Bottom (technical analysis) • Bull market • MACD • Moving average • Open Interest • Parabolic SAR • Point and figure charts • Resistance • RSI • Stochastic oscillator • Stop loss • Support • Top (technical analysis) • Trade • Trend Derivatives market • Derivative (finance) • (see also Financial mathematics topics; Derivatives pricing) • Underlying instrument Forward markets and contracts • Forward contract Futures markets and contracts • Backwardation • Contango • Futures contract • Financial future • Currency future • Interest rate future • Single-stock futures • Stock market index future • Futures exchange Option markets and contracts • Options • Stock option • Box spread • Call option • Put option • Strike price • Put–call parity • The Greeks • Black–Scholes formula • Black model • Binomial options model • Implied volatility • Option time value • Moneyness • At-the-money • In-the-money • Out-of-the-money • Straddle • Option style • Vanilla option • Exotic option • Binary option • European option • Interest rate floor • Interest rate cap • Bermudan option • American option • Quanto option • Asian option • Employee stock option • Warrants • Foreign exchange option • Interest rate options • Bond options • Real options • Options on futures Swap markets and contracts • Swap (finance) • Interest rate swap • Basis swap • Asset swap • Forex swap • Stock swap • Equity swap • Currency swap • Variance swap Derivative markets by underlyings Equity derivatives • Contract for difference (CFD) • Exchange-traded fund (ETF) • Closed-end fund • Inverse exchange-traded fund • Equity options • Equity swap • Real estate investment trust (REIT) • Warrants • Covered warrant Interest rate derivatives • LIBOR • Forward rate agreement • Interest rate swap • Interest rate cap • Exotic interest rate option • Bond option • Interest rate future • Money market instruments • Range accrual Swaps/Notes/Bonds • In-arrears Swap • Constant maturity swap (CMS) or Constant Treasury Swap (CTS) derivatives (swaps, caps, floors) • Interest rate Swaption • Bermudan swaptions • Cross currency swaptions • Power Reverse Dual Currency note (PRDC or Turbo) • Target redemption note (TARN) • CMS steepener • Snowball • Inverse floater • Strips of Collateralized mortgage obligation • Interest only (IO) • Principal only (PO) • Ratchet caps and floors Credit derivatives • Credit default swap • Collateralized debt obligation • Credit default option • Total return swap • Securitization • Strip financing Foreign exchange derivative • Basis swap • Currency future • Currency swap • Foreign exchange binary option • Foreign exchange forward • Foreign exchange option • Forward exchange rate • Foreign exchange swap • Foreign exchange hedge • Non-deliverable forward • Power reverse dual-currency note == Financial regulation ==

• Corporate governance • Financial regulation • Bank regulation • Banking license • License Designations and accreditation • Certified Financial Planner • Chartered Financial Analyst • CFA Institute • Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst • Professional risk manager • Chartered Financial Consultant • Canadian Securities Institute • Independent financial adviser • Chartered Insurance Institute • Financial Risk Manager • Chartered Market Technician • Certified Financial Technician Litigation • Liabilities Subject to Compromise Fraud • Forex scam • Insider trading • Legal origins theory • Petition mill • Ponzi scheme Industry bodies • International Swaps and Derivatives Association • National Association of Securities Dealers Regulatory and supervisory bodies International • Bank for International Settlements • International Organization of Securities Commissions • Security Commission • Basel Committee on Banking Supervision • Basel Accords – Basel I, Basel II, Basel III • International Association of Insurance Supervisors • International Accounting Standards Board European Union • European Securities Committee (EU) • Committee of European Securities Regulators (EU) Regulatory bodies by country United Kingdom • Financial Conduct Authority • Prudential Regulation Authority (United Kingdom) United States • Commodity Futures Trading Commission • Federal Reserve • Federal Trade Commission • Municipal Securities Rulemaking Board • Office of the Comptroller of the Currency • Securities and Exchange Commission United States legislation • Glass–Steagall Act (US) • Gramm–Leach–Bliley Act (US) • Sarbanes–Oxley Act (US) • Securities Act of 1933 (US) • Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (US) • Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (US) • USA PATRIOT Act == Actuarial topics ==

• Actuarial topics == Valuation ==

Underlying theory • Value (economics) • Valuation (finance) and specifically § Valuation overview • "The Theory of Investment Value" • • Valuation risk • Real versus nominal value (economics) • Real prices and ideal prices • Fair value • Fair value accounting • Intrinsic value • Market price • Value in use • Fairness opinion • Asset pricing (see also #Asset pricing theory above) • Equilibrium price • market efficiency • economic equilibrium • rational expectations • Arbitrage-free price • • Context • (Corporate) Bonds • Bond valuation • • • Equity valuation • #Equity valuation above • Fundamental analysis • Stock valuation • Capital Markets • Business valuation • • • Capital budgeting and • The Theory of Investment Value • Real estate valuation • Real estate appraisal • Real estate economics Considerations • Bonds • covenants and indentures • secured / unsecured debt • senior / subordinated debt • embedded options • Equity • Minimum acceptable rate of return • Margin of safety (financial) • Enterprise value • Sum-of-the-parts analysis • Conglomerate discount • Minority discount • Control premium • Accretion/dilution analysis • Certainty equivalent • Haircut (finance) • Paper valuation Discounted cash flow valuation • Bond valuation • Modeling • • • • embedded options: • Pull to par • • Results • Clean price • Dirty price • Yield to maturity • Coupon yield • Current yield • Duration • Convexity • embedded options: • Option-adjusted spread • effective duration • effective convexity • Cash flows • Principal (finance) • Coupon (bond) • Fixed rate bond • Floating rate note • Zero-coupon bond • Accrual bond • sinking fund provisions • Real estate valuation • • Income approach • Net Operating Income • • German income approach • Equity valuation • Results • Net present value • Adjusted present value • Equivalent Annual Cost • Payback period • Discounted payback period • Internal rate of return • Modified Internal Rate of Return • Return on investment • Profitability index • Specific models and approaches • Dividend discount model • Gordon growth model • Market value added / Economic value added • Residual income valuation • First Chicago Method • rNPV • Fed model • Sum of perpetuities method • Benjamin Graham formula • LBO valuation model • Goldman Sachs asset management factor model • Cash flows • Cash flow forecasting • EBIDTA • NOPAT • Free cash flow • Free cash flow to firm • Free cash flow to equity • Dividends • Relative valuation • Bonds • • Yield spread • I-spread • Option-adjusted spread • Z-spread • Asset swap spread • Credit spread (bond) • Bond credit rating • Altman Z-score • Ohlson O-score • Book value • Debt-to-equity ratio • Debt-to-capital ratio • Current ratio • Quick ratio • Debt ratio • Real estate • Capitalization rate • Gross rent multiplier • Sales comparison approach • • Cash on cash return • Equity • Financial ratio • Market-based valuation • Valuation using multiples • Comparable company analysis • Dividend yield • Yield gap • Return on equity • DuPont analysis • PE ratio • PEG ratio • Cyclically adjusted price-to-earnings ratio • PVGO • P/B ratio • Price to cash based earnings • Price to Sales • EV/EBITDA • EV/Sales • Stock image • Valuation using the Market Penetration Model • Graham number • Tobin's q Contingent claim valuation • Valuation techniques • general • Valuation of options • • Derivatives pricing above • as typically employed • Real options valuation • • • • Monte Carlo methods in finance • Applications • Corporate investments and projects • Real options • • Contingent value rights • • structured finance investments (funding dependent) • special purpose entities (funding dependent) • Balance sheet assets and liabilities • warrants and other convertible securities • securities with embedded options such as callable bonds • employee stock options Other approaches • "Fundamentals"-based (relying on accounting information) • T-model • Residual income valuation • Clean surplus accounting • Net asset value method • Excess earnings method • Historical earnings valuation • Future maintainable earnings valuation • Graham number Financial modeling • Cash flow • Cash flow forecasting • Cash flow statement • Operating cash flow • EBIDTA • • NOPAT • Free cash flow • Free cash flow to firm • Free cash flow to equity • Dividends • Cash is king • Mid-year adjustment • Owner earnings • Required return (i.e. discount rate) • • Cost of capital • Weighted average cost of capital • Cost of equity • Cost of debt • Capital asset pricing model • • Hamada's equation • Pure play method • Arbitrage pricing theory • • Total Beta • T-model • cash-flow T-model • Terminal value • • Forecast period (finance) • long term growth rate • • • Forecasted financial statements • Financial forecast • • • Revenue • Revenue model • • • Net sales • Costs • Profit margin • Gross margin • Net margin • Cost of goods sold • Operating expenses • Operating ratio • Cost driver • Fixed cost • Variable cost • Overhead cost • Value chain • activity based costing • common-size analysis • Profit model • Capital • Capital structure • common-size analysis • Equity (finance) • Shareholders' equity • Book value • Retained earnings • Financial capital • Long term asset / Fixed asset • Fixed-asset turnover • Long-term liabilities • Debt-to-equity ratio • Debt-to-capital ratio • Working capital • Current asset • Current liability • Inventory turnover / Days in inventory • Cost of goods sold • Debtor & Creditor days • Days sales outstanding • Days payable outstanding == Portfolio theory ==

General concepts • Portfolio (finance) • Portfolio manager • Investment management • Active management • Passive management (Buy and hold) • Index fund • Core & Satellite • Smart beta • Expense ratio • Investment style • Value investing • Contrarian investing • Growth investing • CAN SLIM • Index investing • Magic formula investing • Momentum investing • Quality investing • Style investing • Factor investing • Investment strategy • Benchmark-driven investment strategy • Liability-driven investment strategy • • Investor profile • Rate of return on a portfolio / Investment performance • Risk return ratio • Risk–return spectrum • Risk factor (finance) • Portfolio optimization • Diversification (finance) • Asset classes • Exter's Pyramid • Asset allocation • Tactical asset allocation • Global tactical asset allocation • Cyclical tactical asset allocation • Strategic asset allocation • Dynamic asset allocation • Sector rotation • Correlation & covariance • Covariance matrix • Correlation matrix • Risk-free interest rate • Leverage (finance) • Utility function • Intertemporal portfolio choice • Portfolio insurance • Constant proportion portfolio insurance • • Quantitative investment / Quantitative fund (see below) • Uncompensated risk Modern portfolio theory • Portfolio optimization • Risk return ratio • Risk–return spectrum • Economic efficiency • Efficient-market hypothesis • Random walk hypothesis • Utility maximization problem • Markowitz model • Merton's portfolio problem • Kelly criterion • Roy's safety-first criterion • Theory and results (derivation of the CAPM) • Equilibrium price • Market price • Systematic risk • Risk factor (finance) • Idiosyncratic risk / Specific risk • Mean-variance analysis (Two-moment decision model) • Efficient frontier (Mean variance efficiency) • Feasible set • Mutual fund separation theorem • Separation property (finance) • Tangent portfolio • Market portfolio • Beta (finance) • Fama–MacBeth regression • Hamada's equation • • Capital allocation line • Capital market line • Security characteristic line • Capital asset pricing model • Single-index model • Security market line • Roll's critique • Related measures • Alpha (finance) • Sharpe ratio • Treynor ratio • Jensen's alpha • Optimization models • Markowitz model • Treynor–Black model • Equilibrium pricing models (CAPM and extensions) • Capital asset pricing model (CAPM) • Consumption-based capital asset pricing model (CCAPM) • Intertemporal CAPM (ICAPM) • Single-index model • Multiple factor models (see Risk factor (finance)) • Fama–French three-factor model • Carhart four-factor model • Arbitrage pricing theory (APT) Post-modern portfolio theory • Approaches • Behavioral portfolio theory • Stochastic portfolio theory • Chance-constrained portfolio selection • Maslowian portfolio theory • Dedicated portfolio theory (fixed income specific) • Risk parity • Tail risk parity • Optimization considerations • Pareto efficiency • Bayesian efficiency • Multiple-criteria decision analysis • Multi-objective optimization • Stochastic dominance • Second-order Stochastic dominance • Marginal conditional stochastic dominance • Downside risk • Volatility skewness • Semivariance • Expected shortfall (ES; also called conditional value at risk (CVaR), average value at risk (AVaR), expected tail loss (ETL)) • Tail value at risk • Statistical dispersion • Discounted maximum loss • Indifference price • Measures • Dual-beta • Downside beta • Upside beta • Upside potential ratio • Upside risk • Downside risk • Sortino ratio • Omega ratio • Bias ratio • Information ratio • Active return • Active risk • Deviation risk measure • Distortion risk measure • Spectral risk measure • Optimization models • Black–Litterman model • Universal portfolio algorithm • Resampled efficient frontier Performance measurement • Alpha (finance) • Beta (finance) • Performance attribution • Market timing • Stock selection • Fixed-income attribution • Benchmark (finance) • Lipper average • Returns-based style analysis • Rate of return on a portfolio • Holding period return • Tracking error • Attribution analysis • Style drift • Returns-based style analysis • Simple Dietz method • Modified Dietz method • Modigliani risk-adjusted performance • Upside potential ratio • Maximum Downside Exposure • Maximum drawdown • Sterling ratio • Sharpe ratio • Treynor ratio • Jensen's alpha • Bias ratio • V2 ratio • Calmar ratio (hedge fund specific) Mathematical techniques • • Quadratic programming • Critical line method • Nonlinear programming • Mixed integer programming • Stochastic programming (§ Multistage portfolio optimization) • Copula (probability theory) (§ Quantitative finance) • Principal component analysis (§ Quantitative finance) • Deterministic global optimization • Extended Mathematical Programming (§ EMP for stochastic programming) • Genetic algorithm () • Artificial intelligence: • • Machine learning (§ Applications) • Artificial neural network (§ Finance) == Quantitative investing ==

• Quantitative investing • Quantitative fund • • • • Trading: • Automated trading • High-frequency trading • Algorithmic trading • Program trading • Systematic trading • • Trading strategy • Mirror trading • Copy trading • Social trading • VWAP • TWAP • Electronic trading platform • Statistical arbitrage • Portfolio optimization: • • • Black–Litterman model • Universal portfolio algorithm • Markowitz model • Treynor–Black model • other models • Factor investing • low-volatility investing • value investing • momentum investing • Alpha generation platform • Kelly criterion • Roy's safety-first criterion • Online portfolio selection • Risks: • Best execution • Implementation shortfall • Trading curb • Market impact • Market depth • Slippage (finance) • Transaction costs • Discussion: • • • • • 2010 flash crash • • • Leading companies (see ): • Prediction Company • Renaissance Technologies • D. E. Shaw & Co • AQR Capital • Barclays Investment Bank • Cantab Capital Partners • Robeco • Jane Street Capital == Financial software tools ==

• Financial software • Financial management systems • Financial data vendor • Accounting software • Straight-through processing • Banking software • Treasury management system • Strategic planning software • Technical Analysis Software • Algorithmic trading • Electronic trading platform == Financial modeling applications==

Corporate Finance • Business valuation / stock valuation – especially via discounted cash flow, but including other valuation approaches • Scenario planning and management decision making ("what is"; "what if"; "what has to be done") • Capital budgeting, including cost of capital (i.e. WACC) calculations • Financial statement analysis / ratio analysis (including of operating- and finance leases, and R&D) • Revenue related: forecasting, analysis • Project finance modeling • Cash flow forecasting • Credit decisioning: Credit analysis, Consumer credit risk; impairment- and provision-modeling • Working capital- and treasury management; asset and liability management • Management accounting: Activity-based costing, Profitability analysis, Cost analysis, Whole-life cost Quantitative finance • Option pricing and calculation of their "Greeks" • Other derivatives, especially interest rate derivatives, credit derivatives and exotic derivatives • Modeling the term structure of interest rates (bootstrapping / multi-curves, short-rate models, HJM framework) and credit spreads • Credit valuation adjustment, CVA, as well as the various XVA • Credit risk, counterparty credit risk, and regulatory capital: EAD, PD, LGD, PFE • Structured product design and manufacture • Portfolio optimization and Quantitative investing more generally; see further re optimization methods employed. • Financial risk modeling: value at risk (parametric- and / or historical, CVaR, EVT), stress testing, "sensitivities" analysis == Financial institutions ==

Financial institutions • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • == Education ==

• For the typical finance career path and corresponding education requirements see: • Financial analyst generally, and esp. § Qualification, discussing various investment, banking, and corporate roles (i.e. financial management, corporate finance, investment banking, securities analysis & valuation, portfolio & investment management, credit analysis, working capital & treasury management; see ) • Quantitative analyst, and , specifically re roles in quantitative finance (i.e. derivative pricing & hedging, interest rate modeling, financial risk management, financial engineering, computational finance; also, the mathematically intensive variant on the banking roles; see ) • Business education lists undergraduate degrees in business, commerce, accounting and economics; "finance" may be taken as a major in most of these, whereas "quantitative finance" is almost invariably postgraduate, following a math-focused Bachelors; the most common degrees for (entry level) investment, banking, and corporate roles are: • Bachelor of Business Administration (BBA) • Bachelor of Commerce (BCom) • Bachelor of Accountancy (B.Acc) • Bachelor of Economics (B.Econ) • Bachelor of Finance – the undergraduate version of the MSF below • The tagged BS / BA "in Finance", or less common, "in Investment Management" or "in Personal Finance" • At the postgraduate level, the MBA, MCom and MSM (and recently the Master of Applied Economics) similarly offer training in finance generally; at this level there are also the following specifically focused master's degrees, with MSF the broadest – see for their focus and inter-relation: • Master of Applied Finance (M.App.Fin) • Master of Commerce in Finance (MCom) • Master of Computational Finance • Master's in Corporate Finance • Master of Finance (M.Fin, MIF) • Master's in Financial Analysis • Master of Financial Economics • Master of Financial Engineering (MFE) • Master of Financial Planning • Master's in Financial Management • Master of Financial Mathematics • Master's in Financial Risk Management • Master's in Investment Management • Master of Mathematical Finance • Master of Quantitative Finance (MQF) • Master of Science in Finance (MSF, MSc Finance) • MS in Fintech • Doctoral-training in finance is usually a requirement for academia, but not relevant to industry • quants often enter the profession with PhDs in disciplines such as physics, mathematics, engineering, and computer science, and learn finance "on the job” • as an academic field, finance theory is studied and developed within the disciplines of management, (financial) economics, accountancy, and applied / financial mathematics. • For specialized roles, there are various Professional Certifications in financial services (see #Designations and accreditation above); the best recognized are arguably: • Association of Corporate Treasurers (MCT / FCT) • Certificate in Quantitative Finance (CQF) • Certified Financial Planner (CFP) • Certified International Investment Analyst (CIIA) • Certified Treasury Professional (CTP) • Chartered Alternative Investment Analyst (CAIA) • Chartered Financial Analyst (CFA) • Chartered Wealth Manager (CWM) • CISI Diploma in Capital Markets (MCSI) • Financial Risk Manager (FRM) • Professional Risk Manager (PRM) • Various organizations offer executive education, CPD, or other focused training programs, including: • Amsterdam Institute of Finance • Canadian Securities Institute • Chartered Institute for Securities & Investment • GARP • Global Risk Institute • ICMA Centre • The London Institute of Banking & Finance • New York Institute of Finance • PRMIA • South African Institute of Financial Markets • Swiss Finance Institute • See also qualifications in related fields: • • Actuarial credentialing and exams • Business education • • • • • Economics education • == See also ==

• Index of accounting articles • Outline of business management • Outline of marketing • Outline of economics • Outline of production • Index of international trade articles • Outline of commercial law • List of business theorists • Outline of actuarial science == References ==