Australia • His/Her Majesty – The
King or Queen of Australia • His/Her Excellency
The Honourable –
Governor-General and his or her spouse, and The Honourable or His/Her Excellency for the rest of state governors (but not their spouse) • The Honourable – all current and former
governors-general and Administrators of the Northern Territory, Justices of the
High Court of Australia, the
Federal Court of Australia, the
Family Court of Australia and state supreme courts • The Honourable – all current and former members of the Federal Executive Council and all current members of state
executive councils and certain former members of state executive councils and long-serving members of state Legislative Councils (upper houses of state parliaments) that have been given the right to keep the title by permission of the governor of that state. • His/Her Honour (oral address
Your Honour) – magistrates and judges in appellate, district and county courts. • The Right Honourable the Lord Mayor – Lord mayors of Australian cities • His/Her Worship – Administrators of territories (obsolete), magistrates (obsolete) and mayors.
Belgium • His/Her Majesty – The
King or Queen of the Belgians • His/Her Royal Highness – The
Duke/Duchess of Brabant and
Prince/Princess of Belgium • His/Her Imperial and Royal Highness –
Archduke/Archduchess of Austria-Este • His/Her Serene Highness: • Prince/Princess and Duke/Duchess of
Arenberg • Duke/Duchess of
Beaufort-Spontin • Prince/Princess and Duke/Duchess of
Croÿ • Prince/Princess of
Habsburg-Lorraine residing in Belgium • Prince/Princess of
Lobkowitz residing in Belgium • Prince/Princess and Duke/Duchess of
Looz-Corswarem • Prince/Princess of
Stolberg-Stolberg •
Prince/Princess of Waterloo •
The Well-born: • Duke/Duchess • Marquess/Marchioness • Count/Countess • Viscount/Visountess •
The High Well-born: • Baron/Baroness • Knight •
Jonkheer/Jonkvrouw Brunei Known as
terasul in the Malay language. •
Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia (Kebawah DYMM), equivalent to His or
Her Majesty (HM) – for
Sultan and his first royal consort. The style is added more depends on the situation: • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Sultan, for Sultan before coronation. • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Sultan, for Sultan after coronation. • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri for the queen consort before coronation • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Baginda Raja Isteri for the queen consort after coronation • Kebawah Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Raja — for the second wife of the Sultan during coronation •
Kebawah Duli, for a Sultan that has not gone through puberty. •
Duli Yang Maha Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Isteri, for the second wife of the Sultan after coronation •
Duli Yang Teramat Mulia (DYTM), equivalent to His or
Her Royal Highness (HRH) – for the Crown Prince and his consort and for the abdicated Sultan and his consort. • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Begawan Sultan — for Sultan that abdicated from the throne • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Suri Seri Begawan Raja — for the Sultan's consort when the Sultan abdicated from the throne • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Muda Mahkota — for the Crown Prince • Duli Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the Crown Prince's consort •
Yang Teramat Mulia (YTM), to His or
Her Royal Highness (HRH) – for the children of the Sultan that were born by their royal mother (both parents of the royal mother are royalties and not a commoner) • Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Duli Pengiran Muda — for the Sultan's son that has full royal blood • Yang Teramat Mulia Paduka Seri Pengiran Anak Puteri— for the Sultan's daughter by a royal mother (non-commoner) • Yang Teramat Mulia Pengiran Babu Raja — for the Queen Consort's mother •
Yang Amat Mulia (YAM), for the consort of a royal prince and their children, and for the Sultan's children by their commoner mother • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak Isteri — for the consort of the Sultan's son (full royal blood) • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Muda — for the son (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood) • Yang Amat Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children of the Sultan that were born by a commoner mother; daughter (full royal blood) of the Sultan's son (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's daughter (full royal blood); children (full royal blood) of the Sultan's children (half royal blood) •
Yang Mulia (YM) • Yang Mulia Pengiran Anak — for the children that both parents hold the title
Pengiran Anak • Yang Mulia Pengiran — for the children of a Pengiran Anak and his wife that is not also a Pengiran Anak; non-royal Pengiran (a commoner Pengiran)
Canada • His/Her Majesty –
King/Queen of Canada • His/Her Excellency –
Governor General,
vice-regal consort,
ambassadors, and
high commissioners
in office •
The Right Honourable – Governors general,
prime ministers,
chief justices of Canada and certain eminent Canadians
for life • His/Her Honour –
Lieutenant-governors and viceregal consorts
in office • The Honourable •
For life – Members of the
King's Privy Council for Canada,
senators, lieutenant-governors, and members and honorary members of the Executive Councils
of Nova Scotia and
of Alberta •
In office only –
Speaker of the House of Commons,
ministers of the Crown (however federal ministers invariably enter the Privy Council upon their initial appointment, thus assuming the honorific for life), judges of provincial courts,
territorial commissioners, and members of other provincial and territorial executive councils • Note: Members of Parliament are often referred to in the House of Commons as "the honourable member for (
riding)" but do not use the style
honourable with their name. • The Honourable Mr./Madam Justice – Chief justices of province and justices of superior courts • His/Her Worship – Justices of the peace, magistrates and municipal leaders
in office Chile • His Excellency - granted to the
president, and some senior members of the judiciary. • The Honourable - granted to
senators, members of the
Chamber of Deputies, and other authorities.
Guernsey • Seigneur or Dame - Registered owners of an ancient Norman fief or seigneurie in Guernsey who have registered their Fief with the Crown and Royal Courts. Under the Feudal Dues law of 1980, the government of Guernsey sanctions the use of the style and distinction of Seigneur or Dame.
New Zealand • Partial source: • His/Her Majesty –
King of New Zealand • His/Her Excellency the Right Honourable – the current
Governor-General (and the
Governor-General's spouse). • The Right Honourable – the current and former
prime ministers, the current and former
speakers of the House of Representatives, the current and former chief justices, the current and former governors-general, and those who were appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom. • The Honourable – the current
ministers; former ministers commended by the prime minister; and the current and former judges of the Supreme, High and Appeal courts • His/Her Honour – judges of district court • His/Her Worship –
mayors of territorial authorities and justices of the peace.
Jamaica The Most Honourable – In
Jamaica,
governors-general, as well as their spouses, are entitled to be styled "The Most Honourable" upon receipt of the Jamaican
Order of the Nation.
Prime ministers and their spouses are also styled this way upon receipt of the Order of the Nation, which is only given to Jamaican governors-general and prime ministers.
Your Honour/My Lord – It is used before the names of judges but now it is also not mandatory. The
Supreme Court in a hearing said that people need to respect the judges and "Sir" is sufficient for it.
Royal styles in India With a long history of rulers, there are many styles which vary from territory to territory and languages for royal families in India, commonly
Maharaja (for king),
Maharani (queen) whereas for their successors Raja, Rani (Maha meaning "Great" removed). Rajkumar (for prince) and Rajkumari (for princess). Others include
Hukam (commonly in
Rajasthan),
Sardar (kings in territories of Punjab within
Sikh Empire),
Badshah (
Mughal Empire), Vazeer-e-Aala (in
Mughal Empire) etc.
African traditional rulers In most of
Africa, many styles are used by
traditional royalty. Generally the vast majority of the members of these royal families use the titles Prince and Princess, while the higher ranked amongst them also use either
Highness or
Royal Highness to describe secondary appellations in their native languages that they hold in their realms, appellations that are intended to highlight their relative proximity to their thrones, either literally in the sense of the extant
kingships of the continent or symbolically in the sense of its varied
chiefships of the name, and which therefore serve a function similar to the said styles of Highness and Royal Highness. For example, the
Yoruba people of
West Africa usually make use of the word
Kabiyesi when speaking either to or about their
sovereigns and other royals. As such, it is variously translated as Majesty, Royal Highness or Highness depending on the actual rank of the person in question, though a literal translation of the word would read more like this: "He (or She) whose words are beyond questioning, Great Lawgiver of the Nation." Within the
Zulu Kingdom of
Southern Africa, meanwhile, the monarch and other senior royals are often addressed as
uNdabezitha meaning "He (or She) Who Concerns the Enemy", but rendered in English as Majesty in address or reference to the king and his consorts, or Royal Highness in the case of other senior members of the royal family.
Hong Kong The
Chief Executive is styled as The
Honourable. Certain senior government officials (such as the
Chief Secretary for Administration),
President of the Legislative Council, members of the
Executive Council, and members of the judiciary (such as the
Chief Justice of the Court of Final Appeal) are also styled as
The Honourable.
Ireland In
Ireland, holders of offices with
Irish names are usually addressed in English by its
nominative form (so, '
Taoiseach' and '
Tánaiste'), though the
Irish vocative forms differ (
a Thaoisigh and
a Thánaiste).
The President may be styled 'His/Her Excellency' (, /
A Soilse ) and addressed 'Your Excellency' (Irish:
A Shoilse), or simply 'President' (Irish:
A Uachtaráin ). The titles '
Minister' and '
Senator' are used as forms of address; only the latter as a style. A
TD (Teachta Dála) is formally addressed and styled as 'Deputy', though often simply
Mr.,
Mrs., etc. Similarly,
county and city councillors can be addressed as 'Councillor', abbreviated
Cllr. which is used as a written style, but are just as frequently addressed as
Mr.,
Mrs., etc.
Malaysia • • equivalent to
His or Her Majesty, is for
Yang di-Pertuan Agong and His Majesty's consort, the
Raja Permaisuri Agong, with the prefix added after
KDYMM. • equivalent to
His or Her Royal Highness, is for
— • the
Sultan and the Sultanah of
Kedah • the
Sultan and the Tengku Ampuan Besar of
Terengganu or the Sultanah of Terengganu • the
Sultan of Kelantan • • equivalent to
His or Her Royal Highness, is for
— • the
Sultan and
Tengku Ampuan of
Pahang • • equivalent to
His or Her Majesty, is for the
Sultan and the Permaisuri of
Johor, or (
Queen Consort of
Johor). • equivalent to
His or Her Royal Highness, is for
— • the
Yang di-Pertuan Besar and the Tunku Ampuan Besar of
Negeri Sembilan • the
Raja and the Raja Perempuan of
Perlis • the
Sultan and the Tengku Ampuan of
Selangor or the Tengku Permaisuri of Selangor • the Sultan of Perak, with the prefix added after
DYMM. • the Raja Perempuan of
Perak or the Raja Permaisuri of Perak • the Sultanah of
Pahang • the Raja Perempuan of
Kelantan or the Sultanah of Kelantan • equivalent to
His or Her Royal Highness, is for all widowed consorts. • , equivalent to
His or Her Highness, is for
— • the Tengku Mahkota and the Tengku Puan of Pahang • , equivalent to
His or Her Highness is for
— • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Kedah • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Besar of Perak • the Yang di-Pertuan Muda and the Tengku Puan Muda of Terengganu • the Raja Muda and the Raja Puan Muda of Selangor • , equivalent to
His or Her Highness, is for
— • the Tengku Mahkota and the Tengku Ampuan Mahkota of
Kelantan or the Che Puan Mahkota of Kelantan • the Che Puan Muda of
Selangor •
Ruling chiefs of
Negeri Sembilan • Senior royal family members in royal states • , equivalent to
His or Her Highness, is for
— • the Tunku Mahkota and the Tunku Puan Mahkota of Kedah • Duli Yang Amat Mulia (DYAM), equivalent to
His or Her Royal Highness, is for— • the Pemangku Sultan of Johor, or (the
Regent Sultan of
Johor). • the Tunku Mahkota of Johor, or (the
Crown Prince of
Johor). • the Raja Muda of Johor, or (the
Deputy Crown Prince of
Johor). • , equivalent to
His or
Her Highness, is for royal family members and the Che' Puan Mahkota, the wife of Tunku Mahkota of
Johor and to the Che' Puan Muda, the wife of Raja Muda of Johor. • , equivalent to
His or
Her Highness, is for extended royal family members. • , equivalent to His or
Her Excellency, is for
governors,
high commissioners and
ambassadors. • , equivalent to
the Right Honourable, is for
the Prime Minister,
the Deputy Prime Minister and
the Chief Minister. • , equivalent to
the Honourable, is for
— •
Federal ministers and ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak •
Federal deputy ministers • members of
Johor Royal Court • assistant ministers of state of Sabah and Sarawak • members of State Executive Councils • members of Parliament and State Legislative Assemblies • State Secretaries • State Legal Advisers in the states of
Peninsular Malaysia • State Financial Officers in the states of
Peninsular Malaysia • persons receiving the title of " and " from
Johor • , equivalent to
the Right Honourable, is for chief judges. • , equivalent to
the Honourable, is for
— • judges and judicial commissioners • Attorney-General of the State of Sarawak • , equivalent to
the Right Honourable, is for royal representatives in districts of
Selangor. • , equivalent to
the Honourable, is for
— • selected Orang Besar Negeri of Perak • high and senior police officers • is for
— • spouses of governors • spouses of the Prime Minister, the Deputy Prime Minister and the Chief Minister • persons with the title of "" • the Orang Besar Empat of Perak • spouses of • commoner spouses of senior royals family • is for
— • the top officials of the
Federal Government, namely
Chief Secretary to the Government,
Attorney General,
Chief of Defence Force,
Inspector-General of Police, Director General of Public Service and Secretary General of Ministries, with or without any title • the Orang Besar Lapan of Perak • persons with the title of "" and "", or equivalent, and their spouses • spouses of high commissioners and ambassadors • spouses of and • commoner spouses of extended royals family • is for higher public officers without any title in
Kelantan. • is for
— • high public officers without any title and their spouses • spouses of and • is for high military officers without any title. • is for senior military officers without any title. • , equivalent to
His Eminence, is for State
Muftis
. • , equivalent to
His Grace, is for State Deputy Muftis,
Qadis and senior
Ulamas. • , equivalent to , is special for the Director of Islamic Affairs of
Selangor.
Morocco • His Majesty – The
King of Morocco. • His Imperial Majesty – The
Sultan of Morocco (before 1957, now obsolete). • His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for children, grandchildren and siblings of the king as well as for the Princess Consort). • His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Morocco (used for cousins, uncles and aunts of the king). • His/Her Excellency – The
Prime Minister of Morocco.
Philippines • His/Her Excellency – The
president of the Philippines. The title in
Filipino is (The Well-Esteemed President). The honorific for the President of the Philippines was adopted from the title of the
governor-general of the Philippines during Spanish and American colonial periods. The president may be addressed as "Your Excellency" or more informally as • "Mr. President" or "Madam(e) President". • The Honorable – The
vice president of the Philippines, members of the
Congress of the Philippines, justices of the
Supreme Court of the Philippines, governors and vice governors of provinces, mayors and vice mayors of cities or municipalities, and other elected or appointed officials in the government. The title is also conferred to elected and appointed officials of student or other people's organizations that have great participation in creating, implementing, and interpreting policies of the organization. The title in Filipino is (The Honorable). In Senate and congressional inquiries, impeachment procedures, and electoral canvasses, senators, representatives, and officials of the
Commission on Elections when they convene as provincial and national boards of canvassers, are mostly addressed as
Your Honor, because it was unfortunately rendered from "the Spanish term for addressing parliamentarians, and a mistake made" when Congress's predecessor, the
Philippine Legislature, abruptly changed to the use of English from "mainly Spanish in its deliberations." • His Magnificence the Very Reverend -
The rector magnificus of the
Pontifical and Royal University of Santo Tomas. • Sir/Madam(e) – Common informal manner of address. • Illustrious Knight, Sir/Lady – Titles for members of the Order of the Knights of Rizal, the Philippines' only order of knighthood created by law. • Paduka Mahasari Maulana al Sultan – The
sultan of Sulu.
Spain • His/Her Majesty – the
monarch of Spain, when referred to as monarch. When referred to as Head of State, he is usually styled "His Excellency the Head of State". • His/Her Royal Highness – the
Prince of Asturias and the
Infantes (non-heir apparent royal princes). • His/Her Excellency () – spouses and children of the Infantes,
Grandees of Spain, ministers, either from the central government () or from autonomous government (), Knights and Dames of the Collar, Knights and Dames Grand Cross, as well as regional presidents. Mayors and town councils. • His/Her Illustriousness () – marquesses, counts, viscounts, Knights and Dames Commander by Number, junior ministers either from the central government () or from autonomous government (), justices (), certain prosecutors, members of the royal academies and the holders of certain Spanish decorations. • His/Her Most Excellent and Magnificent Lord – Rector of a university. • His Lordship/Her Ladyship () – barons, members of the Royal Orders (Commander, Officer, Cross), seigneurs, members of parliament, judges, court clerks. • Lord (
Don or
Doña) - hidalgos and Spanish citizens who are members of the Royal Orders.
Thailand • His/Her
Majesty – The King and Queen of Thailand. • His/Her Royal Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand (used for children and grandchildren of the king)
from "
Chao-Fa"
(เจ้าฟ้า) (the most senior rank of prince/princess) to "Phra Chao Worawongse Ther Phra Ong Chao"
(พระเจ้าวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า) (a mid-level, lesser class of prince and princess than
Chao Fa). This style is also used for princess consort (now obsolete). • His/Her Highness – Prince and princess of Thailand of the rank "Phra Worawong Ther
Phra Ong Chao"
(พระวรวงศ์เธอ พระองค์เจ้า) which are born in the title as
Mom Chao to whom the king later granted this higher title, either as recognition of merit, or as a special favour. • His/Her Serene Highness – Prince and princess of title
Mom Chao (m)/Mom Chao Ying (f) (
หม่อมเจ้า/หม่อมเจ้าหญิง, abbreviated in Thai as ม.จ. or in English as M.C.) is the most junior class still considered royalty. This is normally when surnames first appear among royal lineages. They are either: Children of a male
Chao Fa and a
commoner.Children of a male
Phra Ong Chao. Informally, they are styled "Than Chai" (m)... /"Than Ying" (f)...
(ท่านชาย.../ท่านหญิง...). • The Honourable –
Mom Rajawongse (
หม่อมราชวงศ์, RTGS: Mom Ratchawong; abbreviated in Thai as ม.ร.ว. or in English as M.R. and also translated into English as
The Honourable) is the title assumed by children of male Mom Chao. The title is pronounced "Mom Rachawong". Informally, they may be styled as "Khun Chai" (m).../ "Khunying" (f)...
(คุณชาย.../คุณหญิง...). United Kingdom • His/Her Majesty – the King/Queen. •
His Royal Highness, oral address Your Royal Highness – royal princes. •
Her Royal Highness, oral address Your Royal Highness – royal princesses. •
His Highness (obsolete), or address Your Highness - royal princes. •
Her Highness (obsolete), or address Your Highness - royal princesses. •
His Grace (oral address
Your Grace or Duke) –
Dukes. Occasionally the
Archbishop of Canterbury, the
Archbishop of York and other archbishops are also styled His Grace. Duchesses are likewise styled Her Grace. •
Lord – male
marquesses,
earls,
viscounts, and
barons, as well as some of their sons. (Style: Your Lordship or My Lord.) •
Lady –
marchionesses,
countesses,
viscountesses,
baronesses, and the wives of baronets and knights. (Style: Your Ladyship or My Lady.) •
Sir – males, formally if they have a
British knighthood or if they are a
baronet. •
Dame – female knights and baronetesses
in their own right (
suo jure). •
The Right Honourable signifies membership of the
Privy Council of the United Kingdom, but does not confer any other title, and is also a formal style of address for certain holders of
peerages, namely
earls,
viscounts,
barons, and Lords of Parliament. • The Right Honourable and Reverend – as the previous explanation, used if the holder is also an ordained clergyman (parliamentary usage). • The Honourable – younger sons of earls, all children of viscounts and barons, or Lords of Parliament. "The Right Honourable" is added as a prefix to the name of various collective entities such as: • The Right Honourable the Spiritual and Temporal Lords (of the Kingdom of England) in the
House of Lords. • The Right Honourable the Lord-Commissioners of the
Board of Admiralty. •
The Most Honourable – marquesses, The Lords of His Majesty's Most Honourable Privy Council. • His Worship is an honorific prefix for
mayors,
justices of the peace and
magistrates in present or former
Commonwealth realms. In spoken address, these officials are addressed as Your Worship or referred to as His Worship. In Australia all states now use
Your Honour as the form of address for magistrates (the same as has always been used for judges in higher courts). •
The Much Honoured – Scottish barons, chiefs, chieftains and lairds
Styles existing through marriage in the United Kingdom Styles can be acquired through marriage, although traditionally this applies more to wives of office-holders than to husbands. Thus, in the
United Kingdom,
Anne, Princess Royal, is styled Her Royal Highness (HRH), her husband, Sir
Timothy Laurence, bears no courtesy style by virtue of being her husband (although his mother-in-law, Queen Elizabeth II, has since knighted him), nor do her children bear any title or style, by right or tradition, despite being in the line of succession to the Crown, until 2015 subject to the
Royal Marriages Act 1772. In contrast, when
Sophie Rhys-Jones married
Prince Edward, she became HRH the Countess of Wessex (&c.) and their children are entitled (although they do not use them) to the princely prefix and the style of HRH, and do bear
courtesy titles derived from their father. Styles and titles can change when a marriage is dissolved. The Lady
Diana Frances Spencer held the style Her Royal Highness during her marriage to HRH The Prince of Wales and the title
Princess of Wales. When the couple divorced she lost her style: she became instead
Diana, Princess of Wales. (although she fit the criteria which customarily accords the prefix of "Lady" to the daughter of an earl, and she had been known as such prior to marriage, she did not revert to that title following divorce). When applied to the current
Princess of Wales, inclusion of a definite article ("The Princess of Wales"), is, like HRH, part of the style which accompanies the title. When
King Charles III (Then; HRH the Prince of Wales) was remarried to
Camilla Parker Bowles in compliance with the Royal Marriages Act, she lawfully became HRH The Princess of Wales but, as was the announced intention prior to the couple's wedding, she continued to use the lesser title derived from her husband's
Duchy of Cornwall and was known as HRH The Duchess of Cornwall, until the accession of her husband as King, because of the strong association to Diana, Princess of Wales. From the divorce until her death in 1997, Diana, Princess of Wales ceased to hold any royal style, although the monarch declared that she remained a Princess of the United Kingdom and in occasions when members of the Royal Family appeared in public, she continued to be accorded the same royal precedence. When
Sarah Ferguson was divorced from her husband, the then HRH Prince Andrew, Duke of York (later
Andrew Mountbatten-Windsor), she too lost her HRH style, the rank as a British Princess and was re-styled as "Sarah, Duchess of York". In 1936,
Wallis Simpson was denied the HRH style by
George VI when she married his older brother, the former
Edward VIII, who became HRH the Duke of Windsor following his abdication and receipt of a peerage.
United States The names of most current and former elected federal and state officials and judges in the United States are styled "
The Honorable" in writing, (e.g., "The Honorable Clint Scherf, Mayor of the City of Grants Pass"). Many are addressed by their title in conversation as "Mister" or "Madam" ("Mr. President", "Madam Mayor") or simply by their name with their appropriate title e.g., "Senator Jones" or "Commissioner Smith". Continued use of a title after leaving office depends on the office: those of which there is only one at a time (e.g., president, speaker, governor, or mayor) are only officially used by the current office holder. However, titles for offices of which there are many concurrent office holders (e.g., ambassador, senator, judge, professor or military ranks, especially
colonel and above) are retained for life: A retired U.S. Army general is addressed as "General (Name)" officially and socially for the rest of their life. Military retirees are entitled to receive pay and are still counted as members of the United States Armed Forces. Accordingly, all retired military ranks are retained for life pursuant to Title 10 of the United States Code. In the case of the President, while the title is officially dropped after leaving office – e.g., Dwight Eisenhower reverted to his prior style "General Eisenhower" in retirement – it is still widely used as an informal practice; e.g., Jimmy Carter was often called President Carter during his lifetime. The Vice President is typically referred to as "former Vice President", such as "former Vice President Mike Pence." Similarly, governors are typically addressed in later life as "Governor (Name)", particularly if running for further political office.
Mitt Romney, for example, was frequently referred to as "Governor Romney" during his
2012 presidential campaign and was addressed as such formally in the debates, having been
Governor of Massachusetts until 2007. The names of senators similarly are addressed in writing as "The Honorable" and orally as "Senator". Where representatives may have used "M.C.", senators have used "U.S.S." (United States Senator). However, neither form is currently used by members in Washington, DC. On the actual floor of the houses during debate, members commonly refer to one another as the gentleman or gentlewoman from their appropriate state (e.g., "As my friend, the distinguished gentleman from Ohio, just said..." or "I yield three minutes to the gentleman from New York, Mr. Smith"). In debate, senators sometimes refer to colleagues as the junior or senior senator from a state, (e.g., "I disagree with my dear friend, the junior senator from Ohio..."). Senators also commonly use this form of address. • While the term "
Esquire", abbreviated "Esq." after the name (John Jones, Esq.), has no legal meaning in the U.S. and may be used by anyone (or at least, customarily, by any male), it is correctly used when addressing lawyers in correspondence as an indication of their profession. At least one American jurisdiction, the District of Columbia, limits the use of "Esquire" (and similar terms) to licensed attorneys. Although some authorities previously urged that use of "Esq." should be restricted to male lawyers, today the term is used for both male and female attorneys. The academic post-nominal
J.D. (
Juris Doctor) may be used by graduates of law schools who are not members of the bar of any state or who are working outside the legal profession. • In academic fields, it is customary in the U.S. to refer to those holding any level of professorship (professor, assistant professor, associate professor, adjunct professor, etc.) as "Professor" – as in "Professor Jones" – orally or in writing. In writing, "professor" is often abbreviated as "Prof.", as in "Prof. Jones". Those holding academic doctorates are frequently referred to as "Dr. Jones." • Military personnel of any functionality (doctors, lawyers, engineers, cooks, fighter pilots, motor pool drivers, commanding officers, security guards ... officers and enlisted ... leaders and followers) are always addressed by rank + name; with the exception of
chaplains, who are addressed as "Chaplain" and are addressed in writing with their rank in parentheses, e.g.: "Chaplain (Major) Jones". An exception to this is in the Navy, where in writing the rank is either not used, or is used before the person's name with the corps designator "CHC" indicating the officer is a chaplain put behind their name. e.g.: "LT George Burdell, CHC, USN". In the United States Navy, there is an internal practice aboard ships that junior officers who are not in command may be addressed by their rank or as "Mister/Miss X" as in "Lieutenant Junior Grade Smith" or "Miss Smith". This practice is also followed within the United States Coast Guard, both aboard ship and ashore. Junior officers in both services are understood to be those of
lieutenant commander and below. Senior officers (
commander and above) are addressed by their rank as in "Commander Smith" or "Admiral Smith". While officially this manner of address is supposed to be from a senior rank to a junior rank, i.e. captain to lieutenant, in practice it is not unknown for enlisted personnel to refer to junior officers as Mister as well. While commonly referred to by their rank, i.e. Seaman/Airman/Fireman/Petty Officer X or (Senior/Master) Chief X, on formal occasions, e.g. weddings, an enlisted man's full title is sometimes used, starting with their rating, then their rank, and their name, e.g. Electronics Technician Second Class X or Chief Gunner's Mate Y. When written, e.g. in formal invitations, the enlisted man's name is written as "''Serviceman's name'', USN/USMC/USA/USAF/USCG", without one's rank preceding their name, unlike commissioned officers. • Any officer in command of a ship is referred to as Captain for the period of their command or in reference to the ship, regardless of what rank they normally hold. and that calling a black person by their first name in a formal context was "a form of racial discrimination". ==Former styles==