Native American and colonial use s The long high bluff above useful sandy coves along the
Hudson River was little used or traversed by the
Lenape people. A combination of the stream valleys, such as that in which
96th Street runs, and wetlands to the northeast and east, may have protected a portion of the Upper West Side from the Lenape's controlled burns; lack of periodic ground fires results in a denser understory and more fire-intolerant trees, such as
American Beech. In the eighteenth and early nineteenth century, the Upper West Side-to-be contained some of colonial New York's most ambitious houses, spaced along Bloomingdale Road. It became increasingly
infilled with smaller, more suburban villas in the first half of the nineteenth century, and in the middle of the century, parts had become decidedly lower class.
Bloomingdale District The name "Bloomingdale District" was used to refer to a part of the Upper West Side – the present-day
Manhattan Valley neighborhood – located between 96th and 110th Streets and bounded on the east by
Amsterdam Avenue and on the west by
Riverside Drive,
Riverside Park, and the
Hudson River. Its name was a derivation of the description given to the area by Dutch settlers to
New Netherland, likely from
Bloemendaal, a town in the
tulip region. The name was
Anglicized to "Bloomingdale" or "the Bloomingdale District", covering the west side of Manhattan from about
23rd Street up to the Hollow Way (modern
125th Street). It consisted of farms and villages along a road (regularized in 1703) known as the Bloomingdale Road. Bloomingdale Road was renamed The Boulevard in 1868, as the farms and villages were divided into building lots and absorbed into the city. By the 18th century it contained numerous farms and country residences of many of the city's well-off, a major parcel of which was the
Apthorp Farm. The main artery of this area was the Bloomingdale Road, which began north of where Broadway and the
Bowery Lane (now Fourth Avenue) join (at modern
Union Square) and wended its way northward up to about modern
116th Street in Morningside Heights, where the road further north was known as the Kingsbridge Road. Within the confines of the modern-day Upper West Side, the road passed through areas known as Harsenville, Strycker's Bay, and Bloomingdale Village. With the building of the
Croton Aqueduct passing down the area between present day
Amsterdam Avenue and
Columbus Avenue in 1838–42, the northern reaches of the district became divided into
Manhattan Valley to the east of the aqueduct and Bloomingdale to the west. Bloomingdale, in the latter half of the 19th century, was the name of a village that occupied the area just south of 110th Street.
Late 19th-century development Much of the riverfront of the Upper West Side was a shipping, transportation, and manufacturing corridor. The
Hudson River Railroad line
right-of-way was granted in the late 1830s to connect New York City to Albany, and soon ran along the riverbank. One major non-industrial development, the creation of Central Park in the 1850s and '60s, caused many squatters to move their shacks into the Upper West Side. Parts of the neighborhood became a ragtag collection of squatters' housing, boarding houses, and rowdy taverns. As this development occurred, the old name of Bloomingdale Road was being chopped away and the name Broadway was progressively applied further northward to include what had been lower Bloomingdale Road. In 1868, the city began straightening and grading the section of the Bloomingdale Road from Harsenville north, and it became known as "Western Boulevard" or "The Boulevard". It retained that name until the end of the century, when the name Broadway finally supplanted it. Development of the neighborhood lagged even while Central Park was being laid out in the 1860s and '70s, then was stymied by the
Panic of 1873. Things turned around with the introduction of the
Ninth Avenue elevated in the 1870s along Ninth Avenue (renamed Columbus Avenue in 1890), and with
Columbia University's relocation to
Morningside Heights in the 1890s, using lands once held by the
Bloomingdale Insane Asylum.
Riverside Park was conceived in 1866 and formally approved by the state legislature through the efforts of city parks commissioner
Andrew Haswell Green. The first segment of park was acquired through condemnation in 1872, and construction soon began following a design created by the firm of
Frederick Law Olmsted, who also designed the adjacent, gracefully curving
Riverside Drive. In 1937, under the administration of commissioner
Robert Moses, of land were added to the park, primarily by creating a promenade that covered the tracks of the Hudson River Railroad. Moses, working with landscape architect
Gilmore D. Clarke also added playgrounds, and distinctive stonework and the
79th Street Boat Basin, but also cut pedestrians off from direct access to most of the riverfront by building the
Henry Hudson Parkway by the river's edge. According to
Robert Caro's book on Moses,
The Power Broker, Riverside Park was designed with most of the amenities located in predominantly white neighborhoods, with the neighborhoods closer to Harlem getting shorter shrift. Riverside Park, like Central Park, underwent a revival late in the 20th century, largely through the efforts of the Riverside Park Fund, a citizen's group. Largely through their efforts and the support of the city, much of the park has been improved. The
Hudson River Greenway along the river-edge of the park is a common route for pedestrians and bicyclists; an extension to the park's greenway runs between 83rd and 91st Streets on a promenade in the river itself.
Early 20th century Subway expansion 1868 saw the opening of the now demolished
IRT Ninth Avenue Line – the city's first elevated railway – which opened in the decade following the
American Civil War. The Upper West Side experienced a building boom from 1885 to 1910, thanks in large part to the 1904 opening of the city's
first subway line, which comprised, in part, what is now a portion of the
IRT Broadway–Seventh Avenue Line, with subway stations at
59th,
66th,
72nd,
79th,
86th,
91st,
96th,
103rd,
110th,
116th, and
125th Streets. at rightThis further stimulated
residential development of the area. The stately tall apartment blocks on
West End Avenue and the
townhouses on the streets between
Amsterdam Avenue and Riverside Drive, which contribute to the character of the area, were all constructed during the pre-depression years of the twentieth century. A revolution in building techniques, the low cost of land relative to lower Manhattan, the arrival of the subway, and the popularization of the formerly expensive elevator made it possible to construct large apartment buildings for the middle classes. The large scale and style of these buildings is one reason why the neighborhood has remained largely unchanged into the twenty-first century. In 1940, the elevated
IRT Ninth Avenue Line over Columbus Avenue closed. Immigrants from Eastern Europe and the Caribbean moved in during the '50s and the '60s. The
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts opened in the 1960s. The early 20th century marked the beginning of a significant Jewish presence on the Upper West Side. By 1930, Jewish residents constituted approximately one-third of the population living between West 79th and West 110th Streets, from Broadway to the Hudson River.
Enclaves In the 1900s, the area south of 67th Street was heavily populated by
African-Americans and supposedly gained its nickname of "
San Juan Hill" in commemoration of African-American soldiers who were a major part of
Theodore Roosevelt's
assault on
Cuba's
San Juan Hill in the
Spanish–American War. By 1960, it was a rough neighborhood of tenement housing, the demolition of which was delayed to allow for exterior shots in the film musical
West Side Story. Thereafter,
urban renewal brought the construction of the
Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and
Lincoln Towers apartments during 1962–1968. The Upper West Side is a significant Jewish neighborhood, populated with both
German Jews who moved in at the turn of last century, and Jewish refugees escaping
Hitler's Europe in the 1930s. Today the area between
85th Street and 100th Street is home to the largest community of young
Modern Orthodox singles outside of Israel. However, the Upper West Side also features a substantial number of non-Orthodox Jews. A number of major synagogues are located in the neighborhood, including the oldest Jewish congregation in the United States,
Shearith Israel; New York's second-oldest and the third-oldest Ashkenazi synagogue,
B'nai Jeshurun;
Rodeph Sholom; the
Stephen Wise Free Synagogue; and numerous others such as the
Jewish Center, and West Side Institutional.
Late 20th-century urban renewal From the post-WWII years until the
AIDS epidemic, the neighborhood, especially below 86th Street, had a substantial gay population. As the neighborhood had deteriorated, it was affordable to working class gay men, and those just arriving in the city and looking for their first white collar jobs. Its ethnically mixed gay population, mostly Hispanic and white, with a mixture of income levels and occupations patronized the same gay bars in the neighborhood, making it markedly different from most gay enclaves elsewhere in the city. The influx of white gay men in the Fifties and Sixties is often credited with accelerating the
gentrification of the Upper West Side. In a subsequent phase of urban renewal, the rail yards which had formed the Upper West Side's southwest corner were replaced by the
Riverside South residential project, which included a southward extension of Riverside Park. The evolution of Riverside South had a 40-year history, often extremely bitter, beginning in 1962 when the
New York Central Railroad, in partnership with the
Amalgamated Lithographers Union, proposed a mixed-use development with 12,000 apartments, Litho City, to be built on platforms over the tracks. The subsequent bankruptcy of the enlarged, but short-lived
Penn Central Railroad brought other proposals and prospective developers. The one generating the most opposition was
Donald Trump's "Television City" concept of 1985, which would have included a 152-story office tower and six 75-story residential buildings. In 1991, a coalition of civic organizations proposed a purely residential development of about half that size, and then reached a deal with Trump. The community's links to the events of
September 11, 2001 were evinced in Upper West Side resident and
Pulitzer Prize winner
David Halberstam's paean to the men of Ladder Co 40/Engine Co 35, just a few blocks from his home, in his book
Firehouse. Today, this area is the site for several long-established charitable institutions; their unbroken parcels of land have provided suitably scaled sites for
Columbia University and the
Cathedral of Saint John the Divine, as well as for some vanished landmarks, such as the
Schwab Mansion on
Riverside Drive. The name Bloomingdale is still used in reference to a part of the Upper West Side, essentially the location of old Bloomingdale Village, the area from about 96th Street up to 110th Street and from Riverside Park east to Amsterdam Avenue. The triangular block bound by Broadway, West End Avenue, 106th Street and 107th Street, although generally known as Straus Park (named for
Isidor Straus and his wife Ida), was officially designated Bloomingdale Square in 1907. The neighborhood also includes the
Bloomingdale School of Music and Bloomingdale neighborhood branch of the
New York Public Library. Adjacent to the Bloomingdale neighborhood is a more diverse and less affluent subsection of the Upper West Side called
Manhattan Valley, focused on the downslope of Columbus Avenue and
Manhattan Avenue from about 96th Street up to 110th Street. ==Demographics==