Timeline of medicine and medical technology

• c. 12000 BC – The earliest known example of dental caries manipulation is found in a Paleolithic man in Northern Italy. • 7300 - 6200 BC – First evidence of trepanation, with signs of healing suggesting survival, identified in a skull in Ukraine. • 3350 - 3105 BC - Ötzi dies with a parasitic whipworm infection while carrying Piptoporus betulinus, a type of birch fungus that contains toxic resins against whipworm and induces diarrhea. It has been likely used an anthelmintic medication. • 3000 BC – The origins of Ayurveda traced back to around 3,000 BCE. • c. 2600 BC – Imhotep the priest-physician to be later deified as the Egyptian god of medicine. • 2500 BC – Egyptian inscription speaks of Iry as eye-doctor of the palace, palace physician of the belly, guardian of the royal bowels, and he who prepares the important medicine (name cannot be translated) and knows the inner juices of the body. • 8th century – Homer tells that Polydamna supplied the Greek forces besieging Troy with healing drugs. Homer also tells about battlefield surgery Idomeneus tells Nestor after Machaon has fallen: A surgeon who can cut out an arrow and heal the wound with his ointments is worth a regiment. There is little evidence to support the claims but he is, nonetheless, important. • fl. 425 BC – Diogenes of Apollonia • 496 – 405 BC – Sophocles "It is not a learned physician who sings incantations over pains which should be cured by cutting." • 420 BC – Hippocrates of Cos maintains that diseases have natural causes and puts forth the Hippocratic Oath. Origin of rational medicine. ==Medicine after Hippocrates==

• c. 400 BC – 1 BC – The Huangdi Neijing (''Yellow Emperor's Classic of Internal Medicine'') is published, laying the framework for traditional Chinese medicine • 4th century BC – Philistion of Locri • 375–295 BC – Diocles of Carystus • 3rd century BC – Philinus of Cos founder of the Empiricist school. Herophilos and Erasistratus practice androtomy. (Dissecting live and dead human beings) • 280 BC – Herophilus Dissection • 1st century AD – Rufus of Ephesus; Marcellinus a physician of the first century AD; • 50 – 70 AD – Pedanius Dioscorides writes De Materia Medica – a precursor of modern pharmacopoeias that was in use for almost 1600 years • 2nd century AD Aretaeus of Cappadocia • 98 – 138 AD – Soranus of Ephesus • 129 – 216 AD – Galen – Clinical medicine based on observation and experience. The resulting tightly integrated and comprehensive system, offering a complete medical philosophy dominated medicine throughout the Middle Ages and until the beginning of the modern era. == After Galen 200 AD ==

• – Fabulla or Fabylla, medical writer • d. 260 – Gargilius Martialis, short Latin handbook on Medicines from Vegetables and Fruits • 362 – Julian orders xenones built, imitating Christian charity (proto hospitals) • 484 – 590 – Flavius Magnus Aurelius Cassiodorus • fl. 511 – 534 – Anthimus Greek: Ἄνθιμος • 536 – Sergius of Reshaina (died 536) – A Christian theologian-physician who translated thirty-two of Galen's works into Syriac and wrote medical treatises of his own Alexander Trallianus • 500 – 550 – Aetius of Amida Encyclopedia 4 books each divided into 4 sections • 550 – 630 Stephanus of Athens • 560 – 636 – Isidore of Seville • c. 620 Aaron of Alexandria Syriac writes 30 books on medicine, the "Pandects". He is the first author in antiquity who mentions the diseases of smallpox and measles translated by Māsarjawaih a Syrian Jew and Physician, into Arabic about A. D. 683 • c. 630 – Paul of Aegina Encyclopedia in 7 books very detailed surgery used by Albucasis • 790 – 869 – Leo Itrosophist also Mathematician or Philosopher wrote "Epitome of Medicine" • c. 800 – 873 – Al-Kindi (Alkindus) De Gradibus • 820 – Benedictine hospital founded, School of Salerno would grow around it • c. 830 – 870 – Hunayn ibn Ishaq (Johannitius) Syriac-speaking Christian also knows Greek and Arabic. Translator and author of several medical tracts. • c. 910d – Ishaq ibn Hunayn • 9th century – Yahya ibn Sarafyun a Syriac physician Johannes Serapion, and makes the first clear distinction between smallpox and measles in his al-Hawi. • d. 955 – Isaac Judaeus Isḥāq ibn Sulaymān al-Isrāʾīlī Egyptian born Jewish physician • d. 982 – 994 – 'Ali ibn al-'Abbas al-Majusi Haly Abbas • 1123 – St Bartholomew's Hospital founded by the court jester Rahere Augustine nuns originally cared for the patients. Mental patients were accepted along with others • 1127 – Stephen of Antioch translates the work of Haly Abbas • 1100 – 1161 – Avenzoar Teacher of Averroes • 1170 – Rogerius Salernitanus composes his Chirurgia also known as The Surgery of Roger • 1126 – 1198 – Averroes • d. c. 1161 – Matthaeus Platearius ==1200–1499==

• 1203 – Innocent III organizes the hospital of Santo Spirito at Rome inspiring others all over Europe • c. 1210 – 1277 – William of Saliceto, also known as Guilielmus de Saliceto • 1210 – 1295 – Taddeo Alderotti – Scholastic medicine • 1240 Bartholomeus Anglicus • 1260 – Louis IX establishes Les Quinze-vingt; originally a retreat for the blind, it became a hospital for eye diseases, and is now one of the most important medical centers in Paris • 1288 – The hospital of Santa Maria Nuova founded in Florence, it is a strictly medical one. • 1310 – Pietro d'Abano's Conciliator () • d. 1368 – Guy de Chauliac • f. 1460 – Heinrich von Pfolspeundt Pathological anatomy • 1493 – 1541 – Paracelsus surgery book == 1500–1699 ==

, Operationes chirurgicae, 1685 • Early 16th century: • Paracelsus, an alchemist by trade, rejects occultism and pioneers the use of chemicals and minerals in medicine. Burns the books of Avicenna, Galen and Hippocrates. • Hieronymus Fabricius • Caspar Stromayr • 1500? – 1561 Pierre Franco • Ambroise Paré (1510–1590) pioneers the treatment of gunshot wounds. • Bartholomeo Maggi at Bologna, Felix Wurtz of Zurich, Léonard Botal in Paris, and the Englishman Thomas Gale (surgeon), (the diversity of their geographical origins attests to the widespread interest of surgeons in the problem), all published works urging similar treatment to Paré's. But it was Paré's writings which were the most influential. • 1518 – College of Physicians founded, now known as Royal College of Physicians of London is a British professional body of doctors of general medicine and its subspecialties. It received the royal charter in 1518 • 1540 – 1604 – William Clowes – Surgical chest for military surgeons • 1543 – Andreas Vesalius publishes De Fabrica Corporis Humani which corrects Greek medical errors and revolutionizes European medicine • 1546 – Girolamo Fracastoro proposes that epidemic diseases are caused by transferable seedlike entities • 1550 – 1612 – Peter Lowe • 1553 – Miguel Servet describes the circulation of blood through the lungs. • 1556 – Amato Lusitano describes venous valves in the Ázigos vein • 1559 – Realdo Colombo describes the circulation of blood through the lungs in detail • 1563 – Garcia de Orta founds tropical medicine with his treatise on Indian diseases and treatments • 1570 – 1643 – John Woodall Ship surgeons use lemon juice to treat scurvy • 1590 – Microscope is invented, which played a huge part in medical advancement • 1596 – Li Shizhen publishes Běncǎo Gāngmù or Compendium of Materia Medica • 1603 – Girolamo Fabrici studies leg veins and notices that they have valves which allow blood to flow only toward the heart • 1621 – 1676 – Richard Wiseman • 1628 – William Harvey explains the circulatory system in Exercitatio Anatomica de Motu Cordis et Sanguinis in Animalibus • 1683 – 1758 – Lorenz Heister • 1688 – 1752 – William Cheselden == 18th century ==

• 1701 – Giacomo Pylarini gives the first smallpox inoculations in Europe. They have been widely practised in the East before then. • 1714 – 1789 – Percivall Pott • 1720 – Lady Mary Wortley Montagu • 1728 – 1793 – John Hunter • 1736 – Claudius Aymand performs the first successful appendectomy • 1744 – 1795 – Pierre-Joseph Desault First surgical periodical • 1747 – James Lind discovers that citrus fruits prevent scurvy • 1749 – 1806 – Benjamin Bell – Leading surgeon of his time and father of a surgical dynasty, • 1752 – 1832 – Antonio Scarpa • 1763 – 1820 – John Bell • 1766 – 1842 – Dominique Jean Larrey Surgeon to Napoleon • 1768 – 1843 – Astley Cooper surgeon principles and practice • 1774 – 1842 – Charles Bell, surgeon • 1774 – Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous oxide, nitric oxide, ammonia, hydrogen chloride and oxygen • 1777 – 1835 – Baron Guillaume Dupuytren The age Dupuytren • 1785 – William Withering publishes "An Account of the Foxglove" the first systematic description of digitalis in treating dropsy • 1790 – Samuel Hahnemann rages against the prevalent practice of bloodletting as a universal cure and founds homeopathy • 1796 – Edward Jenner develops a smallpox vaccination method • 1799 – Humphry Davy discovers the anesthetic properties of nitrous oxide == 19th century ==

• 1800 – Humphry Davy announces the anaesthetic properties of nitrous oxide. • 1803 – 1841 – Morphine was first isolated by Friedrich Sertürner, this is generally believed to be the first isolation of an active ingredient from a plant. • 1813–1883 – James Marion Sims vesico-vaganial surgery Father of surgical gynecology. • 1816 – René Laennec invents the stethoscope. • 1827 – 1912 – Joseph Lister antiseptic surgery Father of modern surgery • 1818 – James Blundell performs the first successful human transfusion. • 1842 – Crawford Long performs the first surgical operation using anesthesia with ether. • 1845 – John Hughes Bennett first describes leukemia as a blood disorder. • 1846 – First painless surgery with general anesthetic. • 1847 – Ignaz Semmelweis discovers how to prevent puerperal fever. • 1849 – Elizabeth Blackwell is the first woman to gain a medical degree in the United States. • 1850 – Female Medical College of Pennsylvania (later Woman's Medical College), the first medical college in the world to grant degrees to women, is founded in Philadelphia. • 1858 – Rudolf Carl Virchow 13 October 1821 – 5 September 1902 his theories of cellular pathology spelled the end of Humoral medicine. • 1861 – Louis Pasteur discovers the germ theory of disease. • 1861 – Snellen chart developed by Herman Snellen. • 1867 – Lister publishes Antiseptic Principle of the Practice of Surgery, based partly on Pasteur's work. • 1870 – Louis Pasteur and Robert Koch establish the germ theory of disease. • 1878 – Ellis Reynolds Shipp graduates from the Women's Medical College of Pennsylvania and begins practice in Utah. • 1879 – First vaccine for cholera. • 1881 – Louis Pasteur develops an anthrax vaccine. • 1882 – Louis Pasteur develops a rabies vaccine. • 1887 – Willem Einthoven invents electrocardiography (ECG/EKG) • 1890 – Emil von Behring discovers antitoxins and uses them to develop tetanus and diphtheria vaccines. • 1895 – Wilhelm Conrad Röntgen discovers medical use of X-rays in medical imaging == 20th century ==

1900s • 1901 – Karl Landsteiner discovers the existence of different human blood types • 1901 – Alois Alzheimer identifies the first case of what becomes known as Alzheimer's disease • 1906 – Frederick Hopkins suggests the existence of vitamins and suggests that a lack of vitamins causes scurvy and rickets • 1907 – Paul Ehrlich develops a chemotherapeutic cure for sleeping sickness • 1907 – Henry Stanley Plummer develops the first structured patient record and clinical number (Mayo clinic) • 1908 – Victor Horsley and R. Clarke invents the stereotactic method • 1909 – First intrauterine device described by Richard Richter. • 1910 – Hans Christian Jacobaeus performs the first laparoscopy on humans 1910s • 1917 – Julius Wagner-Jauregg discovers the malarial fever shock therapy for general paresis of the insane 1920s • 1921 – Edward Mellanby discovers vitamin D and shows that its absence causes rickets • 1921 – Frederick Banting and Charles Best discover insulin – important for the treatment of diabetes • 1921 – Fidel Pagés pioneers epidural anesthesia • 1923 – First vaccine for diphtheria • 1924 – Hans Berger discovers human electroencephalography • 1926 – First vaccine for pertussis • 1927 – First vaccine for tuberculosis • 1927 – First vaccine for tetanus 1930s • 1930 – First successful sex reassignment surgery performed on Lili Elbe in Dresden, Germany. • 1932 – Gerhard Domagk develops a chemotherapeutic cure for streptococcus • 1933 – Manfred Sakel discovers insulin shock therapy • 1935 – Ladislas J. Meduna discovers metrazol shock therapy • 1935 – First vaccine for yellow fever • 1936 – Egas Moniz discovers prefrontal lobotomy for treating mental diseases; Enrique Finochietto develops the now ubiquitous self-retaining thoracic retractor • 1938 – Ugo Cerletti and Lucio Bini discover electroconvulsive therapy • 1938 – Howard Florey and Ernst Chain investigate Penicillin and attempted to mass-produce it and tested it on the policeman Albert Alexander (police officer) who recovered but died due to a lack of Penicillin 1940s • 1943 – Willem J. Kolff builds the first dialysis machine • 1944 – Disposable catheter – David S. Sheridan • 1946 – Chemotherapy – Alfred G. Gilman and Louis S. Goodman • 1947 – Defibrillator – Claude Beck • 1948 – Acetaminophen – Julius Axelrod, Bernard Brodie • 1948 – The World Health Organization (WHO) is founded as a specialised agency of the United Nations. • 1949 – First implant of intraocular lens, by Sir Harold Ridley • 1949 – Mechanical assistor for anesthesia – John Emerson 1950s • 1952 – Jonas Salk develops the first polio vaccine (available in 1955) • 1952 – Cloning – Robert Briggs and Thomas King • 1953 – First live birth from frozen sperm • 1953 – Heart-lung machine – John Heysham Gibbon • 1953 – Medical ultrasonography – Inge Edler • 1954 – Joseph Murray performs the first human kidney transplant (on identical twins) • 1954 – Ventouse – Tage Malmstrom • 1955 – Tetracycline – Lloyd Conover • 1956 – Metered-dose inhaler – 3M • 1957 – William Grey Walter invents the brain EEG topography (toposcope) • 1958 – Pacemaker – Rune Elmqvist • 1959 – In vitro fertilization – Min Chueh Chang 1960s • 1960 – Invention of cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) • 1960 – First combined oral contraceptive approved by the FDA • 1967 – First vaccine for mumps • 1967 – René Favaloro develops Coronary Bypass surgery • 1967 – Christiaan Barnard performs the first human heart transplant • 1968 – Powered prothesis – Samuel Alderson • 1968 – Controlled drug delivery – Alejandro Zaffaron • 1969 – Balloon catheter – Thomas Fogarty • 1969 – Cochlear implant – William House 1970s • 1970 – Cyclosporine, the first effective immunosuppressive drug is introduced in organ transplant practice • 1971 – MMR Vaccine – developed by Maurice Hilleman • 1971 – Genetically modified organisms – Ananda Chakrabart • 1971 – Magnetic resonance imaging – Raymond Vahan Damadian • 1971 – Computed tomography (CT or CAT Scan) – Godfrey Hounsfield • 1971 – Transdermal patches – Alejandro Zaffaroni • 1971 – Sir Godfrey Hounsfield invents the first commercial CT scanner • 1972 – Insulin pump Dean Kamen • 1973 – Laser eye surgery (LASIK) – Mani Lal Bhaumik • 1974 – Liposuction – Giorgio Fischer • 1976 – First commercial PET scanner • 1978 – First live birth from in vitro fertilisation (IVF) • 1978 – Last fatal case of smallpox • 1979 – Antiviral drugs – George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion 1980s • 1980 – Smallpox is declared eradicated by the WHO. • 1980 – Raymond Damadian builds first commercial MRI scanner • 1980 – Lithotripter – Dornier Research Group • 1980 – First vaccine for hepatitis B – Baruch Samuel Blumberg • 1980 – Cloning of interferons – Sidney Pestka • 1981 – Artificial skin – John F. Burke and Ioannis V. Yannas • 1981 – Bruce Reitz performs the first human heart-lung combined transplant • 1982 – Human insulin – Eli Lilly • 1982 – Willem Johan Kolff performs the first artificial heart transplant. • 1985 – Automated DNA sequencer – Leroy Hood and Lloyd Smith • 1985 – Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) – Kary Mullis • 1985 – Surgical robot – Yik San Kwoh • 1985 – DNA fingerprinting – Alec Jeffreys • 1985 – Capsule endoscopy – Tarun Mullick • 1986 – Fluoxetine HCl – Eli Lilly and Co • 1987 – commercially available Statins – Merck & Co. • 1987 – Tissue engineering – Joseph Vacanti & Robert Langer • 1988 – Intravascular stent – Julio Palmaz • 1988 – Laser cataract surgery – Patricia Bath • 1989 – Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) – Alan Handyside • 1989 – DNA microarray – Stephen Fodor 1990s • 1990 – Gamow bag® – Igor Gamow • 1992 – Description of Brugada syndrome (Pedro and Josep Brugada) • 1992 – First vaccine for hepatitis A available • 1992 – Electroactive polymers (artificial muscle) – SRI International • 1992 – Intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) – Andre van Steirteghem • 1995 – Adult stem cell use in regeneration of tissues and organs in vivo – B. G Matapurkar U.S . International Patent • 1996 – Dolly the Sheep cloned • 1998 – Stem cell therapy – James Thomson • 1999 – The hormone Ghrelin is identified by Japanese scientists Masayasu Kojima, Kenji Kangawa and their colleagues. == 21st century ==

2000s • 2000 – The Human Genome Project draft was completed. • 2001 – The first telesurgery was performed by Jacques Marescaux. • 2003 – Carlo Urbani, of Doctors without Borders alerted the World Health Organization to the threat of the SARS virus, triggering the most effective response to an epidemic in history. Urbani succumbs to the disease himself in less than a month. • 2005 – Jean-Michel Dubernard performs the first partial face transplant. • 2006 – First HPV vaccine approved. • 2006 – The second rotavirus vaccine approved (first was withdrawn). • 2007 – The visual prosthetic (bionic eye) Argus II. • 2008 – Laurent Lantieri performs the first full face transplant. 2010s • 2011 – First successful Uterus transplant from a deceased donor in Turkey • 2013 – The first kidney grown in vitro in the U.S. • 2013 – The first human liver was grown from stem cells in Japan. • 2014 – A 3D printer is used for first ever skull transplant. • 2014 - Sonendo, a medical technology company based in Laguna Hills, California, introduces the GentleWave system in the United States for root canal treatments. • 2016 – The first ever artificial pancreas was created • 2019 – 3D-print heart from human patient's cells. 2020s • 2020 – First vaccine for COVID-19. • 2022 – The complete human genome is sequenced. == See also ==