MarketOutline of marketing
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Outline of marketing

Marketing refers to the social and managerial processes by which products, services, and value are exchanged in order to fulfill individuals' or groups' needs and wants. These processes include, but are not limited to, advertising, promotion, distribution, and product management. The following outline provides an overview and topical guide to the subject:

Actors and relationships
At the center of the marketing framework lies the relationship between the consumer and the organization with the implication that marketers must manage the way the organization presents its public face. :Consumer: Typically, the consumer refers to the end-user, but this may be an individual or group such as a household, family unit or organization. In addition, marketers may need to consider the roles of influencers such as opinion leaders who increasingly use means such as social media to develop customer to customer networks of influence. :Organization: may be represented by many different actors, including various sales personnel: agent, broker, sales representative, merchant, retailer, street vendor or vendor. Selling situations: Depending on the nature of the business operations, many different types of actors are involved in a variety of selling situations involving a variety of sales personnel, who perform varied sales roles. Sales activities involve many different types of customer relationships—from simple transactional exchange to long-term, enduring customer relationships. ==Consumers==
Consumers
Customer demand Marketers typically begin planning with a detailed understanding of customer needs and wants. : A need is something required for a healthy life (e.g. food, water, shelter, emotional bonding). : A want is a desire, wish or aspiration; when needs or wants are backed by purchasing power, they have the potential to become demands. Exchange Exchange, the act of giving or taking one thing of value in return for another, is central to marketing activities. Not all exchange involves financial transactions, but exchange may involve barter, contra dealing or other forms of trade. The object of exchange can include: goods, services or experiences, concepts or ideas, and causes, and may even involve celebrity marketing. Perception of value Traditional thinking around the concept of value was that marketers created value through innovation, product design and manufacture, and that utility was embedded in products or services offered for sale. In this type of thinking, a marketer's objective was to communicate a value proposition to potential buyers. However, recent thinking has changed the traditional perspective and now recognizes that consumers may participate in the co-creation of value in a variety of ways. Consumers may derive value through usage and experience, known as value-in-use or may be involved in product design, known as participatory design. ==Economic concepts==
Economic concepts
Given that marketing has its roots in economics, it shares many foundation concepts with the discipline. Most practicing marketers will have a working knowledge of basic economic concepts and theories. Competitive and comparative advantages Businesses seek to compete by achieving competitive advantages or comparative advantages. Competitive advantages often focus on reducing costs through achieving one or more of the following: economies of scope, economies of scale, experience effects and first-mover advantages. Alternatively, a business may seek to develop uniqueness through product differentiation or developing unique competencies such as market sensing, rapid market response or delivering superior customer value. Competition types Different types of competitive markets can be identified: duopoly, monopoly, monopolistic competition, imperfect competition, and oligopoly. Demand Understanding demand and supply is essential for determining market size and market potential as well as in the price-setting function. : The basic mechanics of consumer demand include: demand curve, demand-led growth, demand response, law of demand, law of supply and transaction costs. : Different types of demand functions include: derived demand and inverse demand function. Economic systems In Western economies, the capitalist economy dominates. However, other types of economic systems such as barter economies and the sharing economy can be identified. MarketsMarketMonopsonyOligopsony Value • Value-in-ownership • Value-in-useMarketing ethics SwitchingSwitching costsSwitching barriers ==Planning==
Planning
Planning levels Marketing planning is just one facet of the overall company's planning. Marketing plans must therefore take their guidance from the overall strategic plan or business plan. Most companies produce both a strategic plan and a managerial plan (also known as an operational plan). The distinction between strategic planning and management planning is that they are two phases with different goals. : Strategic planning is fundamentally concerned with the policies that will improve the firm's competitive position. Strategic planning is sometimes called higher-order planning and is usually long-term (say 3–7 years) while management planning is short-term and may be carried out for a specific program (e.g. a sales or advertising campaign of a few weeks duration) or carried out annually. Strategic plans typically include a statement of the firm's vision and mission. The marketing strategy is a plan that shows how the firm's marketing activities will help to achieve the overall strategic goals. : Marketing management or marketing mix (also known as the 4Ps) is focused on developing the marketing program and is concerned with the implementation of specific action plans designed to achieve objective, measurable targets (SMART objectives). Marketing management plans are typically prepared on an annual planning cycle, but may be prepared for shorter periods for special events such as a product launch, a new logo, change to corporate livery or a repositioning campaign. Planning tools Strategic planning requires sophisticated research and analysis to document the firm's current situation as well as to identify opportunities with the potential to be developed. Planning methods Strategic research is primarily concerned with the identification of new business opportunities and threats, which derive from the external operating environment. Accordingly, strategic analysts rely less on traditional market research methods. Instead, they use methods such as environmental scanning, marketing intelligence (also known as competitive intelligence) and futures research. Analysis methods Marketers draw on a very wide variety of techniques and tools when analyzing the market and the broader operating conditions. The technique selected depends on the nature of the situation or problem to be investigated and the analyst's skill and experience. Strategic analysts employ some 200 different quantitative and qualitative analytical techniques including: Brand development index (BDI), category development index (CDI), brand/category penetration, benchmarking, blind spot analysis, functional capability and resource analysis, impact analysis, counterfactual analysis, demand analysis, emerging issues analysis, experience curve analysis, gap analysis, se analysis (also known as Porter's five forces analysis), management profiling, market segmentation analysis, market share analysis, perceptual mapping, PEST analysis or its variants including PESTLE, STEEPLED and STEER, portfolio analysis, such as BCG growth-share matrix or GE business screen matrix, positioning analysis, precursor analysis or evolutionary analysis, product life cycle analysis and S-curve analysis (also known as technology life cycle or hype cycle analysis), product evolutionary cycle analysis, scenario analysis, segment share analysis, situation analysis, strategic group analysis, SWOT analysis, trend analysis and value chain analysis. Marketing strategiesBarriers to entryBarriers to exitMarket dominance strategiesMass customizationMission-driven marketingPorter's generic strategiesCost leadershipDifferentiation Growth strategiesAggressiveness strategiesAnsoff Matrix (also known as the product/market growth matrix) • Market developmentMarket penetrationProduct developmentDiversification (marketing strategy)Growth platformsGrowth planningHorizontal integrationInnovationInorganic growthMergers and acquisitionsOrganic growthProfit impact on marketing strategyVertical integration Marketing warfare strategiesDefensive strategy (marketing)Guerrilla marketing warfare strategiesGuerrilla marketing (also known as Attack marketing) Implementation and control Implementations and control are important features of the planning process. From time to time, marketers will use appropriate measures of performance to gauge whether plans are achieving the desired results. If necessary, corrective action can be taken to get back on track. ==Orientations==
Orientations
Marketing orientations are the philosophies or mindsets that guide and shape marketing planning and marketing practice. Some marketing historians believe that different philosophies have informed marketing practice at different times in marketing's history. Although there is no real agreement amongst scholars about the precise nature or number of distinct marketing orientations, the most commonly cited include: • Marketing orientation (See section: Marketing orientation) • Marketing conceptProduction orientation (Also see: Production orientation or Production orientation) • Market-orientated, also known as the Selling orientation (also see sections: Selling orientation or Sales orientation) • Societal marketing (also see section: Societal marketing) • Sustainable market orientationCorporate social responsibilityRelationship orientation (also see Relationship orientation section) • Customer relationship management ==Management framework==
Management framework
Marketing planning or the process of developing a marketing program requires a detailed understanding of the marketing framework including consumer behavior, market segmentation, and marketing research. In the process of understanding the consumer market to be served, marketers may need to consider such issues as: Consumer basicsBrand awarenessConsumerConsumerismConsumer socializationConsumer switchingCustomer engagementCustomer knowledgeDemographicsDemographic profileEthical consumerismLifestyleConsumer purchase funnel Consumer decision-making The main steps in the consumer's purchase decision process are: Need or problem recognitionInformation searchEvaluation of alternativesProduct/Brand ChoicePost purchase evaluation. See the following pages for more information on consumer decision-making: • AIDA (marketing)Brand awarenessChoice modellingConsumer confusionDecoy effectImpulse purchases • Prospect theoryWindow shopping Influences Consumers' purchase decisions are influenced by a range of internal and external factors including: :Internal influences ::* Attitudes, beliefs, demographics, aspirational age, aspirational brand, culture, learning, motivation, opinion leaders, risk perception and loss aversion, needs, social class, values :External influences ::* Culture, family, reference groups, subculture, peer group, pester power, time Market and marketing research Marketing research refers to research activities designed to understand the marketing environment, including competitors, the socio-cultural environment and the politico-legal operating environment. Market research specifically refers to research concerned with understanding the market, that is, consumers, and is designed to yield actionable customer insights. Quantitative methodsExperimental techniquesExploratory researchOnline panels • Questionnaire constructionQuantitative researchStatistical surveySurvey methodology Qualitative methodsComputer-assisted qualitative data analysis softwareEthnographic researchFocus groupNeuromarketingObservational techniquesEye trackingElectroencephalographFunctional magnetic resonance imaging Tools and techniquesAdvertising researchAd trackingMeasuring advertising effectivenessConcept testing • Awareness research • Behavioral economicsCompetitive intelligenceContent analysisCoolhuntingConjoint analysisCustomer satisfaction researchDelphi techniqueForecastingPredictive buyingFutures researchMarketing information systems • Marketing intelligenceMixed method research • Motivational research • Nominal group techniquePsychometricsInnovation gameService quality research Scale/questionnaire designQuestionnaire constructionScalesLikert scaleSemantic differential SamplingCluster samplingMultistage samplingNonprobability samplingSimple random samplingStatistical surveys • Stratified samplingSystematic sampling Market segmentation and targeting Market segmentationMarket segment (article) • Segmenting and positioning (article) • Market segmentation (section) or Market segmentation or Market segmentation (section) • Mass customizationMass marketingMarket segmentMicrosegmentionMicrosegmentNiche marketHypersegmentation or one-to-one marketingPrecision marketingSub-niche market Specific segmenting approaches Consumer markets The main bases for segmenting consumer markets include: • Demographics • Geodemographic segmentation (also known as Geo-targeting or Geodemography) • Intermarket segmentation (for segmenting international markets) • Psychographics (psychometric segmentation; lifestyle and values segmentation) (article) (also see: Psychographic segmentation -article) • Sagacity segmentationList of abbreviations for frequently used consumer segments Business or industrial markets The main bases for segmenting business or industrial markets include: • Industrial market segmentationFirmographicsIndustry classification Market segment sizeBass diffusion modelServiceable available marketTotal addressable market TargetingTargetingAttitudinal targetingBehavioral targetingDemographic profileDemographic targetingGeo-targetingNiche marketTargeted advertisingTarget audiencePersona (user experience)Serviceable available marketTotal addressable market Segmentation tools To support market segmentation, analysis marketers may require access to databases with large sample sizes. A number of commercial companies provide such data which typically includes proprietary software designed to interrogate the data and backed by algorithms that support different types of segmentation approaches. These commercial databases are often country or region specifically. Popular geo-demographic segmentation databases include: • Acorn (UK) • Claritas Prizm (US) • Experian (Europe, US) • Mosaic (Asia-Pacific) Popular psychometric tools include: • Roy Morgan Research (Asia Pacific) • VALS (US) • Values Modes Statistical techniquesNeural networksCHAID (Chi-square Automatic Interaction Detector) • Canonical AnalysisChoice ModellingCluster analysisConjoint analysisCross tabDiscriminant analysisFactor analysisIntent scale translationK-meansLatent Class AnalysisLogit analysisMulti dimensional scalingPreference regressionRandom ForestsStructural Equation Modeling ==Marketing mix==
Marketing mix
The marketing program, also known as the marketing mix or the "4 Ps" consists of the product, price, place and promotion. ProductBadge engineeringCannibalization (marketing)Euro Car SegmentMarket cannibalismMarket segmentation indexPositioning (marketing)Packaging and labelingFood labelling regulationsLabellingCountry of originReusable packagingSeasonal packagingWine labelPremium product segmentProduct lifecycleProduct life-cycle theoryProduct liningProduct line extensionProduct category volumeProduct churningProduct differentiationProduct life cycle management (article) • Product life-cycle management (marketing) (article) • Technology lifecycleLife cycle cost analysisPlanned obsolescenceProduct lineProduct proliferationWhole productProduct portfolioB.C.G. AnalysisG.E. Multi Factoral analysisContribution margin analysisProduct bundlingUtility Development of new products Innovation and new product development are an important part of a firm's long term growth strategy. The steps in a basic new production development process are: :Idea generation (or Ideation) → Concept screening→ Concept testingBusiness analysisProduct developmentMarket testingCommercialization It may also include a soft launch. The NPD process can be applied to: :Products: new product development and design :Services: service innovation and service design :Environmental goods or services: eco-innovation, ecodesign and lean product development A recent trend in NPD is the use of participatory design, also known as co-design or co-operative design, which involves stakeholders such as employees or consumers in the design process. Sources of new product ideas include: research and development, consumers or users, distributors, suppliers or crowdsourcing. Innovation typesBlue Ocean StrategyDisruptive innovation NPD represents a high risk activity. It requires substantial investment and a list of product failures suggests that the probability of failure is relatively high. New product adoption and diffusion In order to develop a superior understanding of how new products are adopted by the marketplace and the factors that influence adoption rates, marketers often turn to a number of models or theories of the adoption/diffusion process: • Bass diffusion modelDiffusionDiffusion of innovationsEarly adopterHype cycleTechnology acceptance modelTechnology adoption life cycleTechnology life cycleQuality function deploymentCrossing the Chasm Legal protections New product development, including the design of product features, manufacturing processes, packaging design, etc. involves creative work and therefore constitutes intellectual property. A number of different legal avenues are available to protect different types of intellectual property. • Certification markCopyrightList of copyright actsLogoPatentService markService mark symbolTrademarkSound trademarkTrade secret Brand managementBranding (Promotional)BrandingAspirational brandCelebrity brandingCo-brandingEmployer brandingGreen brandsInternet brandingIngredient brandingLifestyle brandNation brandingSymbol-intensive brandWhite-label productBrand architectureBrand asset managementBrand alliancesBrand ambassadorBrand aversionBrand awarenessBrand communityBrand equityBrand experienceBrand extension (also known as brand stretching) • Brand implementationBrand languageBrand loyaltyBrand namingBrand orientationBrand preferenceBrand relationshipBrand strength analysisBrand tribalismBrand switchingChallenger brandCorporate identityCorporate brandingCult brandDisruptor brandGeneric brandHallmarksSilver hallmarksList of fictional brandsList of renamed brandsProduct proliferationMarqueRebrandingSelf-brandVisual brand language Branding strategiesPrivate brand (also known as Private labels or Store brandPrivate Label StrategyBrand licensingCorporate brandingFamily brandingFighter brand (also known as a fighting brand) • Individual brandingNational brandUmbrella brand Brand protectionCopyrightService markTrademarkGenericized trademark Packaging and labellingMandatory labellingSustainable packaging ==Price==
Price
Algorithmic pricingBarterChoice ModellingCompetitor indexingBreak even analysisMarkupLoyalty cardOperating marginPrice elasticity of demandPricing objectivesPrice pointsPrice ceilingPrice controlsPrice fixingPrice fixing casesPrice floorPrice gougingPrice mechanismPrice signalPrice systemPrice umbrellaPurchasing powerReal prices and ideal pricesReservation priceResale price maintenanceShadow priceSwitching costsTarget pricingTransfer pricingPricing sciencePrice overrideUnit price Pricing strategiesValue-based pricingRelationship-oriented pricingCost-plus pricingCost-plus pricing with elasticity considerationsRate of return pricingPricing for profit maximization Pricing tacticsBase point pricingCost the limit of priceBait pricingBreak-even (economics)Congestion pricingContingency pricingClearance saleDiscounts and allowancesDrip pricingDumping (pricing policy)Everyday low priceFire saleGeographic pricingHigh–low pricingLoss leader • Parity pricing: • Export parity priceImport parity pricePenetration pricingPremium pricing (also known as Price premium) • Price warsJoint product pricingPsychological pricingPremium pricingPrice discriminationDynamic pricingTime-based pricingGeographical pricing and price zoningValue pricing or Value-based purchasingPrice skimmingOdd priceSliding scale feesTwo part tariffVariable pricing and real-time pricingPenetration pricingVariable pricingWillingness to payYield management ==Place==
Promotion
Marketing communications (section) • Advertising agency or marketing communications agencyCross-promotionCommunication planningCo-promotionInternal marketingInfluencer marketingPositioningReferral marketingStreet marketingStreet teamUnique selling propositionViral marketingWord of mouth marketing Promotional elements AdvertisingAd blockingAdvertising managementAdvertising campaignAccount planningAdvertising media selectionAdvertising sloganAttention (advertising)Augmented reality advertisingCommercial skippingConsumer-generated advertisingDigital marketingFrequency (marketing)History of advertisingImmersive advertisingInfomercialIn-game advertisingInnovationInteractive advertisingNative advertisingPerceptual blindnessPersonaShock advertisingStoryboardTargeted advertisingTarget audienceTelevision commercialReach (advertising)View-through rate Advertising modelsAIDA (marketing)AISDALSLoveDAGMAR marketingElaboration likelihood model (article) • Elaboration likelihood model (section) Advertising researchAdvertising research (Article with a media focus) • Ad trackingAttentionTrackingCopy testingEye tracking Advertising mediaAudience measurementAdvertising boardAdvertising postcardCinemaDisplay standInteractive mediaInternetMagazines • List of magazines by circulationMass mediaMedia planningNew mediaNewspapers • Newspaper circulationLists of newspapersNielsen Media ResearchOut-of-home advertisingAerial advertisingBillboard (advertising)Digital billboardHuman billboardMobile billboardNeon message boardSandwich boardKioskInteractive kiosksTransit mediaBus advertisingDriven mediaFleet mediaTruckside advertisementWrap advertisingSignageElectronic signageDigital signageSkywritingProduct placementRadioList of most-listened-to radio programsNielsen ratingsNielsen AudioRetail mediaSocial media marketingStreaming mediaTelevisionList of most watched television broadcastsOzTAMQ ScoreTelevision ratings Award-winning advertising campaignsShare a CokeCoca-Cola's Hillsong campaignSlip-Slop-Slap (Anti-Cancer Institute of Australia) Winner of the International Sulzberger Award, 2010 InternetAffiliate marketingBanner blindnessBehavioral TargetingMobile advertisingOnline advertisingPerformance-based advertisingSearch analyticsSearch engine optimizationSocial media marketingReferral marketingRevenue sharingWeb analytics ;Main types of internet promotion: E-mail spam, e-mail marketing, post-click marketing, website monetizing, search engine marketing (SEM), search engine optimization (SEO), display advertising, contextual advertising ;Internet advertising methods: Ad filtering, ad serving, central ad server, pop-up ad, contextual advertising, web banner ;Search engine marketing payment methods: Pay per click, click fraud, paid inclusion ;Internet metrics: Click through rate (CTR), cost per action (CPA), cost per click (CPC), cost per impression (CPI), cost per mille (CPM), effective cost per mille (eCPM) AdvertainmentAdvergamingBranded content (also known as Branded entertainment) • In-game advertisingProduct placement Direct and digital marketingDirect response televisionDirect response mediaDigital marketing (also known as Digital promotionE-commerceEmail productionTelemarketingSpecialty catalogs Personal sellingAIDA (marketing)DAGMAR marketingField marketingSales managementSales effectivenessSales processSmarketingLead generationPresentationClosing (sales)Customer relationship managementCustomer lifecycle management Sales promotionGimmickMerchandisingBranding (Promotional)Promotional campaignPoint of salePoint of sale display Public relationsBuzz marketingBuzz monitoringCorporate imageCorporate communicationsCause marketingContent marketingDoing a RatnerEvent marketingExhibitions • SpeechwriterTrade fairs • Undercover marketingViral marketingWord of mouth and buzz SponsorshipAmbush marketingCommunity marketing Communications planning • Kelman's source characteristics Measuring communications effectsAudience response • Frequency (marketing)#Effective frequency • Mind shareReach (advertising)Share of voiceShare of wallet Extended marketing mix The extended marketing mix is used in the marketing of services, ideas and customer experiences and typically refers to a model of 7 Ps and includes the original 4 Ps plus process, physical evidence and people. Some texts use a model of 8 Ps and include performance level (service quality) as an 8th P. ProcessCustomer experience managementService blueprint Physical evidenceVirtual customer environmentFront of houseFront officeService innovationService designServicescapes PeopleCustomerCustomer to customerDramaturgical perspectivePersonnelPink-collar workerCustomer interfaceCEM integrationCEM organizationRole theoryScripts Measuring marketing performance Marketing activities are costly and represent an investment in a company or brand's long-term future. With the increased emphasis on accountability, marketers must consider how they measure marketing's performance and communicate that to stakeholders. Various types of metrics that are in widespread use may be classified as: Performance measuresMarket shareMarket share analysisMarket valueMarket powerMarketing EffectivenessReturn on marketing investment (ROMI) • Share of wallet Advertising effectiveness measuresMeasuring advertising effectivenessShare of voice Measures of brand healthBrand equityBrand valuationReturn on Marketing Investment (ROMI) Customer-oriented measuresCustomer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction researchCustomer data managementCustomer analytics ==Special topics==
Branches
The Marketing Book, 7th ed., Routledge, Oxon, UK, 2016 edited by Michael J. Baker and Susan Hart identifies the distinct branches of marketing practice as: • Business marketing, also known as business-to-business marketing and industrial marketing (which also includes business-to-government marketing) • Consumer marketing (general marketing) • Environmental marketing, also known as green marketingInternational marketing, also known as global marketing • Relationship marketing • Retailing • Services marketing, which includes not-for-profit marketing and destination marketingSocial marketing, which includes cause-related marketingRentalAuctionBidding For special applications of marketing including marketing of specific types of products (e.g. agricultural marketing, faith based marketing, pharmaceutical marketing, political marketing, sports marketing, etc.,) or marketing to specific target groups (e.g. marketing to children, marketing to older people, LBGT marketing) see: special applications of marketing practice. Business marketingAffiliate marketingAffinity marketingCo-marketingFirmographicsManaged servicesOutsourcingPersonal sellingProspectingSolution sellingSalesSupply chain managementVendor lock-in Environmental marketingGreen marketing International marketingIntermarket segmentationGlobal marketingMarket entry strategies • Product adaptation Relationship marketingCustomer relationship managementECRM - Electronic customer relationship management • Customer lifetime valueCustomer lifetime valuationCustomer lifecycle managementLoyalty marketingCustomer loyalty programsIncentive programLoyalty programTrust-based marketing Services marketingCustomer serviceCustomer Service SystemDestination marketingSelf-serviceService qualitySERVQUALCustomer satisfactionCustomer satisfaction researchDisconfirmed expectancyQuality managementServicescapes • ServiceService blueprintQualityService quality (aka PZB model or gaps model) • Experience economyService designService-dominant logicService innovationService markServicescapes • Service sectorService recoveryService systemService recovery paradoxSports marketingStrategic service management Social marketingCorporate social responsibilityCause-related marketingCause-related loyalty marketingCradle to grave sustainability practicesGreen marketingGreen brandsSocially responsible marketingSocietal marketingSustainability marketingSustainability brandSustainable packagingSustainability metrics and indices RetailingE-tailingPoint of salesRetail concentrationRetail designRetail softwareRetail mediaSite selectionShopper marketingStore managerVisual merchandising Types of retailerArabberBazaariCostermongerHawker (trade)HucksterMerchantPeddlerStreet vendor Retail outletsArcadeAutomated retailBazaarBedestenHaat bazaarMeena BazaarLanda bazaarSaddar BazaarBig-box storeCategory killerChain storeCharity shopConvenience storeDepartment storeList of department storesDiscount storeDollar storeHypermarketFranchisingMarket townMarketWet marketPasar malamPasar pagiPawnbrokerPop-up retailRetailers' cooperativeShopping mallShopping streetsSecond-hand shopSelf-serviceSupermarketList of supermarketsStrip mallSouq (or souk is an Arabic term for bazaar or market) • Variety storeVending machineWarehouse clubWarehouse store ==Special applications==
History
History of marketingHistory of advertisingHistory of advertisingHistory of advertising in BritainHistory of brandingHistory of brand managementHistory of marketing researchHistory of market segmentationHistory of promotional merchandiseHistory of retailHistory of merchantsHistory of the market placeOrigins of the positioning conceptOrigins of consumer behaviour Influential thinkersWroe Alderson (1898–1965) – proponent of marketing science; instrumental in developing the functional school of marketing and in the managerial approach to marketing • Igor Ansoff (1918–2002) – marketing/management strategist; noted for the product/market growth matrix • David Aaker - highly awarded educator and author in the area of marketing and organisational theory • N.W. Ayer – probably the first advertiser to use mass media (i.e. telegraph) in a promotional campaign and early proponent of media scheduling • Leonard Berry (professor) (1942- ) – author and educator with strong interest in health marketing and relationship marketing • Neil H. Borden (1922–1962) – coined the term 'marketing mix'; former President of the American Marketing Association • Clayton Christensen – educator, author and consultant, published in the areas of innovation and entrepreneurship • George S. Day – author and educator; has published in the area of strategic marketing • Ernest Dichter (1907–1991) – market researcher, consumer behaviourist, pioneer of motivational research methods • Andrew S. C. Ehrenberg (1926–2010) – made contributions to the methodology of data collection, analysis and presentation, and an understanding buyer behaviour and how advertising works • Edward Filene (1860–1937) – an early pioneer of modern retailing methods • Seth Godin – popular author, entrepreneur, public speaker and marketer • Paul E. Green (1927–2012) – academic and author; the founder of conjoint analysis and popularised the use of multidimensional scaling, clustering, and analysis of qualitative data in marketing. • Shelby D. Hunt (1939- ) – former editor of the Journal of Marketing and organisational theorist noted for his contributions to RA theoryJohn E. Jeuck (1916–2009) – early marketing educator • Philip Kotler (1931- ) – popularised the managerial approach to marketing; prolific author • E. St. Elmo Lewis (1872–1948) – developed the AIDA model used in sales and advertising • Christopher Lovelock (1940–2008) – author of many books and articles on services marketing • Theodore Levitt (1925–2006) – former editor of Harvard Business Review, prolific author of marketing articles and famed for his article, "Marketing Myopia" • E. Jerome McCarthy – popularised the managerial approach to marketing; developed the concept of the 4Ps (i.e. the 'marketing mix' or marketing program) • Arthur Nielsen (1897–1980) – early market researcher; pioneered methods for estimating radio and TV audiences and ratings • David Ogilvy (1911–1999) – advertising guru, early pioneer of the market positioning concept • Vance Packard – journalist and author, wrote The Hidden Persuaders (1957) which explored the use of motivational research in marketing practice • Charles Coolidge Parlin (1872–1942) – pioneer of market and advertising research methods • Rosser Reeves (1910–1984) – advertising guru; advocate of frequency in media schedules • Al Ries – advertising executive, author and credited with coining the term, 'positioning' in the late 1960s • Arch Wilkinson Shaw (1876–1962) – early management theorist, proponent of the scientific approach to marketing • Henry Charles Taylor (1873–1969) – the agricultural marketer • Richard S. Tedlow – author and educator; published in the area of marketing history • James Walter Thompson (1847–1928) – founded one of the earliest modern advertising agencies, J Walter Thompson; a very early proponent of using brand image in advertising • Jack Trout – together with Al Ries, popularised the positioning concept • Don E. Schultz – father of 'integrated marketing communications' (IMC) • Stephen Vargo– together with R.F. Lusch developed the Service-dominant logic approach to marketing • Henry Grady Weaver (1889–1949) – developed the survey questionnaire for use in market research • Jerry (Yoram) Wind – former editor of the Journal of Marketing, educator and marketer • Byron Sharp – N.Z. academic; one of the first to document buyer loyalty in empirical work • Daniel Starch (1883–1979) – psychologist and marketing researcher, developed the so-called Starch scores to measure impact of magazine advertising; Starch scores are still in use • Gerald Zaltman – developed the Metaphor Elicitation Technique (ZMET) • Valarie Zeithaml – together with A. Parasurman and L.L. Berry, developed the model of service quality and the SERVQUAL research instrument ==Trade magazines and academic journals==
Archives, museums and galleries
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