1101–1109 converted to
Islam from Buddhism. •
1101: In July, the
Treaty of Alton is signed between
Henry I of England and his older brother
Robert, Duke of Normandy in which Robert agrees to recognize Henry as king of England in exchange for a yearly stipend and other concessions. The agreement temporarily ends a crisis in the succession of the Anglo-Norman kings. •
1101–
1103:
David the Builder takes over
Kakheti and
Hereti (now parts of Georgia). •
1102:
King Coloman unites Hungary and
Croatia under the
Hungarian Crown. •
1102: Muslims conquer
Señorío de Valencia. •
1103–
1104: A church council is convened by King
David the Builder in
Urbnisi to reorganize the
Georgian Orthodox Church. •
1104: In the
Battle of Ertsukhi, King
David the Builder defeats an army of
Seljuks. •
1104: King Jayawarsa of
Kadiri (on Java) ascends to the throne. •
1106:
Battle of Tinchebray. •
1107–
1111:
Sigurd I of Norway becomes the first Norwegian king to embark on
a crusade to the Holy Land. He fights in Lisbon and on various Mediterranean isles and helps the King of
Jerusalem to take
Sidon from the Muslims.'s painting
Along the River During the Qingming Festival captures the daily life of people from the Song dynasty at the capital, Bianjing, today's
Kaifeng. •
1108: By the
Treaty of Devol, signed in September,
Bohemond I of Antioch has to submit to the
Byzantine Empire, becoming the vassal of
Alexius I. •
1109: On June 10,
Bertrand of Toulouse captures the
County of Tripoli (northern Lebanon/western Syria). •
1109: In the
Battle of Nakło,
Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats the
Pomeranians and re-establishes Polish access to the sea. •
1109: On August 24, in the
Battle of Hundsfeld,
Boleslaus III Wrymouth defeats Emperor
Henry V of Germany and stops German expansion eastward.
1110s •
1111: On April 14, during
Henry V's first expedition to Rome, he is crowned Holy Roman Emperor. •
1113: Paramavishnulok is crowned as King
Suryavarman II in
Cambodia. He expands the
Khmer Empire and builds
Angkor Wat during the first half of the century. He establishes diplomatic relations with China. •
1115: The Georgian army occupies
Rustavi in the war with the Muslims. •
1115: In Java, King Kamesvara of Kadiri ascends to the throne.
Janggala ceases to exist and comes under Kadiri domination, highly possible under royal marriage. During his reign, Mpu Dharmaja writes Kakawin
Smaradahana, a eulogy for the king which become the inspiration for the
Panji cycle tales, which spread across Southeast Asia. •
1116: The Byzantine army defeats the Turks at Philomelion. •
1116: Death of doña
Jimena Díaz, governor of Valencia from 1099 to 1102. • c.
1119: The
Knights Templar are founded to protect Christian pilgrims in Jerusalem.
1120s (built between 1163 and 1260) •
1120: On January 16, the Council of
Nablus, a council of ecclesiastic and secular lords in the crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem, establishes the first written laws for the kingdom. •
1120: On November 25,
William Adelin, the only legitimate son of King
Henry I of England, drowns in the
White Ship Disaster, leading to a
succession crisis which will bring down the
Norman monarchy of England. •
1121: On August 12, in the
Battle of Didgori, the greatest military victory in Georgian history, King
David the Builder with 45,000
Georgians, 15,000
Kipchak auxiliaries, 500
Alan mercenaries and 100 French
Crusaders defeats a much larger
Seljuk-led Muslim coalition army. •
1121: On December 25,
St. Norbert and 29 companions make their solemn vows in Premontre, France, establishing the
Premonstratensian Order. •
1122: The
Battle of Beroia (Modern-day Stara Zagora, Bulgaria) results in the disappearance of the
Pechenegs Turkish tribe as an independent force. •
1122: On September 23, the
Concordat of Worms (
Pactum Calixtinum) is drawn up between Emperor
Henry V and Pope
Calixtus II bringing an end to the first phase of the
power struggle between the papacy and the Holy Roman Empire. •
1122: King
David the Builder captures
Tbilisi and declares it the capital city of
Georgia, ending 400 years of Arab rule. •
1123: The
Jurchen dynasty of China forces
Koryo (now Korea) to recognize their suzerainty. •
1124: In April or May,
David I is crowned
King of the Scots. •
1125: On June 11, in the
Battle of Azaz, the
Crusader states, led by King
Baldwin II of Jerusalem, defeat the
Seljuk Turks. •
1125: In November, the
Jurchens of the
Jin dynasty declare war on the
Song dynasty, beginning the
Jin–Song wars. •
1125:
Lothair of Supplinburg, duke of
Saxony, is elected
Holy Roman Emperor instead of the nearest heir,
Frederick of Swabia, beginning the great struggle between
Guelphs and Ghibellines. •
1127: The
Northern Song dynasty loses power over northern China to the
Jin dynasty. •
1128: On June 24, the
Kingdom of Portugal gains independence from the
Kingdom of León at the
Battle of São Mamede; (recognised by
León in 1143).
1130s , built during the reign of
Suryavarman II in Cambodia of the Khmer Era. •
1130–
1180: 50-year drought in what is now the
American Southwest. •
1130–
1138:
Papal schism,
Pope Innocent II vs.
Antipope Anacletus II. •
1130: On March 26,
Sigurd I of Norway dies. A golden era of 95 years comes to an end for Norway as civil wars between the members of
Harald Fairhair's family line rage for the remainder of the century. •
1130: On Christmas Day,
Roger II is crowned King of
Sicily, the royal title being bestowed on him by
Antipope Anacletus II. •
1132: The
Southern Song dynasty establishes China's first permanent standing navy, although China had a long naval history prior. The main admiral's office is at the port of
Dinghai. •
1132–
1183: the Chinese navy increases from a mere 3,000 to 52,000 marine soldiers stationed in 20 different squadrons. During this time, hundreds of treadmill-operated
paddle wheel craft are assembled for the navy to fight the Jin dynasty in the north. •
1135: King
Jayabaya of
Kadiri ascends to the throne. •
1135–
1154:
The Anarchy takes place, during a period of civil war in England. •
1136:
Suger begins rebuilding the
abbey church at St Denis north of Paris, which is regarded as the first major
Gothic building. •
1137: On July 22, the future King
Louis VII of France marries
Eleanor, the Duchess of Aquitaine. •
1137:
Egyptian military commander
Ridwan ibn Walakhshi becomes
vizier of
Egypt. •
1138: On October 11, the
1138 Aleppo earthquake devastates much of northern Syria. •
1139: in April, the
Second Lateran Council ends the papal schism. •
1139: On July 5, in the
Treaty of Mignano,
Pope Innocent II confirms
Roger II as King of Sicily, Duke of Apulia, and Prince of Capua and invests him with his titles. •
1139: On July 25, the Portuguese defeat the
Almoravids led by
Ali ibn Yusuf in the
Battle of Ourique; Prince
Afonso Henriques is acclaimed King of Portugal by his soldiers.
1140s in a 14th-century painting by
Andrea di Bonaiuto •
1140–
1150: Collapse of the
Ancestral Puebloan culture at
Chaco Canyon (modern-day New Mexico). •
1141: The
Treaty of Shaoxing ends the conflict between the
Jin dynasty and
Southern Song dynasty, legally establishing the boundaries of the two countries and forcing the Song dynasty to renounce all claims to its former territories north of the Huai River. The treaty reduces the Southern Song into a quasi-tributary state of the Jurchen Jin dynasty. •
1143:
Manuel I Komnenos is crowned as Byzantine emperor after the death of
John II Komnenos. •
1143:
Afonso Henriques is proclaimed King of Portugal by the cortes. •
1143: The
Treaty of Zamora recognizes Portuguese independence from the Kingdom of León. Portugal also recognizes the suzerainty of the pope. •
1144: On December 24,
Edessa falls to the Atabeg
Zengi. •
1145–
1148: The
Second Crusade is launched in response to the fall of the
County of Edessa. •
1147: On October 25, the four-month-long
Siege of Lisbon successfully brings the city under definitive Portuguese control, expelling the Moorish overlords. •
1147: A new
Berber dynasty, the
Almohads, led by Emir
Abd al-Mu'min, takes North Africa from the
Almoravides and soon invades the
Iberian Peninsula. The Almohads began as a religious movement to rid Islam of impurities. •
1147: The
Wendish Crusade against the
Polabian Slavs (or "
Wends") in what is now northern and eastern Germany.
1150s 's continental holdings in 1154, showing the lands known as the
Angevin Empire in shades of red. •
1150:
Ramon Berenguer IV, Count of Barcelona marries
Petronilla, the Queen of
Aragon. •
1151: The
Treaty of Tudilén is signed by
Alfonso VII of León and
Raymond Berengar IV, Count of Barcelona, recognizing the Aragonese conquests south of the Júcar and the right to expand in and annex the Kingdom of Murcia. •
1153: The Treaty of Wallingford, ends the civil war between
Empress Matilda and her cousin
King Stephen of England fought over the English crown. Stephen acknowledges Matilda's son
Henry of Anjou as heir. •
1153: The First Treaty of Constance is signed between
Emperor Frederick I and
Pope Eugene III, by the terms of which, the emperor is to prevent any action by
Manuel I Comnenus to reestablish the Byzantine Empire on Italian soil and to assist the pope against his enemies in revolt in Rome. •
1154: the
Moroccan-born Muslim
geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi publishes his
Geography. •
1154: On December 27, Henry II is crowned King of England at Westminster Abbey. •
1155:
Pope Adrian IV grants overlordship of Ireland to
Henry II of England in the
bull Laudabiliter. •
1156: On June 18, the
Treaty of Benevento is entered into by Pope
Adrian IV and the Norman Kingdom of Sicily. After years of turbulent relations, the popes finally settles down to peace with the Hauteville kings. The kingship of
William I is recognized over all Sicily, Apulia, Calabria, Campania, and Capua. The tribute to the pope of 600
schifati agreed upon by
Roger II in 1139 at
Mignano is affirmed and another 400
shift is added for the new lands. •
1158: The
Treaty of Sahagún ends the war between Castile and León.
1160s of Hangzhou, China, 1165 •
1161: the Song dynasty Chinese navy, employing
gunpowder bombs launched from
trebuchets, defeats the enormous Jin dynasty navy in the East China Sea in the
Battle of Tangdao and on the
Yangtze River in the
Battle of Caishi. •
1161:
Kilij Arslan II, Sultan of
Rum, makes peace with the Byzantine Empire, recognizing the emperor's primacy. •
1161: In the siege of
Ani, troops from the
Kingdom of Georgia take control over the city, only to have it sold for the second time to the
Shaddadids, a Kurdish dynasty. •
1162:
Genghis Khan, the founder of the
Mongol Empire, is born as Temüjin in present-day
Mongolia. •
1162:
Egyptian military commander
Shawar becomes
vizier and de facto
Caliph of the
Fatimid Caliphate of
Egypt. •
1163: The
Norwegian Law of Succession takes effect. •
1165–
1182:
Tensions and disputes between the
Pagan Empire and the
Kingdom of Polonnaruwa causes the
Sinhalese under
Parakramabahu the Great to raid
Burma. •
1168: King
Valdemar I of Denmark conquers
Arkona on the Island of
Rügen, the strongest pagan fortress and temple in
northern Europe. •
1169: Political disputes within the
Pandya Empire sparks the decade-long
Pandyan Civil War. •
1169: On May 1, the
Norman invasion of Ireland begins.
Richard fitzGilbert de Clare ('Strongbow') allies with the exiled Irish chief,
Dermot MacMurrough, to help him recover his kingdom of
Leinster.
1170s during the
battle of Legnano (1176) by
Amos Cassioli (1832–1891) •
1170: The
Treaty of Sahagún is signed by
Alfonso VIII of Castile and
Alfonso II of Aragon. Based on the terms of the accord, Alfonso VIII agrees to provide Alfonso II with three hostages, to be used as tribute payments owed by Ibn Mardanīš of Valencia and Murcia. •
1170: On December 29,
Thomas Becket is murdered in
Canterbury Cathedral. •
1171:
Saladin deposes the last
Fatimid Caliph
Al-'Āḍid and establishes the
Ayyubid dynasty, becoming the first
Sultan of Egypt. Egypt remains an autonomous state. •
1171: On November 11,
Henry II of England lands in Ireland to assert his claim as Lord of Ireland. •
1172: The
Pandyan city of
Madurai is sacked by the
Sinhalese army due to an attempt to drive off the rival throne claimant,
Kulasekara Pandyan. •
1173:
Sinhalese king Parakramabahu the Great gains a decisive victory by invading the
Chola Empire as an ally of the
Pandyas in the
Pandyan Civil War. •
1174: On July 12,
William I of Scotland is captured by the English in the
Battle of Alnwick. He accepts the feudal overlordship of the English crown and pays ceremonial allegiance at York. •
1175:
Hōnen Shōnin (Genkū) founds the
Jōdo shū (Pure Land) sect of Buddhism. •
1175: The
Treaty of Windsor is signed by King
Henry II of England and the High King of Ireland,
Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair. •
1176: On May 29,
Frederick Barbarossa's forces are defeated in the
Battle of Legnano by the
Lombard League which results in the emperor's acknowledgment of the pope's sovereignty over the Papal States and Alexander acknowledging the emperor's overlordship of the imperial Church. •
1176: On September 17, The
Battle of Myriokephalon (Myriocephalum; Turkish: Miryakefalon Savaşı) is fought between the
Byzantine Empire and the
Seljuk Turks in
Phrygia. It is a serious reversal for the Byzantine forces and will be the final, unsuccessful, effort by the Byzantines to recover the interior of
Anatolia from the Seljuk Turks. •
1177: The
Treaty or Peace of Venice is signed by the papacy and its allies, and
Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor. The Norman Kingdom of Sicily also participates in negotiations and the treaty thereby determines the political course of all of Italy for the next several years. •
1178: Chinese writer Zhou Qufei, a
Guangzhou customs officer, writes of an island far west in the Indian Ocean (possibly
Madagascar), from where people with skin "as black as lacquer" and with frizzy hair were captured and purchased as slaves by Arab merchants. •
1179: The
Treaty of Cazola (Cazorla) is signed by
Alfonso II of Aragon and
Alfonso VIII of Castile, dividing Andalusia into separate zones of conquest for the two kingdoms, so that the work of the
Reconquista would not be stymied by internecine feuding.
1180s in
Marrakesh, founded by the
Almohad caliph
Abd al-Mu'min •
1180: The
Portuguese Navy defeats a Muslim fleet off the coast of
Cape Espichel. •
1180–
1185: the
Genpei War in Japan. •
1181:
Parakramabahu the Great conducts a large-scale raid on
Burma, after a ship transporting a
Sinhalese princess to the
Khmer Empire is attacked by
Burmese naval fleets. •
1182: Religious reformations of
Theravada Buddhism in
Pagan Burma under the patronage of
Narapatisithu are continued with the end of the
Polonnaruwa-Pagan War. •
1182:
Revolt of the people of
Constantinople against the Latins, whom they massacre, proclaiming
Andronicus I Comnenus as co-emperor. •
1183: On January 25, the final
Peace of Constance between
Frederick Barbarossa, the pope and the Lombard towns is signed, confirming the Peace of Venice of 1177. •
1183: On September 24,
Andronicus I Comnenus has his nephew
Alexius II Comnenus strangled. •
1184: On March 24,
Queen Tamar,
King of Georgia, accedes to the throne as sole ruler after reigning with her father, George III, for six years. •
1184:
Diet of Pentecost organised by Emperor Frederick I in Mainz. •
1185: The
Uprising of Asen and Peter against the Byzantine Empire leads to the
restoration of the Bulgarian Empire. •
1185:
Andronicus I Comnenus is deposed and, on September 12, executed as a result of the
Norman massacre of the Greeks of
Thessalonika. •
1185: The cathedral school (Katedralskolan) in
Lund, Sweden, is founded. The school is the oldest in northern Europe and one of the oldest in all of Europe. •
1185: Beginning in this year the
Kamakura shogunate deprives the
emperor of Japan of political power. •
1186: On January 27, the future Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI marries
Constance of Sicily, the heiress to the Sicilian throne. •
1187: On July 4, in the
Battle of Hattin,
Saladin defeats the king of
Jerusalem. •
1187: In August, the Swedish royal and commercial center
Sigtuna is attacked by raiders from
Karelia, Couronia, and/or Estonia. •
1188: The Riah were introduced into the
Habt and south of
Tetouan by the
Almohad caliph,
Abu Yusuf Yaqub al-Mansur, and Jochem and Acem were introduced in
Tamesna. •
1189: On September 3, Richard I is crowned King of England at Westminster. •
1189: On November 11, William II of Sicily dies and is succeeded by his illegitimate cousin
Tancred, Count of Lecce instead of Constance. •
1189–
1192: The
Third Crusade is an attempt by European leaders to wrest the
Holy Land from
Saladin.
1190–1200 , or Richard the Lionheart. •
1190: On June 10, Emperor Frederick Barbarossa drowns in the River Salef, leaving the Crusader army under the command of the rivals
Philip II of France and
Richard I of England, which ultimately leads to the dissolution of the army. •
1191: Holy Roman Emperor Henry VI attacked the Kingdom of Sicily from May to August but fails and withdrawn, with Empress Constance captured (released 1192). •
1191: On September 7,
Saladin is defeated by
Richard I of England at the
Battle of Arsuf. •
1192: In April,
Isabella I begins her reign as Christian Queen of the
Kingdom of Jerusalem •
1192: In the
Battle of Jaffa, King
Richard the Lionheart defeats
Saladin. •
1192: In June, the
Treaty of Ramla is signed by Saladin and Richard Lionheart. Under the terms of the agreement, Jerusalem will remain under Muslim control. However, the city will be open to Christian pilgrims. The Latin Kingdom is reduced to a coastal strip that extends from Tyre to Jaffa. •
1192:
Minamoto no Yoritomo is appointed
Sei-i Taishōgun, "barbarian-subduing great general",
shōgun for short, the first military dictator to bear this title. •
1192: Sultan
Shahābuddin Muhammad Ghori establishes the first
Muslim empire in India for 14 years (1192–1206) by defeating
Prithviraj Chauhan. •
1193:
Nalanda, the great Indian
Buddhist educational centre, is destroyed. •
1194: Emperor Henry VI conquers the Kingdom of Sicily. •
1195: On June 16, the struggle of
Shamqori.
Georgian forces annihilate the army of
Abu Baqar. •
1198: The brethren of the Crusader hospital in Acre are raised to a military order of knights, the
Teutonic Knights, formally known as the Order of the Knights of the Hospital of St. Mary of the Teutons in Jerusalem. •
1199:
Pope Innocent III writes to
Kaloyan, inviting him to unite the
Bulgarian Church with the
Roman Catholic Church. •
1200: Construction begins on the
Grand Village of the Natchez near
Natchez, Mississippi. This ceremonial center for the
Natchez people is occupied and built until the early 17th century.
Undated • China is under the
Northern Song dynasty. Early in the century,
Zhang Zeduan paints
Along the River During the Qingming Festival. It will later end up in the
Palace Museum, Beijing. • In southeast Asia, there is conflict between the
Khmer Empire and the
Champa.
Angkor Wat is built under the Hindu king
Suryavarman II. By the end of the century, the Buddhist
Jayavarman VII becomes the ruler. • Japan is in its
Heian period. The
Chōjū-jinbutsu-giga is made and attributed to
Toba Sōjō. It ends up at the
Kōzan-ji,
Kyoto. • In Oceania, the
Tuʻi Tonga Empire expands to a much greater area. • Europe undergoes the
Renaissance of the 12th century. The
blast furnace for the smelting of
cast iron is attested in
Lapphyttan in Sweden as early as
1150. •
Alexander Neckam is the first European to document the mariner's
compass, first documented by
Shen Kuo during the previous century. •
Christian humanism becomes a self-conscious philosophical tendency in Europe. Christianity is also introduced to
Estonia,
Finland, and
Karelia. • The first
medieval universities are founded.
Pierre Abelard teaches. •
Middle English begins to develop, and literacy begins to spread outside the Church throughout Europe. In addition, churchmen are increasingly willing to take on secular roles. By the end of the century, at least a third of England's bishops also act as royal judges in secular matters. • The
Ars antiqua period in the history of the
medieval music of Western Europe begins. • The earliest recorded
miracle play is performed in
Dunstable, England. •
Gothic architecture and
trouvère music begin in France. • During the middle of the century, the
Cappella Palatina is built in
Palermo, Sicily, and the
Madrid Skylitzes manuscript illustrates the
Synopsis of Histories by
John Skylitzes. • Fire and plague insurance first become available in
Iceland, and the first documented outbreaks of
influenza there happens. • The medieval state of
Serbia is formed by
Stefan Nemanja and then continued by the
Nemanjić dynasty. • By the end of the century, both the
Capetian dynasty and the
House of Anjou are relying primarily on
mercenaries in their militaries. Paid soldiers are available year-round, unlike knights who expected certain periods off to maintain their
manor lifestyles. • In India,
Hoysala architecture reaches its peak. • In the Middle East, the
icon of
Theotokos of Vladimir is painted probably in
Constantinople. Everything but the faces will later be retouched, and the icon will go to the
Tretyakov Gallery of Moscow. • The
Georgian poet
Shota Rustaveli composes his epic poem ''
The Knight in the Panther's Skin''. •
Shahab al-Din Suhrawardi founds his "school of illumination". • In
North Africa, the
kasbah of
Marrakesh is built, including the city gate
Bab Agnaou and the
Koutoubia mosque. • In
sub-Saharan Africa,
Kente cloth is first woven. • In
France, the first
piedfort coins were minted. • The city of
Tula burns down, marking the end of the
Toltec Empire • In
West Africa the
Ife Empire is established. == Inventions, discoveries, and introductions by year ==