In the
United States and
Canada,
ethnographers commonly classify
Indigenous peoples into ten geographical regions with shared
cultural traits, called cultural areas.
Greenland is part of the
Arctic region. Some scholars combine the Plateau and Great Basin regions into the Intermontane West, some separate Prairie peoples from Great Plains peoples, while some separate Great Lakes tribes from the Northeastern Woodlands.
Arctic •
Paleo-Eskimo, precontact cultures, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 2500 BCE–1500 CE •
Arctic small tool tradition, precontact culture, 2500 BCE, Bering Strait •
Pre-Dorset, eastern Arctic, 2500–500 BCE •
Saqqaq culture, Greenland, 2500–800 BCE •
Independence I, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 2400–1800 BCE •
Independence II culture, northeastern Canada and Greenland, 800–1 BCE) •
Groswater culture, Labrador and Nunavik, Canada •
Dorset culture, 500 BCE–1500 CE, Alaska, Canada •
Aleut (
Unangan), Aleutian Islands of Alaska, and Kamchatka Krai, Russia •
Inuit, Russia, Alaska, Canada, Greenland •
Thule, proto-Inuit, Alaska, Canada, Greenland, 900–1500 CE •
Birnirk culture, precontact Inuit culture, Alaska, 500 CE–900 CE •
Greenlandic Inuit, Greenland •
Kalaallit, west Greenland •
Avanersuarmiut (
Inughuit), north Greenland •
Tunumiit, east Greenland •
Inuvialuit, western Canadian Arctic •
Iñupiat, north and northwest Alaska •
Yupik peoples (
Yup'ik), Alaska and Russia •
Alutiiq (
Sugpiaq,
Pacific Yupik), Alaska Peninsula, coastal and island areas of south central Alaska •
Central Alaskan Yup'ik people, west central Alaska •
Cup'ik, Hooper Bay and Chevak, Alaska •
Nunivak Cup'ig people (Cup'ig), Nunivak Island, Alaska •
Siberian Yupik, Russian Far East and St. Lawrence Island, Alaska • Chaplino •
Naukan •
Sirenik, Siberia
Subarctic •
Ahtna (Ahtena, Nabesna), Alaska •
Anishinaabe –
see also Northeastern Woodlands •
Oji-Cree (Anishinini, Severn Ojibwa) Ontario, Manitoba •
Ojibwa (
Chippewa,
Ojibwe) Ontario, Manitoba, Michigan, Minnesota, Montana, North Dakota •
Atikamekw, Quebec •
Cree, Central and Eastern Canada, North Dakota •
Dakelh (
Carrier), British Columbia •
Babine, British Columbia •
Wet'suwet'en, British Columbia •
Deg Hit’an (Deg Xinag, Degexit’an, Kaiyuhkhotana), Alaska •
Dena’ina (
Tanaina), Alaska •
Dene people, Alaska, Yukon, Northwest Territories, British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Manitoba •
Chipewyan, Alaskan interior, Western Canada •
Tłı̨chǫ (
Tlicho), Northwest Territories •
Yellowknives (
T'atsaot'ine), Northwest Territories •
Slavey (
Awokanak,
Slave,
Deh Gah Got'ine,
Deh Cho), Alberta, British Columbia •
Sahtú (
North Slavey,
Bearlake,
Hare,
Mountain), Northwest Territories •
Gwich'in (
Kutchin,
Loucheaux), Alaska, Yukon •
Dane-zaa (
Beaver,
Dunneza), Alberta, British Columbia •
Hän, Alaska, Yukon •
Holikachuk, Alaska •
Innu (
Montagnais), Labrador, Quebec •
Kaska Dena (
Nahane), Yukon •
Kolchan (
Upper Kuskokwim) •
Koyukon, Alaska •
Naskapi, Quebec, Newfoundland and Labrador •
Sekani (
Tse'khene), British Columbia •
Tagish, Yukon •
Tahltan, British Columbia •
Tanana Athabaskans (
Tanacross), Alaska :*
Lower Tanana, Alaska :*
Middle Tanana, Alaska :*
Upper Tanana, Alaska •
Inland Tlingit, Alaska, British Columbia •
Tsetsaut (extinct), formerly Alaska, British Columbia •
Tsilhqot'in (
Chilcotin), British Columbia •
Northern Tutchone, Yukon •
Southern Tutchone, Yukon
Pacific Northwest coast Of the Indigenous peoples of the Northwest Coast, it is widely agreed upon by scholars that that the area north of the
Haisla represents a cultural subarea, called the "Northern" or "Northern Maritime" area. However, south of this, there is a deal of disagreement on the existence of any subareas, especially south of
Vancouver Island. For the purposes of organization, south of the Northern subarea, tribes are grouped by language family.
Northern subarea •
Eyak () •
Tlingit () •
Haida •
Nisga’a () •
Gitxsan •
Tsimshian () •
Haisla people Wakashan •
Xai'xais (a.k.a. Haihais) •
Heiltsuk (a.k.a. Bella Bella) •
Wuikinuxv (a.k.a. Oowekeeno) •
Kwakwakaʼwakw (; a.k.a. Kwakiutl) •
Nuu-chah-nulth (a.k.a. Nootka) •
Ditidaht •
Makah ()
Nuxalk (Salishan) •
Nuxalk (a.k.a. Bella Coola)
Coast Salish peoples Northern Coast Salish •
Island Comox •
Mainland Comox •
Homalco •
Klahoose •
Tla'amin (a.k.a. Sliammon) •
Pentlatch •
Sechelt () Central Coast Salish •
Squamish •
Nanoose •
Snuneymuxw (a.k.a. Nanaimo) •
Stzʼuminus (a.k.a. Chemainus) •
Penelekut •
Cowichan •
Quamichan •
Lyackson •
Somena •
Musqueam •
Tsawwassen •
Tsleil-Waututh •
Kwantlen •
Kwikwetlem (a.k.a. Coquitlam) •
Katzie •
Aitchelitz •
Chawathil •
Cheam •
Leq'a:mel •
Matsqui •
Popkum •
Seabird Island •
Skawahlook (a.k.a. Tait) •
Shxw'ow'hamel •
Skway •
Skowkale •
Skwah •
Soowahlie •
Stó꞉lō •
Sts'ailes •
Sumas •
Tsleil-Waututh •
Tzeachten •
Yakweakwioose •
Nooksack •
Semiahmoo •
Lummi •
Samish •
Saanich •
Tsartlip •
Pauquachin •
Tsawout •
Tseycum •
Malahat •
Lekwungen (a.k.a. Songhees) •
T'Sou-ke (a.k.a. Sooke) •
Klallam Southern Coast Salish •
Sauk-Suiattle •
Upper Skagit •
Swinomish •
Snohomish •
Snoqualmie •
Suquamish •
Duwamish •
Puyallup •
Nisqually •
Steilacoom •
Squaxin •
Twana •
Skokomish Southwestern Coast Salish •
Quinault •
Lower Chehalis •
Upper Chehalis •
Cowlitz Chimakuan •
Chemakum •
Quileute •
Hoh Chinookans •
Lower Chinook •
Clatsop •
Shoalwater Chinook •
Kathlamet •
Multnomah people •
Clackamas people Oregon Salish •
Tillamook •
Siletz Alseans •
Alsea •
Yaquina Siuslawans •
Siuslaw •
Lower Umpqua Coosans •
Hanis (a.k.a. Coos) •
Miluk •
Lower Coquille Kalapuyans •
Atfalati (a.k.a. Tualatin) •
Yamhill •
Ahantchuyuk •
Luckiamute •
Santiam • Mary's River •
Chemapho •
Tsankupi •
Tsanchifin •
Mohawk •
Chelamela •
Winnefelly •
Yoncalla Athabaskans •
Kwalhioqua •
Clatskanie •
Upper Umpqua •
Tututni •
Upper Coquille •
Chasta Costa •
Chetco Northwest Plateau • Chinook peoples :*
Clackamas, OR :*
Clatsop, OR :*
Kathlamet (
Cathlamet), Washington :*
Multnomah :*
Wasco-Wishram, OR and WA :*
Watlata, WA •
Interior Salish peoples :*
Chelan, WA :*
Coeur d'Alene Tribe, ID, MT, WA :*
Entiat, WA :*
Flathead (Selisch or Salish), ID, MT :**
Bitterroot Salish :*
Kalispel (
Pend d'Oreilles), MT, WA :**
Lower Kalispel, WA :**
Upper Kalispel, MT :*
Methow, WA :*
Nespelem, WA :*
Nlaka'pamux (Thompson people), BC :*
Nicola people (Thompson-Okanagan confederacy) :*
Sanpoil, WA :*
Secwepemc, BC (Shuswap people) :*
Sinixt (Lakes), BC, ID, and WA :*
Sinkayuse (
Sinkiuse-Columbia), WA (extinct) :*
Spokane people, WA :*
Syilx (
Okanagan), BC, WA :*
St'at'imc, BC (Upper Lillooet) :**
In-SHUCK-ch, BC (Lower Lillooet) :**
Lil'wat, BC (Lower Lillooet) :*
Wenatchi (Wenatchee), WA • Sahaptin people :*
Cowlitz, (Upper Cowlitz, Taidnapam), Washington :*
Klickitat, Washington :*
Nez Perce, Idaho :*
Tenino (Tygh, Warm Springs), Oregon :*
Umatilla, Idaho, Oregon :*
Walla Walla, WA :*
Wanapum, WA :*
Wauyukma, WA :*
Wyam (Lower Deschutes), OR :*
Yakama, WA • Other or both :*
Cayuse, Oregon, Washington :*
Celilo (
Wayampam), Oregon :*
Cowlitz, Washington :*
Kalapuya, northwest Oregon :**
Atfalati (
Tualatin), northwest Oregon :**
Mohawk River, northwest Oregon :**
Santiam, northwest Oregon :**
Yaquina, northwest Oregon :*
Klamath, Oregon :*
Kutenai (
Kootenai,
Ktunaxa), British Columbia, Idaho, and Montana :* Lower Snake people:
Chamnapam,
Wauyukma,
Naxiyampam, Washington :*
Modoc, formerly California, now Oklahoma and Oregon :*
Molala (Molale), Oregon :*
Nicola Athapaskans (extinct), British Columbia :*
Palus (Palouse), Idaho, Oregon, and Washington :*
Upper Nisqually (
Mishalpan), Washington
Great Plains Indigenous peoples of the
Great Plains are often separated into Northern and Southern Plains tribes. •
Anishinaabeg (Anishinape, Anicinape, Neshnabé, Nishnaabe) (see also
Subarctic,
Northeastern Woodlands) •
Saulteaux (Nakawē), Manitoba, Minnesota and Ontario; later Alberta, British Columbia, Montana, Saskatchewan •
Odawa people (Ottawa), Ontario, •
Kitkehakhi, Oklahoma Quebec, Ontario •
Nipissing, •
Attawandaron (
Neutral Confederacy), formerly Ontario •
Illinois Confederacy (
Illiniwek), formerly Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri currently Wisconsin •
Canarsie (
Canarsee), formerly Long Island New York •
Esopus, formerly New York, •
Minisink, formerly New York •
Waoranecks •
Wappinger (
Wecquaesgeek,
Nochpeem), formerly New York •
Warranawankongs •
Mascouten, formerly Michigan •
Ponkapoag, formerly Massachusetts •
Meherrin, Virginia, North Carolina •
Menominee, Wisconsin •
Pequot, Connecticut •
Tunxis (
Massaco), Connecticut •
Unquachog (
Poospatuck), Long Island, New York •
Kennebec (
Caniba), Maine •
Western Abenaki: Quebec, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, and Vermont •
Ais, eastern coastal Florida •
Alafay (Alafia, Pojoy, Pohoy, Costas Alafeyes, Alafaya Costas), Florida •
Amacano, Florida west coast •
Apalachee, northwestern Florida currently Oklahoma •
Adai (Adaizan, Adaizi, Adaise, Adahi, Adaes, Adees, Atayos), Louisiana and Texas North Carolina, currently South Carolina •
Chickanee (Chiquini), North Carolina •
Chickasaw, Alabama and Mississippi, •
Chitimacha, currently Louisiana •
Coree, North Carolina •
Guacata (Santalûces), eastern coastal Florida currently Oklahoma •
Alabama, formerly Alabama, currently Oklahoma and Texas •
Pakana (Pacâni, Pagna, Pasquenan, Pak-ká-na, Pacanas), central Alabama, •
Apalachicola (town), Alabama, Georgia and South Carolina and North Carolina •
Pensacola, Florida panhandle and southern Alabama •
Suteree (Sitteree, Sutarees, Sataree), North Carolina •
Taensa, Mississippi •
Tequesta, southeastern coastal Florida •
Agua Fresca (or Agua Dulce or Freshwater), interior northeast Florida •
Tucururu (or Tucuru), Florida •
Yufera, coastal southeast Georgia •
Vicela, Florida •
Yuchi (
Euchee), central Tennessee, •
Coso People, of
Coso Rock Art District in the
Coso Range,
Mojave Desert California •
Fremont culture (400 CE–1300 CE), formerly Utah •
Kawaiisu, southern inland California ::*
Tukkutikka,
Tukudeka,
Mountain Sheep Eaters, joined the Northern Shoshone :*
Western Shoshone people: ::*
Kusiutta,
Goshute (
Gosiute), Great Salt Desert and Great Salt Lake, Utah •
Southern Paiute, Arizona, Nevada, Utah •
Chemehuevi, southeastern California •
Kaibab, northwestern Arizona •
Kaiparowtis, southwestern Utah •
Moanunts, Salina, Utah •
Sanpits, central Utah •
Palagewan •
Pahkanapil California ''Nota bene: The California cultural area does not exactly conform to the state of California's boundaries, and many tribes on the eastern border with Nevada are classified as
Great Basin tribes and some tribes on the Oregon border are classified as
Plateau tribes.'' •
Achomawi,
Achumawi,
Pit River tribe, northeastern California •
Atsugewi, northeastern California •
Cupeño, southern California •
Sinkyone, northwestern California •
Tipai, southwestern California and northwestern Mexico •
Migueleño •
Serrano, southern California •
Yurok, northwestern California
Southwest This region is also called "Oasisamerica" and includes parts of what is now
Arizona, Southern
Colorado,
New Mexico, Western
Texas, Southern
Utah,
Chihuahua, and
Sonora •
Southern Athabaskan •
Chiricahua Apache, New Mexico and Oklahoma •
Jicarilla Apache, New Mexico •
Lipan Apache, New Mexico, formerly Texas •
Mescalero Apache, New Mexico •
Navajo (
Diné), Arizona and New Mexico •
San Carlos Apache, Arizona •
Tonto Apache, Arizona •
Western Apache (Coyotero Apache), Arizona •
White Mountain Apache, Arizona •
Comecrudo, Tamaulipas •
Cotoname (
Carrizo de Camargo) •
Genízaro (detribalized Apache, Navajo, and Ute descendants), Arizona, New Mexico •
Halchidhoma, Arizona and California •
Hualapai, Arizona •
Havasupai, Arizona •
Hohokam, formerly Arizona •
Karankawa, formerly Texas •
Copano, formerly Texas •
La Junta, Texas, Chihuahua •
Mamulique, Texas, Nuevo León •
Manso, Texas, Chihuahua •
Mojave, Arizona, California, and Nevada •
O'odham, Arizona, Sonora •
Ak Chin, Arizona •
Akimel O'odham (formerly
Pima), Arizona •
Tohono O'odham, Arizona and Mexico •
Qahatika, Arizona •
Hia C-eḍ Oʼodham, Arizona and Mexico •
Piipaash (
Maricopa), Arizona •
Pima Bajo •
Pueblo peoples, Arizona, New Mexico, Western Texas •
Ancestral Pueblo, formerly Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, Utah •
Hopi-Tewa (
Arizona Tewa,
Hano), Arizona, joined the Hopi during the Pueblo Revolt •
Hopi, Arizona •
Keres people, New Mexico •
Acoma Pueblo, New Mexico •
Cochiti Pueblo, New Mexico •
Kewa Pueblo (formerly
Santo Domingo Pueblo), New Mexico •
Laguna Pueblo, New Mexico •
San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico •
Santa Ana Pueblo, New Mexico •
Zia Pueblo, New Mexico •
Tewa people, New Mexico •
Nambé Pueblo, New Mexico •
Ohkay Owingeh (formerly
San Juan Pueblo), New Mexico •
Pojoaque Pueblo, New Mexico •
San Ildefonso Pueblo, New Mexico •
Tesuque Pueblo, New Mexico •
Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico •
Tiwa people, New Mexico •
Isleta Pueblo, New Mexico •
Picuris Pueblo, New Mexico •
Sandia Pueblo, New Mexico •
Taos Pueblo, New Mexico •
Ysleta del Sur Pueblo (
Tigua Pueblo), Texas •
Piro Pueblo, New Mexico •
Tompiro, formerly New Mexico •
Towa people •
Jemez Pueblo (
Walatowa), New Mexico •
Pecos (Ciquique) Pueblo, New Mexico •
Zuni people (
Ashiwi), New Mexico •
Quechan (
Yuma), Arizona and California •
Quems, formerly Coahuila and Texas •
Solano, Coahuila, Texas •
Tamique (
Aranama), formerly Texas •
Toboso, Chihuahua and Coahuila •
Walapai, Arizona •
Yaqui (
Yoreme), Arizona, Sonora •
Yavapai, Arizona •
Tolkapaya (Western Yavapai), Arizona •
Yavapé (Northwestern Yavapai), Arizona •
Kwevkapaya (Southeastern Yavapai), Arizona •
Wipukpa (Northeastern Yavapai), Arizona == Mexico and Mesoamerica ==