Market2001
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2001

2001 (MMI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar, the 2001st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 1st year of the 3rd millennium and the 21st century, and the 2nd year of the 2000s decade.

Population
The world population on January 1, 2001, was estimated to be 6.190 billion people and increased to 6.272 billion people by January 1, 2002. An estimated 133.9 million births and 52.1 million deaths took place in 2001. == Conflicts ==
Conflicts
There were 34 conflicts that resulted in at least 25 fatalities in 2001. Ten resulted in at least 1,000 fatalities: the Afghan Civil War, the invasion of Afghanistan, the Algerian Civil War, the Angolan Civil War, the Burundian Civil War, the Colombian conflict, the Second Chechen War in Russia, the Rwandan insurgency during the Second Congo War, Eelam War III in Sri Lanka, and the Second Sudanese Civil War. The majority of conflicts took place in Africa and Asia: 14 occurred in Africa and 13 occurred in Asia. The Sierra Leone Civil War was the only conflict that ended in 2001. Internal conflicts The Second Congo War continued with the assassination of President Laurent-Désiré Kabila on January 16. Two failed coup attempts took place in 2001: a group of junior officers sought to overthrow President Pierre Buyoya in Burundi while he was out of the country on April 18, and André Kolingba, a former president of the Central African Republic, led a military coup against his successor Ange-Félix Patassé on May 28, causing several days of violence. The deployment of NATO peacekeeping forces to Macedonia was authorized on August 21. the attacks and the subsequent global war on terror are widely recognized as events that defined 2001. This was internationally recognized as an armed attack against the United States under the UN charter, and NATO invoked Article 5 of the North Atlantic Treaty for the first time in its history. The Afghan Civil War between the de jure Northern Alliance government and the de facto Taliban government continued from previous years. When the Taliban refused to extradite Al-Qaeda leader Osama bin Laden, the United States led a multi-national coalition in an invasion of Afghanistan on 7 October. The American-led coalition and the Northern Alliance captured Afghan cities until the Taliban surrendered to the Northern Alliance in Kandahar on December 6. The American-led coalition attacked the Al-Qaeda headquarters in Tora Bora in December, but Al-Qaeda's leadership had gone into hiding. An interim government of Afghanistan led by Hamid Karzai was formed on December 22. == Culture ==
Culture
Architecture reopened in 2001. New buildings constructed or opened in 2001 include the Bibliotheca Alexandrina in Alexandria, Damaged and destroyed buildings included the World Trade Center buildings which were destroyed in the September 11 attacks, Fritz Koenig's Sphere was the only artwork to be recovered from the site, and the sculpture continued to be displayed in its damaged form as a memorial. The most popular exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City was artwork depicting Jacqueline Kennedy's time as first lady of the United States, followed an exhibition of works by Johannes Vermeer and the Delft School. Both exhibitions were seen by over 500,000 visitors. Vienna and New York. Media The highest-grossing films in 2001 were ''Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone, The Lord of the Rings: The Fellowship of the Ring, Shrek and Monsters, Inc.'' The highest-grossing non-English-language film was Studio Ghibli's Spirited Away (Japanese), the 15th highest-grossing film of the year. The inaugural entries in the Harry Potter and Lord of the Rings film franchises brought fantasy into mainstream culture, popularizing young adult novels and catering to fandom communities. In music, 3.2 billion units were sold with a value of US$33.7 billion. DVD-Audio and Super Audio CD rose to prominence, with approximately 600 titles available in these formats. Portable music grew in popularity after Apple released the iTunes media library on January 9 and was the 23rd best-selling album globally. Three major video game systems were released in 2001: the GameCube and the Game Boy Advance by Nintendo and the Xbox by Microsoft. Meanwhile, Sega ended its involvement in the market after the failure of the Dreamcast. Many video games released in 2001 defined or redefined their respective genres, including hack and slash game Devil May Cry, first-person shooter game Halo: Combat Evolved, and open world action-adventure game Grand Theft Auto III, which is regarded as an industry-defining work. Sports Many sports events were postponed in the final months of 2001 after the September 11 attacks, particularly in the United States. Other sports were postponed in the United Kingdom and Ireland because of foot-and-mouth disease. Throughout the year, Salt Lake City, Utah, prepared for the 2002 Winter Olympics, while Beijing was announced as the host of the 2008 Summer Olympics. In Europe, the UEFA Women's Cup began its first season, establishing a continent-wide women's competition for association football clubs under UEFA. American tennis players Jennifer Capriati and Venus Williams shared the four Grand Slam tournaments, NASCAR driver Dale Earnhardt, described as the greatest driver in the sport's history, died in a crash during the 2001 Daytona 500 on February 18. In April, golf player Tiger Woods became the only player to achieve a "Tiger Slam" after winning the 2001 Masters Tournament, in which he consecutively won all four championship golf titles outside of a single calendar year. The "Thunder in Africa" boxing match ended in a major upset after Hasim Rahman defeated champion Lennox Lewis on April 22. Lewis would go on to win a rematch on November 11. In cricket, Australia's record-setting streak of sixteen Test victories in a row was broken by India. == Economy ==
Economy
. A minor economic decline took place among many developed economies in 2001. Further economic disruption occurred in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. These factors gave the first major demonstration of globalization causing mutual downturn across nations rather than the more typical mutual growth. Unemployment and deflation became concerns across developed nations. Economic crises took place in Argentina and in Turkey. America Online (AOL), a U.S. online service provider, was at the apex of its popularity and purchased the media conglomerate Time Warner. The deal was announced on January 10, in the largest merger in history at that time. AOL would rapidly shrink thereafter, partly due to the decline of dial-up and rise of broadband, and the deal would fall apart before the end of the decade, which would be regarded as one of the world's greatest business failures. Major businesses that ended operations in 2001 included the American energy company Enron and the national airlines of Belgium and Switzerland (Sabena and Swissair, respectively). E-commerce declined in 2001, with the exception of eBay, which saw significant growth. == Environment and weather ==
Environment and weather
2001 was the second hottest year on record at the time, exceeded only by 1998. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change released its Third Assessment Report on July 12. Droughts occurred in Australia, Central America, Kenya, and the Middle East, the latter continuing from years prior. Hungary, Russia and Southeast Asia experienced significant rains, causing flooding. North Asia underwent a severe winter. An 8.4-magnitude earthquake, then the strongest that had occurred globally since 1965, killed at least 77 people in Peru on June 23. A 7.8-magnitude earthquake struck China with an epicenter near Kokoxili, close to the border between Qinghai and Xinjiang, on November 14, but it occurred in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there were no casualties. Sicily saw the eruption of Mount Etna, beginning on July 17 and continuing into the next month. The 2001 Pacific typhoon season was slightly larger than average, including 28 tropical storms, 20 typhoons, and 11 intense typhoons. The most powerful storms were Typhoon Podul in October and Typhoon Faxai in December. == Health ==
Health
: millions of cattle died during the 2001 outbreak. The World Health Organization (WHO) began a five-year program to reduce road injury fatalities following a warning of the problem's severity by the Red Cross the previous year. The WHO's Commission on Macroeconomics and Health released a report in 2001 detailing how spending by developed nations could protect health in developing nations. New drugs developed in 2001 include imatinib to treat cancer, and nateglinide to treat diabetes. An ebola outbreak continued from 2000 in Uganda until the final case was diagnosed on January 16. Another outbreak occurred in Gabon and the Republic of the Congo in October, which continued until July 2002. An outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease occurred among livestock in the United Kingdom in 2001, resulting in millions of farm animals being slaughtered to prevent spread. Approximately 400,000 people in New York City were exposed to air pollution by carcinogens and other harmful particles such as asbestos and metals as a result of the September 11 attacks, and many would go on to suffer chronic illness as a result of exposure. A series of anthrax attacks against American government and media figures in October further spurred precautions against bioterrorism. == Politics and law ==
Politics and law
Freedom House recognized 63% of national governments as electoral democracies by the end of 2001, with the Gambia and Mauritania being recognized as democracies following peaceful transfers of power. Peru also saw a significant expansion of civil rights after emerging from the authoritarian rule of Alberto Fujimori. Argentina, Liberia, Trinidad and Tobago, and Zimbabwe underwent significant democratic backsliding in 2001, with Liberia and Zimbabwe recognized as authoritarian governments by the end of the year. 64.65% of the world's population lived in countries that generally respected human rights, while 35.35% lived in countries that denied political rights and civil liberties. Islamic terrorism became the predominant global political concern amidst the September 11 attacks and the war on terror. Islamic extremism was identified as a major threat to democracy and human rights, both in the Muslim world through the implementation of Islamism and in the rest of the world through terrorism. The Islamic State of Afghanistan was restored to power following the invasion of Afghanistan with the appointment of president Hamid Karzai on December 22. President Abdurrahman Wahid of Indonesia was removed from office after thousands of protesters stormed the parliament building, and he was replaced by Vice President Megawati Sukarnoputri, daughter of former president Sukarno. The Netherlands became the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage on April 1. The royal family of Nepal was killed on June 1 by Crown Prince Dipendra, who became king upon his father's death. Dipendra fell into a coma after shooting himself, and he died days later. He in turn was succeeded by his uncle Gyanendra. International politics Two major regional organizations were announced in 2001. The African Union was established on May 26 as a pan-African forum to promote unity between African countries, including cooperation in economic and security issues, and would replace the Organisation of African Unity in 2002. Moldova on July 26, and China on December 11. The WTO began the Doha Development Round in November to negotiate lower trade barriers between countries and integrate developing nations into the global economy. Israel and the United States withdrew from the conference on September 3 over objections to a draft resolution document equating Zionism with racism and singling out the Jewish state for war crimes. The Aarhus Convention took effect on October 30, establishing the right to environmental information and environmental justice for European and Central Asian countries. The 27th G8 summit was marred by anti-globalization protests in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, were held against the meeting. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, was killed by a policeman, and several others were injured. The September 11 attacks demonstrated a need for international law to address terrorism and other non-state actors, and a push by UN Secretary General Kofi Annan in November saw progress in multiple international treaties. The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, was signed on November 23. Diplomatic disputes in 2001 included a diplomatic incident when an American spy plane and a Chinese fighter plane collided over the South China Sea, and a dispute between Japan and North Korea when the North Korean leader's son, Kim Jong-nam, attempted to sneak into Tokyo Disneyland. Achievement tests and stricter penalties against delinquent students became controversial educational practices in several countries. Law Belgium set precedent when the government prosecuted crimes of the Rwandan genocide, invoking a 1993 law that gave Belgian courts jurisdiction over Geneva Conventions violations that take place anywhere in the world. In another first for international law, the International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia determined that wartime sexual violence was a war crime. President Slobodan Milošević of Yugoslavia (1997–2000) was arrested on April 1 for his role in the Srebrenica massacre and other crimes against humanity committed during the Bosnian War. He was the first head of state to see trial for war crimes in this manner. The tribunal also prosecuted general Radislav Krstić, bringing its first conviction for genocide. The International Court of Justice heard two new cases in 2001: Liechtenstein challenged Germany's claim that Lichtenstein property had been seized from Germany during World War II, and Nicaragua brought a challenge against Colombia regarding maritime borders. It delivered judgement in a 1991 case of a territorial dispute between Bahrain and Qatar, and it ruled in a German challenge against the United States that the court's own provisional orders are binding. == Religion ==
Religion
used to stand before being destroyed by the Taliban. The religiously motivated September 11 attacks came to dominate global discourse about religion in 2001. The imposition of religious law became a major subject of debate, particularly in Afghanistan, where the perpetrators of the attacks were protected by the fundamentalist Taliban, as well as Nigeria, where conflict between Christians and Muslims escalated amid the implementation of Islamic law. The subject of women's ordination was also a subject of debate within the Catholic Church. Jediism became a social phenomenon in 2001 after a movement to self-report as Jedi caused it to become the fourth largest religion in the United Kingdom and the second largest religion in New Zealand. == Science ==
Science
was first described in 2001. Several anthropological and archaeological developments were made in 2001, including the extraction of mtDNA from prehistoric skeletons and Ardipithecus, while two additional hominids, Kenyanthropus and Orrorin, were proposed. Birds discovered include the Mishana tyrannulet, the Chapada flycatcher, the Vanuatu petrel, and the chestnut-eared laughingthrush. and it discontinued the Power Mac G4 Cube. The most powerful supercomputer as of 2001 was designed by IBM for the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in the United States. Several malware scares took place in 2001, including the Code Red, Nimda, and Sircam worms. The NEAR Shoemaker made the first successful landing of a spacecraft on an asteroid on February 12, and the Destiny module was connected to the International Space Station the same month. Deep Space 1 carried out a flyby of Comet Borrelly on September 22, and air travel then became subject to significantly increased security measures. Incheon International Airport opened in Incheon on March 22, and the TGV Mediterranee railway opened in France. on the ABC News morning program Good Morning America. The reveal that it was a self-balancing transporter was seen as a disappointment. ==Events==
Events
JanuaryJanuary 1 – Greece becomes the 12th country to join the Eurozone. • January 7 – Ghana undergoes its first peaceful transfer of power since 1979 when John Kufuor is sworn in as President of Ghana. • January 13 – A 7.6-magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 944 people and causing massive landslides, which leaves thousands of those affected homeless. • January 15Creative Commons is founded. • Wikipedia, which became the world's largest encyclopedia, is launched. • January 16Assassination of Laurent-Désiré Kabila: The President of the Democratic Republic of the Congo is shot in his office during the Second Congo War and rushed to Harare in Zimbabwe for medical treatment; his death will be announced two days later. He is succeeded by his son, Joseph Kabila. • January 21Taba Summit: Talks between Israel and the Palestinian National Authority begin in Egypt. • Pope John Paul II names 37 cardinals in one day for a total of 128. • January 25Armenia and Azerbaijan join the Council of Europe. • January 26 – A 7.7 Gujarat earthquake shakes Western India with a maximum Mercalli intensity of X (Extreme), leaving thousands of people dead and more than 166,000 others injured. • January 29 – Corruption scandals surrounding Indonesian President Abdurrahman Wahid prompt thousands of protesters to storm the Indonesian parliament building. • January 312001 Japan Airlines mid-air incident: Japan Airlines Flight 907 and Flight 958 almost collided with each other in Yaizu, Shizuoka, Japan. Flight 907 safely landed at Narita Airport and Flight 958 continued to Naha Airport. 100 people were injured. FebruaryFebruary 62001 Israeli prime ministerial election: Ariel Sharon of the Likud party is elected Prime Minister of Israel.  as seen from the NEAR spacecraft • February 12 • The NEAR Shoemaker spacecraft touches down in the "saddle" region of 433 Eros, a near-Earth object, becoming the first spacecraft to land on an asteroid. • February 13 – A 6.6-magnitude earthquake hits El Salvador, killing at least 315 people. • February 18NASCAR Champion Dale Earnhardt is killed in a crash during the Daytona 500. • February 22 – The International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia (ICTY) sentences three Bosnian Serb soldiers to prison for wartime sexual violence, recognizing it as a war crime for the first time. • February 25Sampit conflict: Mass ethnic violence begins in Sampit, Indonesia, killing hundreds of people. MarchMarch 2 – Despite pleas from the international community to spare them, the Taliban government of Afghanistan begins destroying the Buddhas of Bamiyan, having declared that they are idols. • March 4 – The Hintze Ribeiro Bridge collapses in northern Portugal, killing 59 people. • March 14Battle of Tetovo: Violence erupts between Albanian rebels and Macedonian soldiers in Tetovo. Conflict in Tetovo will continue for months during the 2001 insurgency in Macedonia. • March 16Shijiazhuang bombings: 108 people are killed in a series of bombings in Shijiazhuang, China. • March 22Kenyanthropus is described as an early hominid after the discovery of remains in Kenya. • Incheon International Airport opens in Incheon, South Korea. • March 28 – The United States declares its intention to end involvement in the Kyoto Protocol. April  on April 1, the first day in which the possibility to marry was opened to same-sex couples • April 1 • The Act on the Opening up of Marriage goes into effect in the Netherlands, which becomes the first modern country to legalize same-sex marriage. • Former Yugoslav President Slobodan Milošević surrenders to police special forces to be tried on charges of crimes against humanity. • April 11Australia's football team wins against American Samoa in a record 31–0 victory, just two days after setting the record with a 0–22 victory against Tonga. • April 17Nông Đức Mạnh is chosen as General Secretary of the Communist Party of Vietnam. • Israel occupies an area in the Gaza Strip, killing two people. Israeli forces withdraw the same day after the United States denounces the attack. • April 182001 Burundian coup d'état attempt: A group of junior officers make a failed attempt to overthrow President Pierre Buyoya of Burundi. • The Parliament of Ukraine votes to dismiss Prime Minister Viktor Yushchenko. • April 28 • The Russian spacecraft Soyuz TM-32 lifts off from the Baikonur Cosmodrome in Kazakhstan, carrying the first space tourist, American entrepreneur Dennis Tito, and two Russian cosmonauts. • Vejce ambush: Eight Macedonian soldiers are killed in an ambush by the NLA near Vejce, a village in the Šar Mountains, Macedonia. It represents the heaviest death toll for the government forces in a single incident during the insurgency. MayMay 7 – In Banja Luka, Bosnia and Herzegovina, an attempt is made to reconstruct the historic 16th-century Ferhadija Mosque. Serbian nationalists respond with riots and mass violence against Bosnian Muslims. • May 13 – The House of Freedoms coalition led by Silvio Berlusconi wins the Italian general election. • May 182001 HaSharon Mall suicide bombing: A Hamas suicide bomber kills six people in Netanya, Israel. The Israeli government responds with the first use of airstrikes against Palestine since 1967. • May 21 – The Končulj Agreement results in the disarmament of the Liberation Army of Preševo, Medveđa and Bujanovac, ending the Insurgency in the Preševo Valley. • May 2228978 Ixion, a large trans-Neptunian object and a possible dwarf planet, is discovered during the Deep Ecliptic Survey. • The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is adopted by 127 countries to limit pollution internationally. • May 24 – Sherpa Temba Tsheri, 15, becomes the youngest person to reach the summit of Mount Everest. • May 26 – The African Union is formed to replace the Organisation of African Unity. It will begin operation the following year. • May 282001 Central African Republic coup d'état attempt: Central African forces led by André Kolingba carry out a failed attempt to overthrow the government of the Central African Republic. Dozens are killed in the ensuing violence. JuneJune 1 • Crown Prince Dipendra of Nepal kills his father, the king, his mother and other members of the royal family with an assault rifle and then shoots himself in the Nepalese royal massacre. Dipendra is recognized as King of Nepal while in a coma. • June 4Gyanendra ascends the throne of Nepal on the death of his nephew, Dipendra. and White Oak Bayou at Main Street after Tropical Storm Allison hit Houston, Texas, U.S. • June 5Tropical Storm Allison hits the U.S. state of Texas, severely flooding Houston and killing 23 people. • June 72001 United Kingdom general election: Tony Blair and the Labour Party win a second landslide victory. • Former Argentinian president Carlos Menem is arrested on suspicion of illegal arms sales. • June 12Aračinovo crisis: Albanian rebels violate a 24-hour cease fire with Macedonian soldiers. • June 15 – Declaration to establish the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation is signed. • June 19 • Syria withdraws thousands of forces from a decades-long military presence in Beirut, Lebanon. • Germany enacts a program to compensate Holocaust survivors that were subject to slave labor. • June 21 – The world's longest train is run by BHP Iron Ore between Newman and Port Hedland in Western Australia (a distance of ); the train consists of 682 loaded iron ore wagons and 8 GE AC6000CW locomotives, giving a gross weight of almost 100,000 tonnes and moves 82,262 tonnes of ore; the train is long. • June 23 – An 8.4 southern Peru earthquake shakes coastal Peru with a maximum Mercalli intensity of VIII (Severe). A destructive tsunami follows, leaving at least 77 people dead, and 2,687 others injured. • June 25Alkhan-Kala operation: Russian forces carry out a zachistka operation in Alkhan-Kala, Grozny, Chechnya, during the Second Chechen War. Chechen warlord Arbi Barayev is killed. July • July – The largest ever recorded outbreak of Legionnaires' disease occurs in Murcia, Spain. 449 cases are confirmed, with more than 800 suspected ones. • July 4Vladivostok Air Flight 352 crashes on approach while landing at Irkutsk Airport, Russia, killing all 145 people aboard. • July 72001 Bradford riots: Ethnic violence is provoked in Bradford, England, by the far-right National Front and far-left Anti-Nazi League. • July 12 – The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change releases its Third Assessment Report. • July 14Agra Summit: India and Pakistan begin talks to improve relations. The summit ends inconclusively on July 16. • July 16 – China and Russia sign the 2001 Sino-Russian Treaty of Friendship. , Tony Blair, George W. Bush, Jacques Chirac, Silvio Berlusconi, Vladimir Putin, Jean Chretien, Gerhard Schroeder, Guy Verhofstadt, and Romano ProdiJuly 2022 – The 27th G8 summit takes place in Genoa, Italy. Massive demonstrations, drawing an estimated 200,000 people, are held against the meeting by members of the anti-globalization movement. One demonstrator, Carlo Giuliani, is killed by a policeman, and several others are injured. • July 23Megawati Sukarnoputri is inaugurated as the first female president of Indonesia. • July 24Bandaranaike Airport attack: The Tamil Tigers bomb the Bandaranaike International Airport in Sri Lanka during the Sri Lankan Civil War. • Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, deposed as the last Tsar of Bulgaria when a child, is sworn in as the democratically elected 48th Prime Minister of Bulgaria. • July 26 – Moldova joins the World Trade Organization. August • August – A ceasefire is negotiated to end the War of the Peters. . The hexagons consist of a variety of ultra-pure, semiconductor-grade wafers, including silicon, corundum, gold on sapphire, diamond-like carbon films, and other materials. • August 8 • The Genesis probe is launched from Cape Canaveral Space Launch Complex 17. • August 9 – A Sbarro restaurant in Jerusalem is bombed by a Palestinian Hamas terrorist, killing 15 civilians and injuring 130 others. • August 102001 Angola train attack: 252 people are killed by UNITA in an attack on a train during the Angolan Civil War. • The United States and the United Kingdom bomb air force installations in Iraq in response to attacks on American and British planes. • August 13 – Macedonian and Albanian representatives sign the Ohrid Agreement to reduce conflicts during the insurgency. • August 21Operation Essential Harvest: NATO sends a military forces to the Republic of Macedonia in response to the ongoing insurgency. • August 252001 Marsh Harbour Cessna 402 crash: Eight people including singer and actress Aaliyah, and several members of her entourage are killed after their overloaded aircraft crashes shortly after takeoff at Marsh Harbour Airport. • August 28 – A targeted Israeli strike kills PFLP leader Abu Ali Mustafa. Palestinian militants respond by firing on Israeli civilians. Israeli forces occupy Beit Jala, Palestine to combat the militants. • August 31 – The World Conference against Racism 2001 begins in Durban, South Africa. • September 9 – A suicide bomber kills Ahmad Shah Massoud, military commander of the Afghan Northern Alliance.  and the Statue of Liberty during the September 11 attacks in New York City • September 11 – Approximately 2,977 victims are killed or fatally injured in the September 11 attacks after two Boeing 767s, American Airlines Flight 11 and United Airlines Flight 175, are hijacked and crashed into the Twin Towers of the World Trade Center. Two Boeing 757s, • September 17George W. Bush, president of the United States, delivers remarks at the Islamic Center of Washington praising Muslim Americans and condemning Islamophobia in the aftermath of the September 11 attacks. • September 18 – The 2001 anthrax attacks begin in the United States, which cause five fatalities and 17 other infections. • September 19 – Palestinian leader Yasser Arafat forbids Palestinian soldiers from firing on Israeli forces, even in self-defence. Israel agrees to a ceasefire. • September 20 – In an address to a joint session of Congress, U.S. President George W. Bush declares a war on terror, officially the global war on terrorism. • September 22 – American spacecraft Deep Space 1 flies within of Comet Borrelly. • September 24 – A tornado outbreak tears through the eastern United States, causing two deaths and 57 injuries, and causing damages of $105 million. • September 27Zug massacre: In Zug, Switzerland, a gunman shoots 32 people, killing 14 members of parliament and then himself. OctoberOctober 1Jaish-e-Mohammed militants attack the state legislature building in Srinagar, Kashmir, killing 38 people. • 3G wireless technology first becomes available when it is adopted by Japanese telecommunications company NTT Docomo. • October 4Siberia Airlines Flight 1812 is accidentally shot down by the Ukrainian Air Force over the Black Sea en route from Tel Aviv, Israel, to Novosibirsk, Russia; all 78 people on board are killed. • 2001 Kodori crisis: Fighting escalates between Georgia and the breakaway state Abkhazia. • October 7United States invasion of Afghanistan: In response to the September 11 attacks, Afghanistan is invaded by a US-led coalition, beginning the War in Afghanistan. • Hurricane Iris hits Belize, causing $250 million (2001 USD) in damage. • October 13 – American scientists create the first successful clone of a human embryo. • October 15 – NASA's Galileo spacecraft passes within of Jupiter's moon Io. • October 16 – American planes misidentify and bomb a Red Cross facility in Afghanistan. A similar error occurs again on October 27. • October 17Assassination of Rehavam Ze'evi: Israeli tourism minister Rehavam Ze'evi is assassinated by the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. • October 23 • Apple Inc. introduces the iPod, a portable media player and multi-purpose mobile device. The company will sell an estimated 450 million iPod products by May 2022. • The Provisional Irish Republican Army begins disarmament, ending a decades-long conflict in Northern Ireland. • October 24 – The 2001 Mars Odyssey arrives at Mars. • Microsoft releases the Windows XP operating system to retail. • November 1 – An interim government in Burundi begins the peace process for the Burundian Civil War. • November 7Sabena, the national airline of Belgium, goes bankrupt. • November 102001 Australian federal election: The Coalition government, led by John Howard, is re-elected with a slightly increased majority, defeating the Labor Party led by Kim Beazley. • Fall of Mazar-i-Sharif: American and Northern Alliance forces take Mazar-i-Sharif in the first major offensive of the War in Afghanistan. • November 11 – Two French journalists, Pierre Billaud and Johanne Sutton, and a German colleague, Volker Handloik, are killed in Afghanistan during an attack on their convoy. • November 12American Airlines Flight 587 crashes in Belle Harbor, Queens, on the Rockaway Peninsula shortly after takeoff, killing all 260 people aboard the plane as well as five people on the ground. • 2001 uprising in Herat: Northern Alliance forces take the city of Herat from the Taliban. • November 14Fall of Kabul: Northern Alliance forces take the Afghan capital Kabul. • A 7.8-magnitude earthquake strikes China with an epicenter near Kokoxili, but it occurs in a sparsely populated mountainous region and there are no casualties. • November 18 – The Leonids meteor shower occurs in its heaviest concentration in decades as Earth passes through a debris cloud. • November 23 – The Budapest Convention on Cybercrime, the first international treaty to address cybercrime, is signed in Budapest, Hungary. (left) • November 27 – A hydrogen atmosphere is discovered on the extrasolar planet HD 209458 b, nicknamed Osiris, by the Hubble Space Telescope. It is the first atmosphere detected on an extrasolar planet. December • December – Dasht-i-Leili massacre: Hundreds of Taliban prisoners are killed by the forces of Abdul Rashid Dostum. • December 1 • The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty produces a report on responsibility to protect. • A series of bombings in Zion Square are carried out by Hamas. Ten people are killed and hundreds more are injured. • December 2Enron files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection five days after Dynegy cancels a US$8.4 billion buyout bid (to this point, the largest bankruptcy in U.S. history). • Haifa bus 16 suicide bombing: A Hamas militant carries out a suicide bombing in Haifa, Israel, killing 15 people. • December 3 – The Segway, a self-balancing personal transporter invented by Dean Kamen, is unveiled after months of public speculation and media hype • December 6Fall of Kandahar: The Taliban surrenders in Kandahar, its final stronghold. • U.S. President George W. Bush announces the American withdrawal from the 1972 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty. • Sirajuddin of Perlis becomes the Yang di-Pertuan Agong, the constitutional monarch and head of state of Malaysia. • December 15 – The Leaning Tower of Pisa is reopened to the public after 12 years of reconstruction. • December 19 – A record-high barometric pressure of 1085.6 hPa (32.06 inHg) is recorded at Tosontsengel, Zavkhan, Mongolia. • December 21 – President Fernando de la Rúa of Argentina resigns in response to the riots against Argentina's economic crisis. -2 anti-aircraft gun that was mounted on the North Korean vessel sunk in the Battle of Amami-Ōshima • December 22Battle of Amami-Ōshima: A Japan Coast Guard ship and an armed North Korean vessel engage in conflict near the Japanese island of Amami Ōshima, in the East China Sea. The encounter ends in the sinking of the North Korean vessel that is later determined to have been a spy craft by the Japanese authorities. • Burhanuddin Rabbani, political leader of the Northern Alliance, hands over power in Afghanistan to the interim government headed by President Hamid Karzai. • December 24 – The Constitution of the Comoros is amended, creating a federal government with a rotating presidency and granting increased autonomy to the three island administrations. • Tropical Storm Vamei forms within 1.5 degrees of the equator. No other tropical cyclone in recorded history has come as close to the equator. ==Nobel Prizes==
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