Pre-World War I •
Judean provisional government (66–68), formed by rebelling
Pharisees and
Sadducees during the
First Jewish–Roman War with the intent of establishing a
Halachic state in
Judea. Dissolved following the massacre of its members during the
Zealot Temple siege. •
Revolutionary Government of the Philippines (1898–1899), established in the
Spanish East Indies during the
Spanish–American War. Succeeded by the
First Philippine Republic following the promulgation of the
Malolos Constitution. •
Military Government of the Philippine Islands (1898–1902), established after the United States' military victory in the
Battle of Manila and formalized by the
Treaty of Paris, which officially ceded the territory from Spain. Succeeded by the
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands following the
Philippine–American War and the passage of the
Philippine Organic Act. •
Tianjin Provisional Government (1900–1902), formed by the
Eight-Nation Alliance to administer territory recaptured from the
Boxer movement during the
Boxer Rebellion. Dissolved after ceding control of the
Tianjin area back to the
Qing dynasty, though the Eight-Nation Alliance maintained a military presence to ensure open access to Beijing. •
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1912), established after the success of the
Wuchang uprising World War I and Interbellum •
Provisional Government of India (1915),
government-in-exile based in
Kabul,
Afghanistan •
Republic of Van (1915), established as a puppet government of the
Russian Empire in occupied
Western Armenia. Dissolved in the
Treaty of Brest-Litovsk following the
February Revolution and the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic's withdrawal from
World War I. •
Alash Orda (1917–1918), established as the interim governing body of the newly formed
Alash Autonomy in opposition to rival
Bolshevik councils aligned with
Vladimir Lenin. •
Turkestan Autonomy (1917–1918), established in the former territory of
Russian Turkestan following the expulsion of the
Russian Provisional Government by the
Tashkent Soviet, with whom the Autonomy shared
de facto dual power. Ultimately dissolved in the aftermath of a civil conflict following a failed coup against the Soviet, who subsequently established the
Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. •
Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk) (1918), established following the
Czechoslovak Legion's uprising during the
Russian Civil War and consequent recapture of Siberia by the
White Army. Dissolved two months later following a coup by
Alexander Kolchak, which resulted in the government's collapse and cession of its powers to the
Provisional All-Russian Government. •
Provisional Regional Government of the Urals (1918), a short-lived anti-Bolshevik state within the territory of the
Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic. Voluntarily dissolved after two months, ceding power to the
Provisional All-Russian Government. •
South West Caucasian Republic (1919), established in
Kars •
Provisional Government of the Republic of Korea (1919), established in exile based in
Shanghai,
China and later in
Chongqing, during the
Japanese occupation of Korea •
Jewish National Council (1920–1948), established by the
Assembly of Representatives in
Mandatory Palestine as the main executive body of the entity's
Jewish community. Succeeded by the
provisional government of Israel after
declaring independence in 1948. • Provisional Government of Mongolia (1921–1924), established by the Central Committee of the
Mongolian People's Party upon the organization's formation in
Kyakhta. Succeeded by the
Mongolian People's Republic following the ratification of
the first constitution. •
Tungus Republic (1924–1925), a short-lived unrecognized secessionist state formed within
Okhotsky and the eastern
Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Dissolved and reabsorbed into the
Soviet Union following peace talks between the two. •
Commonwealth of the Philippines (1935–1946), established by the
Tydings–McDuffie Act to replace the
Insular Government of the Philippine Islands and facilitate the transition to independence from the United States. From 1942 to 1945, the Commonwealth operated as a
government-in-exile in opposition to the
Japanese occupation of the Philippines and consequent establishment of the
Second Philippine Republic as a
puppet state. Ultimately succeeded by the independent Third Republic of the Philippines following the ratification of the
1946 Treaty of Manila.
World War II •
Provisional Government of the Republic of China (1937–40), established by the
Empire of Japan after its invasion of Eastern China •
Provisional Government of Free India (1943–1945), commonly known as
Azad Hind, established by Indian nationalists in southeast Asia, had nominal sovereignty over Axis-controlled Indian territories, and had diplomatic relationships with eleven countries including Germany, Italy, Japan, Philippines, and the Soviet Union. It was headed by
Subhas Chandra Bose, who was the Head of the State and Prime Minister, who was also Supreme Commander of the
Indian National Army. The government had its own cabinet and banks, and was the first government to recruit women for combat roles. •
Investigating Committee for Preparatory Work for Independence and
Preparatory Committee for Indonesian Independence (1945), established at the close of
World War II following the Allied reconquest of
Japanese-occupied Asia by Indonesian rebels and Japanese advisors. Future Indonesian President
Sukarno and Vice President
Mohammed Hatta were largely involved in both organizations, and they were ultimately succeeded by the present-day
Government of Indonesia in accordance with the
Constitution of Indonesia (which was drafted during the two committees' existence).
Cold War •
People's Republic of Korea (1945–1946), a provisional government established following the
surrender of Japan at the conclusion of
World War II, which resulted in the restoration of Korean independence. Following the
division of Korea, the PRK was outlawed by the United States in favor of the
American military government, while the
Soviet Union incorporated it into the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea. •
United States Army Military Government in Korea (1945–1948), an interim government formed by the
United States concurrently with the
People's Republic of Korea following the peninsula's independence from Japan. Later incorporated into
South Korea following the
division of Korea and the American ban on the People's Republic. •
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the
Soviet Civil Administration following the
division of Korea and the absorption of the
People's Republic of Korea. Succeeded by the
People's Committee of North Korea. •
Interim Government of India (1946–1947), an interim government formed by the newly created
Constituent Assembly of India to administer what would become the
Dominion of India and the
Dominion of Pakistan in the transitional period between
British rule and independence. •
People's Committee of North Korea (1947–1948), the successor government to the
Provisional People's Committee of North Korea during the latter period of Soviet occupation. Ultimately incorporated into
North Korea. •
Emergency Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1948–1949), an emergency government established by
Sjafruddin Prawiranegara in
Sumatra following the
capture of
Yogyakarta, the then-Indonesian capital, by the
Netherlands. Dissolved following the
Roem–Van Roijen Agreement. •
Provisional government of Israel (1948–1949), successor to the
Jewish National Council, established after Israel's
declaration of independence and in place until after the
first Knesset elections. •
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam (1948–1949), established as a puppet government by French during the
First Indochina War. Succeeded by the
State of Vietnam. • Provisional Government of the Syrian Arab Republic (1949), established by national consensus to draft a new constitution and reintroduce civilian rule after a series of military governments. •
State of Vietnam (1949–1955), formed as a successor to the
Provisional Central Government of Vietnam during the
First Indochina War. Succeeded by
South Vietnam following the
1954 Geneva Conference, which ceded the northern half of the country to
North Vietnam. •
Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia (1958–1961), established in opposition to the
Sukarno administration. Dissolved following the withdrawal of American support and the failure of its and the
Permesta's rebellion against the government. •
National Council for the Revolutionary Command (1963), interim ruling body of
Syria following the
1963 Syrian coup d'état. •
Provisional Turkish Cypriot Administration (1967–1971), formed by
Turkish Cypriots in the wake of the
1967 Greek coup d'état and subsequent worsening of
intercommunal violence. Dissolved four years after its establishment, but succeeded by the
Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration and
Turkish Federated State of Cyprus following the
Turkish invasion of Cyprus. •
National Operations Council (1969-1971), established after the
13 May incident •
Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam (1969–1976), established during the
Vietnam War against the United States and Republic of Vietnam •
Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh (1970–1972), established after the declaration of freedom of Bengalis exiled to
Calcutta. •
Sayem ministry (1975–1978), interim government of Bangladesh following the
assassination of Khaled Mosharraf. Dissolved after
Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem's successor,
Ziaur Rahman, formed a provisional Council of Ministers in advance of the
1979 Bangladeshi general election. •
Provisional Government of East Timor (1975–1976), established as a
puppet state following the success of the
Indonesian invasion of East Timor. Ultimately dissolved following the country's annexation as
a province of Indonesia. •
Interim Government of Iran (1979) (1979), a provisional government established after the
Iranian Revolution. Dissolved and replaced by the
Council of the Islamic Revolution following the onset of the
Iran hostage crisis. •
Interim Government of Iran (1979–80) formed by the
Council of the Islamic Revolution to succeede the
Interim Government of Iran (1979) in the wake of the
Iran hostage crisis.
1990s •
Shahabuddin Ahmed ministry (1990–1991), interim government of
Bangladesh formed following the resignation of
Hussain Muhammad Ershad during the
1990 uprising. Dissolved following the
election and inauguration of
Khaleda Zia as prime minister. •
Republic of Kuwait (1990), established as a puppet state by
Ba'athist Iraq during the
Gulf War. Subsequently annexed and divided into the
Kuwait Governorate and the
Saddamiyat al-Mitla' District before Iraq's withdrawal at the end of the war. •
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia (1992–1993), formed following the
1991 Paris Peace Agreements to govern and stabilize Cambodia following the
Cambodian–Vietnamese War and the
Third Indochina War. Dissolved following the restoration of the
Cambodian monarchy and consequent reestablishment of the
Kingdom of Cambodia. •
Khmer Rouge unrecognized government (1994–1998), an opposition government formed by remnants of the
Khmer Rouge following the establishment of the
Kingdom of Cambodia and the withdrawal of the
United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Dissolved due to widespread pro-peace sentiment among those left in the Khmer Rouge after the death of
Pol Pot. •
Palestinian National Authority (1994–present), the
administrative organization, established to
govern parts of the
West Bank and
Gaza Strip, following the Oslo Accords. •
Provisional Legislative Council (
1996/1997–1998), interim legislature of
Hong Kong in the leadup to and immediately following the
handover to China. While the council was formed in 1996, it did not exercise rule until the following January.
21st century As of 2026 in Asia,
Myanmar,
Nepal, the
State of Palestine (under both
Fatah and
Hamas),
Syria, and
Yemen currently have provisional governments. •
Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002), established following the overthrow of the
first Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan during the
War in Afghanistan. Succeeded by the
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan. •
Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan (2002–2004), formed as the successor to the
Afghan Interim Administration. Succeeded by the
Islamic Republic of Afghanistan following the
election and inauguration of the
First Karzai cabinet. •
Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq (2003–2004) with the
Iraqi Interim Governing Council, established to act as a caretaker administration in Iraq following the
2003 invasion of Iraq pending the hand over of power to the Iraqi people and the creation of a democratically elected civilian government. •
Iraqi Interim Government (2004–2005) and the
Iraqi Transitional Government (2005–2006) were both provisional authorities established after the hand over of power to the Iraqi people following the
2003 invasion of Iraq to govern pending the adoption of a permanent constitution. •
2006 Thai interim civilian government, established by the
Council for National Security following the
2006 Thai coup d'état. Dissolved following the enacting of the
2007 constitution of Thailand. •
Syrian Interim Government (2013–2025), established by the
Syrian National Coalition during the
Syrian Civil War. Ultimately absorbed into the
Syrian caretaker government following the
fall of the Assad regime. •
Supreme Political Council of Yemen (2015–present), established by the
Houthi Movement after the
2014–15 Yemeni coup d'état, currently participating in the
Yemeni Civil War (2014–present) against the governments of
Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi and the
Presidential Leadership Council •
Southern Transitional Council of South Yemen (2016–2026), established by the separatist
Southern Movement during the
Yemeni civil war with the intent of reestablishing an independent polity within the former borders of
South Yemen. Dissolved under disputed circumstances following its defeat in the
2025–2026 Southern Yemen campaign. •
Syrian Salvation Government (2017–2024), established by
Hayat Tahrir al-Sham in the
Idlib Governorate. Ultimately absorbed into the
Syrian caretaker government following the
fall of the Assad regime. •
Interim government of Kyrgyzstan (2020–2021), established in 2020 in the aftermath of the
2020 Kyrgyzstani protests •
National Unity Government of Myanmar (2021–present), established in exile by the
Committee Representing Pyidaungsu Hluttaw in opposition to the
2021 Myanmar coup d'état •
Military cabinet of Min Aung Hlaing (2021–2025), established by the
State Administration Council as a formalization of its rule six months after the 2021 Myanmar coup d'état Succeeded by the
Cabinet of Nyo Saw following the lifting of Myanmar's state of emergency. •
Presidential Leadership Council (2022–present), established by internationally recognized outgoing president Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi to seek a "comprehensive political solution" to the Yemeni Civil War •
Israeli war cabinet (2023–2024), established following the outbreak of the
Gaza war and Israeli prime minister
Benjamin Netanyahu's declaration of a state of emergency. The war cabinet was later dissolved after former ministers
Benny Gantz and
Gadi Eisenkott left the coalition. •
Karenni State Interim Executive Council (2023–present), formed by Karenni resistance groups during the
Myanmar civil war in opposition to the
State Administration Council. •
Hamas temporary committee (2024–present), established following the
assassination of Ismail Haniyeh to facilitate communication with chairman
Yahya Sinwar and maintain governance of Hamas during the
Gaza war. Later transitioned to committee rule following
Sinwar's own killing, pending elections in March 2025. •
Interim government of Muhammad Yunus (2024–2026), formed following the expulsion of prime minister
Sheikh Hasina and consequent dissolution of the
12th Jatiya Sangsad during the
Student–People's uprising. The
interim government remained in office until
Tarique Rahman was appointed as
Prime Minister of Bangladesh following the
2026 Bangladeshi general election. •
Syrian caretaker government (2024–2025), established following the
fall of the Assad regime during the
Syrian civil war.
Syrian Salvation Government leader
Ahmed al-Sharaa announced the transitional administration's formation on
Telegram, while
National Coalition president
Hadi al-Bahra stated that the government's goals are to draft a new constitution and establish "a safe, neutral, and quiet environment" for free elections within 18 months. Succeeded by the
Syrian transitional government in 2025. •
Syrian transitional government (2025–present), established by Syrian president Ahmed al-Sharaa to implement the five-year transitional period dictated by the
Constitutional Declaration of Syria. •
Karki interim cabinet (2025–2026), established following the resignation of
Nepalese prime minister
K. P. Sharma Oli during the
2025 Nepalese Gen Z protests. Dissolved following the appointment of
Balen Shah as prime minister in the wake of the
Rastriya Swatantra Party's victory in the
2026 Nepalese general election. •
Board of Peace and
National Committee for the Administration of Gaza (2026–present), mandated by the United Nations to manage, respectively, the reconstruction and daily governance of the
Gaza Strip in the aftermath of the
Gaza war (
under Resolution 2803). •
Interim Leadership Council (2026), established following the
assassination of Ali Khamenei in the
2026 Iran war, per Article 111 of the
Constitution of Iran. Per the terms of the constitution, the council remained in place until the appointment of
Mojtaba Khamenei as his father's successor in the
2026 Iranian supreme leader election. == Europe ==