}
Hüseynçilər }} Ongoing •
February 2019 Warsaw Conference • Formation of an
Arab–Israeli alliance and the
Axis of Resistance. (
22 July 1979–2024) • part of the
Arab Cold War (until 1990),
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict (until 1990),
Iraq–Syria relations, and
Shia–Sunni conflict (until 1990)
Assadists •
Ba'ath Party (Syrian-dominated faction) •
Ba'ath Party – Syria Region •
Assadists in Iraq •
Al-Awda (alleged) •
Assadists in other Arab states
Saddamists •
Ba'ath Party (Iraqi-dominated faction) •
Ba'ath Party – Iraq Region •
Saddamists in Syria •
Saddamists in other Arab states
Inconclusive Inconclusive •
Saddamists ousted from power in Iraq in 2003 •
Assadists ousted from power in Syria in 2024 • part of the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict,
Anti-Shia discrimination in Saudi Arabia,
Arab Spring and the
Shia-Sunni conflict •
Organization for the Islamic Revolution in the Arabian Peninsula (1979–91) Saudi Shia civilians •
Saudi Arabian National Guard •
Presidency of State Security •
Saudi Police (1979–1989) •
Foreign involvement in the Soviet–Afghan War •
1982 Harmak incident •
1988 Shindand SuperCobra incident • Part of
Afghan conflict and the
Cold War in Asia ----
Sunni Mujahideen Supported by: ----
Shia Mujahideen and Hazaras •
Tehran Eight Supported by: ----
Maoist Mujahideen Supported by: •
Soviet withdrawal from Afghanistan. • Iran backed
Hezbe Wahdat is formed. • Increasement of
Afghans in Iran as
refugees. (1947−Present) •
Insurgency in Balochistan • Killing of Iranian Diplomats in Pakistan (1997−2000) • Part of
Terrorism in Pakistan and
Shia-Sunni divide •
Tehreek-e-Jafaria •
Sipah-e-Muhammad Pakistan • Ansar-ul-Hussain • Khatam-ul-Anbia
Supported by: (since 1979) •
Liwa Zainabiyoun •
Pakistan: •
Government of Pakistan •
Ministry of Defence •
Pakistan Armed Forces • • • •
Ministry of Interior • •
Pakistan Levies •
Frontier Corps •
Pakistan Rangers •
Pakistan Coast Guards •
Gilgit Baltistan Scouts •
Federal Constabulary •
Pakistan Police •
Counter Terrorism Department •
Balochistan Levies •
Pakistani Intelligence community •
NACTA •
ISI •
MI •
IB •
FIA •
SB • Victims: •
Shia Muslims (main victims) • Anti-sectarianist
Sunni Muslims •
Ahmadiyya •
Hindus •
Christians •
Sikhs • Other
ethnic and
religious communities in Pakistan ----
Terrorist and extremist groups: •
Tehrik-i-Taliban Pakistan •
Tehreek-e-Nafaz-e-Shariat-e-Mohammadi •
Tehreek-e-Jihad Pakistan •
Tariq Gidar Group •
Hafiz Gul Bahadur Group •
Fedayeen al-Islam (until 2010) •
Jaish-e-Fursan-e-Muhammad Group •
Punjabi Taliban (until 2014) •
Ansar ul-Mujahideen •
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar •
Ahrar-ul-Hind •
East Turkestan Islamic Movement (the group lost territories in 2015 & active until 2017 in
Waziristan) •
Islamic Jihad Union (until 2025) •
TLP (2016–2025) •
Hizb ut-Tahrir •
Lashkar-e-Omar (until 2002) •
Haji Namdar Group (until 2008) •
Tariq Gidar Group (until 2017) •
Lashkar-e-Islam (until 2025) •
Jamaat-ul-Ahrar (until 2020) •
Ahrar-ul-Hind (until 2014) •
Jaish ul-Adl (against both
Iran &
Pakistan until 2026) •
Al-Qaeda •
AQIS •
Ansar Al-Furqan •
Abdullah Azzam Brigade (until 2015) •
Ansarul Sharia Pakistan •
Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan (until 2018) •
ASWJ (until 2021) •
Lashkar-e-Jhangvi (until 2024)
Baloch separatist groups: •
Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar •
BLA •
Majeed Brigade •
Fateh Squad •
BLF •
LeB (inactive) •
BLUF (2009-2010) •
BSO (Azad) (inactive) •
BNA (2022–23) •
BRA (2006–22) •
UBA (2013–22) • Other Baloch Separatist groups
Islamic State-Aligned groups: •
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan (until 2015) •
Jundallah (until 2014) • Tehreek-e-Khilafat (from 2014) •
Wilayat Khorasan (from 2015) •
Islamic State – Pakistan Province Muhajir nationalist groups: (until 2025) •
MQM-L (until 2016) • Good Friends • Sector Commanders (until 2016) • Faheem Commando (1990–95) •
MQM-H (until 1992)
Pro-Sindhudesh Sindhi nationalist groups •
Baloch Raaji Aajoi Sangar •
Sindhudesh Revolutionary Army •
Sindhudesh Liberation Army •
Sindhudesh People's Army •
Jeay Sindh Qaumi Mahaz •
Jeay Sindh Students' Federation • Division of
Shia Islamists between
Pro-Khomeinism (favourable to Iran's
Axis of Resistance) and
Pro-Shariatmadari (critic to the
Iranian Revolution), provocating a Rrivalry between
Sipah-e-Sahaba Pakistan and
Tehreek-e-Jaferia Pakistan. •
Pakistani Taliban announced re-insurgency in
Pakistan. (1980) •
Action of June 5, 1984 •
Operation Earnest Will •
Operation Prime Chance •
Operation Praying Mantis • part of
Iran–Iraq War Supported by: Iraq Supported by: UNSCR 598 (1982–1984) • Part of
Lebanese Civil War Iran Progressive Socialist Party Amal Movement • Multinational forces fail to prevent collapse of Lebanese Army into Syrian- or Israeli- supported militias • Multinational forces evacuated after the
US embassy and
US Marine barracks are bombed by the
Islamic Jihad Organization • Multinational forces oversee withdrawal of
Palestine Liberation Organization •
Humanitarian crisis in southern Lebanon •
Civil war continues until 1990 • President
Hafez al-Assad continues his
occupation of Lebanon until his son and later president
Bashar al-Assad orders a withdrawal from the country (1983–2005) • Part of
Sudanese Civil Wars •
Armed Forces •
PDF •
Army of Peace •
Muraheleen • Ex-
FAR and
Interahamwe SSDF SPLA dissidents •
SPLA-Nasir • SPLA-United • SSIM/A
Nuer White Army Ugandan insurgents: •
LRA •
WNBF •
UNRF (II) (1994–
1997)
al-Qaeda (1991–1996) ----
Combat aid: (1986–1991) (1998–2003) ----
Non-combat aid: (from 1996) • SPLA-Mainstream •
SPLA-Agar •
SPDF •
ALF •
Titweng SSLM NDA Sudanese Alliance Forces Anyanya II Eastern Coalition Derg (until 1987)
PDR Ethiopia (1987–1991)
FDR Ethiopia (1995–1998) (1996–1998, 2002–2005) (from 1993)
Non-combat aid: (1983–1985) (until 1991) • Part of
Iran–Iraq War and
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict Supported by: ----
PUK ----
Kurdish mujahideen • Long term Kurdish tactical failure •
Hezbollah–Israel conflict •
Karine A affair •
Francop Affair •
2009 Sudan airstrikes •
Victoria Affair •
2012 Israeli operation in the Gaza Strip •
Iran–Israel conflict during the Syrian civil war •
Israeli–Syrian ceasefire line incidents during the Syrian civil war •
Operation Full Disclosure •
Operation Northern Shield •
2019 Israeli airstrikes in Iraq •
2021 Israel–Palestine crisis •
2022 Erbil missile attacks •
2023 Iran drone attacks •
2023 Israel–Lebanon shellings •
2024 Iranian missile strikes in Iraq and Syria • part of the
post–Cold War era, the
Arab–Israeli conflict, the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, and the
Iran–Turkey proxy conflict Ongoing Ongoing • Iran reinforces
Syria and
Hezbollah •
Iranian support for Hamas is consolidated • Israel tries to prevent
weapon transfers to Hezbollah •
2006 Lebanon War ends in military stalemate and Israeli withdrawal • Beginning of the ongoing
Gaza–Israel conflict in June 2006 • Israel tries to stop the
Iranian nuclear program • Iran grows major
spheres of influence in the Middle East • Formation of the
Arab–Israeli alliance and the
Abraham Accords • Iran provides munitions to
Hamas and
Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ) in the
Gaza Strip • Escalation to a direct conflict between the two countries
in 2024 and
2025 (1988–1990) • Part of
Lebanese Civil War •
Lebanese Islamic Resistance Supported by: •
Lebanese Resistance Regiments Supported by: Syria • Part of the
Cold War,
Revolutions of 1989,
Dissolution of the Soviet Union, and
Afghan conflict •
Afghan Mujahideen •
Jamiat-e Islami •
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (until July 1989) •
Hezb-e Islami Gulbuddin (from July 1989) •
Maktab al-Khidamat ----
Various factions also fought among each other Supported by: •
Commonwealth of Independent States (from 1991) •
Tajikistan •
Turkmenistan •
India • Dissolution of the
Homeland Party Government • The
Peshawar Accord leads to the creation of the
Islamic State of Afghanistan on 28 April 1992 •
Continued civil war among
Mujahideen forces • Part of the
aftermath of the Gulf War •
SCIRI/
Badr Brigades •
Dawa •
Communist Party •
Pro-Syrian Ba'athists •
Army deserters/defectors
Kurdish rebels: Peshmerga: •
KDP •
PUK •
IMK •
CPK •
Jash deserters/defectors •
PDKI ----
Diplomatic support: Military support: •
Ba'ath Party •
Iraqi Army •
Republican Guard •
Special Republican Guard •
Popular Army •
General Security •
Intelligence Service •
Special Security ----
Support: MEK Iraqi government military victory • Establishment of
Kurdistan Region, facilitated by the imposition of the
Iraqi no-fly zones by United States, United Kingdom and France. •
Iraqi Kurdish gets
Kurdistan Region. (1992–1995) • Part of
Yugoslav Wars Military Support: (alleged) •
Quds Force ---- (until 1992) ----
Western Bosnia • International recognition of
Bosnia and Herzegovina as a sovereign state. •
Republika Srpska federates with
Bosnia-Herzegovina. (1992–2002) • part of
Arab Cold War and
Algeria–Morocco rivalry Libya (until 1995) Saudi private donors (alleged)''' ----
Salafist Group for Preaching and Combat (from 1998)
Minor involvement: Al-Qaeda • Part of the
Afghan conflict, and
Iran-Taliban conflict,
Iran-Al Qaeda conflict and the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Supported by: (Dec. 1992–1995)
Supported by: (until late 1994) ---- (from late 1994) (from early 1996)
Supported by: (from late 1994) • Taliban take control of Kabul and most of Afghanistan;
Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan established •
Civil war continues (1996–2001) (1992–1997) • part of the
post-Soviet conflicts and spillover of the
Afghan Civil War (1992–1996) •
United Tajik Opposition •
Islamic Renaissance Party •
Tajik Democratic Party •
Party of People's Unity •
Rastokhez Popular Movement •
Lali Badakhshan Afghanistan (until 1996) •
Jamiat-e Islami (until 1996)
Supported by: • •
Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan •
Taliban • (alleged, denied by Iran) • / •
Popular Front of Tajikistan •
Communist Party of Tajikistan •
Socialist Party of Tajikistan / / /
Supported by: (weapons supplies)
UNMOT • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
Defeat Armistice (1994–1997) • Part of
Iraqi–Kurdish conflict PKK SCIRI KCP Iraqi National Congress Supported by: (from 1995)
Syria (1996)
PDKI Supported by: Iraq (from 1995) (from 1997) (before 1995) •
PKK moved to
Qandil mountains from
Bekaa Valle (1992–1994) •
1992 Buenos Aires Israeli embassy bombing •
AMIA bombing • Part of
Iranian external operations and
South Lebanon conflict (1985–2000) •
Ansar Allah •
Argentine Jews Supported by: • Part of
Prelude to the Iraq war •
SCIRI /
Badr •
Dawa Supported by: • • Part of the
Iraqi no-fly zones conflict,
Iraq War,
Islamism in Kurdistan, and the
war on terror •
Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan •
Ansar al-Islam •
Kurdistan Islamic Group Supported by: (alleged by PUK)
KDP (alleged by PUK)
Supported by: (2011–2020) (until 2016)
Syria (2000s, alleged) (2006–2020) •
JEM (2003–2020) •
SLA (some factions) (2003–2020) •
LJM (2010–11)
SLA (some factions)
SARC (2014–2020)
SLFA (2017–2020) • SLA-Unity •
SLMJ • JEM (Jali)
Supported by: (2005–2010) (until 2008)
Libya (until 2011) (until 2015) ----
UNAMID (2007–2020) •
Iran–Sudan relations improves against Western Bloc until breaking out in 2016 due to Sudanese intervention in the
Yemeni civil war against
Houthis. •
Darfur Peace Agreement and
South Sudan independence referendum. (2003-2011) •
Iranian involvement in the Iraq War •
United States raid on the Iranian Liaison Office in Erbil •
Karbala provincial headquarters raid • part of the
Iraq War New Iraqi government •
Iraqi Armed Forces •
Iraqi Police • •
Peshmerga Sons of Iraq Badr Organization Supported by: Iran •
Artesh •
Quds Force •
NATO Training Mission – Iraq •
United Nations Security Council •
United Nations Secretariat •
United Nations Assistance Mission for Iraq • '''
Ba'ath Party loyalists''' •
Fedayeen Saddam (2003 Only) •
Supreme Command for Jihad and Liberation (from 2007) •
Naqshbandi Army (from 2006) •
Supported by: • ---- •
Sunni insurgents •
Al-Qaeda •
Al-Qaeda in Iraq (2004–06) •
Islamic State of Iraq (from 2006) •
Islamic Army in Iraq •
Ansar al-Sunnah (2003–07) • Iraqi Islamic Resistance Army •
other smaller groups • Several
Sunni Tribes ---- •
Shia insurgents •
Mahdi Army (2003–2008) •
Special Groups •
Kata'ib Hezbollah •
Asa'ib Ahl al-Haq •
Promised Day Brigades (from 2008) •
other smaller groups • Several
Shia Tribes Supported by: •
Iran • End of American military presence in Iraq with
2007–2011 withdrawal • Continued
Iraqi conflict (2004–2014) •
Operation Scorched Earth • part of the
Yemeni crisis and the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Houthi Movement (pro-Saleh forces)
Alleged support by: (until 2011) • Security Forces • Sunni tribes •
Al-Islah militias
Supported by: ----
al-Qaeda •
Ansar al-Sharia Houthi victory Houthi victory • Conflict escalates into a
full-scale civil war with the Yemeni government and
foreign intervention • Houthi rebels take over
Sa'dah and establish an independent administration in Sa'dah Governorate and parts of
'Amran,
Al Jawf and
Hajjah. • Houthis take control of
Sanaa • Yemeni government under President
Hadi relocated from Sanaa to
Aden •
Iran-Morocco relations diplomatic relations are severed. (2004)
Navy of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution Iranian
Border Guard Command British
Royal Navy • British naval personnel arrested • 3 patrol boats seized • part of
Arab separatism in Khuzestan Iranian Government Iranian Arabs • Part of
Palestinian internal political violence •
Hamas •
Gaza Strip (
after June 2007) •
Hamas/
PJOR-affiliated groups in the
West Bank (
from 2022) •
Supported by: •
Iran •
Palestinian Joint Operations Room •
Fatah •
Palestinian Authority • Fatah-affiliated groups in the
Gaza Strip (
from 2025) •
Supported by: • •
Hamas takeover of the Gaza Strip •
New Palestinian government in the
West Bank (2007) • part of
Iraq War • Iranian diplomats captured by the US • Iranian retaliatory raids against the US (2007)
Navy of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Border Guard Command Royal Navy • Two British boats seized • 15 Royal Navy personnel captured (2008–present) • part of
Piracy in Somalia,
war on terror and
Somali Civil War • • • • • • • • • • • • • (2009–2013) •
2011 raid on Camp Ashraf •
2013 Camp Ashraf massacre • Part of
Iraqi conflict Supported by: (2009–2010) • Part of
Yemeni crisis and
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Alleged support: Iran •
Quds Force Hashed tribesmen Alleged support: • •
Quds Force •
Alleged non-state allies: Houthis Somali pirates ---- • '''''' (since 2015) •
Somalia Wilayah Allies: IS-YP Somali pirates Supported by: Non-combat support: • •
EUTM Somalia ----
UNPOS (1995–2013)
UNTMIS (2025–present)
UNSOA (2009–2016)
UNSOS (2016–present) ----'''Council for Somalia's Future''' ---- • '''''' •
Somaliland Armed Forces •
SSB Alleged support: • part of
2011 Bahraini uprising and the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict Bahraini opposition Supported by: ''''''
Supported by: Peninsula Shield Force Ongoing Ongoing (2011–present) •
PKK insurgency in the Kurdistan Region •
Kurdish Hezbollah insurgency •
2019 Turkish offensive into north-eastern Syria •
Operation Claw-Sword •
2021 Shia militia attacks on Turkey •
Turkish–Syrian National Army offensive in Northern Syria (2024–2025) • part of the
Iran–Israel proxy conflict and the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy conflict {{Collapsible list |title = Support
Ongoing Ongoing •
Embassy at Tehran (2011–2012) • Iran threatens to close the Strait of Hormuz • Multi-national
flotilla established in
Persian Gulf and
Arabian Sea off coast of Iran • EU sanctions enforced, banning the export of oil from Iran to the EU countries and freezing Iranian assets • Part of the
War in the Sahel,
war on terror and the
War against the Islamic State ----
2013–2022/23 ----
2023–present {{plainlist|* • (2024–present) •
Africa Corps •
Wagner Group (until 2025) {{Collapsible list ----
Native militia (2014–present): ----
2015–23 ----
2012–present ----
2012–2017 ----
2017–present ----
2015–2019 ----
2019–present Hezbollah Supported by: ----'''''' •
Khalid ibn al-Walid Army Free Syrian Army Supported by: ----
Ahrar al-Sham Hay'at Tahrir al-Sham • Jordan restores control over the
Jordanian-Syrian border • Syrian government loses a majority of the borders • All infiltration attempts into Jordan foiled. • Part of the
Arab Winter, the
Libyan crisis, the
Iran–Saudi Arabia proxy war, the
war on terror, and the
Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict,
War against the Islamic State and the
Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) •
Libyan National Army • (LNA–aligned) • (LNA–aligned)
Wagner Group (from 2018)
Egypt United Arab Emirates RSF (from 2019) (2020) (
allegedly)
(allegedly, denied by LNA) • • (GNA–aligned) • (GNA–aligned) (
2020)
Syrian National Army (from 2019)
Popular Resistance Committees (
LNA claim, denied by Hamas) ----
National Salvation Government (2014–2017) •
Libya Dawn Coalition •
Libya Shield Force •
LROR ----
Islamic State (from 2014) •
Wilayat Libya ----
Al-Qaeda •
Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb •
Al-Mourabitoun (2015-2018)
Shura Council ofBenghazi Revolutionaries (2014–2017) • Iran and Saudi Arabia develops a rivalry concerning the militar support for
Khalifa Haftar until 2020. • Iran withdraws due to lack of interest. Then diplomatically supports the
Turkish intervention in Libya (2020–present) after the end of the civil war and the formation of the
Government of National Unity. (2016–ongoing) •
2023 Raid on Camp Ashraf • Part of
Iranian external operations ---- (2016) Sailors released unharmed 15 hours later after negotiations (2017–Present) • Part of
Iranian external operations Supported by: ----
diaspora ---- • Further
Joint statement on Iranian state threat activity in Europe and North America (2017)
Supported by: ----
PDKI PAK ----
White Flags (alleged) (2017–present) • Part of the
Rojava conflict, the
Syrian civil war and the
Syrian conflict •
Islamic State •
Wilayat al-Sham ---- •
Assad loyalists Supported by: Ba'athist Syria (alleged,
until 6 December 2024) • (alleged) ---- •
Syria (since 2024) •
Syrian Armed Forces •
Syrian National Army (until 2025) •
Ahrar al-Sharqiya • Gathering of the Eastern Martyrs •
Harakat al-Qiyam • Revolutionaries in the Land of Deir ez-Zor • Special Tasks Battalion • Pro-opposition tribes ----Anti-SDF Arab
tribes •
Arab Tribal and Clan Forces Supported by: ----
Hurras al-Din (
al-Qaeda loyalists, until 2025) •
Democratic Autonomous Administration of North and East Syria •
Syrian Democratic Forces •
Self-Defence Forces (HXP) •
Internal Security Forces (Asayish) • Pro-SDF Arab tribes •
CJTF–OIR • • •
United Kingdom • • • •
Kurdistan Workers' Party (PKK, claimed by Turkey, ISIL and the Popular Resistance) (2018) (2022–present) • Part of
Palestinian internal political violence and the
Iran–Israel proxy conflict • • • •
Supported by: •
Supported by: Military aid to Ukraine •
Iranian intervention in Sudan • Part of
Sudanese Civil Wars •
Sudanese government •
Sudanese Armed Forces •
PDF •
Popular Resistance •
Al-Bara Battalion •
AWB •
SPLM-N (Agar) •
JEM •
SLM (Minnawi) •
SLM (Tambour) (from August 2023)
Darfur Joint Protection Force (from November 2023)
Supported by: • • • •
Saudi Arabia •
Government of Peace and Unity (from April 2025) •
Rapid Support Forces • Non-RSF
Janjaweed militias •
SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (from February 2025)
Tamazuj (from August 2023)
Libyan National Army Desert Wolves Supported by: • •
Wagner Group •
Chad (alleged) ----
SLM (al-Nur) ----
SPLM-N (al-Hilu) (June 2023 – February 2025) (2023) • Part of
Iranian external operations Supported by: diaspora ---- • Part of the
Iran–Israel proxy conflict, the
Middle Eastern crisis (2023–present), the
2024 Syrian opposition offensives and the
Eastern Syria insurgency in the
Syrian civil war Ba'athist Syria (until 2024)
Proxies:
Islamic Resistance in Iraq Syrian Hezbollah Liwa Fatemiyoun Popular Mobilization Forces ----
Rojava Al-Tanf Garrison (2024) •
Melbourne synagogue attack • Part of
Antisemitism in Australia and
Iranian external operations •
Jewish Australians Supported by: •
Arab tribal insurgency in Eastern Syria •
Western Syria clashes •
Hezbollah–Syria clashes (2024–present) •
Syria in the 2026 Iran war •
Assadist insurgents •
Syrian Popular Resistance •
Saraya al-Jawad • Fawj Azra'il al-Jabal • • Eastern Lebanese tribes •
Supported by: • (alleged) ---- • Alawite protesters •
Supreme Alawite Islamic Council Supported by: Arab Tribal and Clan Forces ----
Northern Syria Supported by: Kurdistan Workers' Party ----
Saraya Ansar al-Sunnah ----
Druze militias •
Islamic Resistance in Iraq Iran (alleged)
Kurdistan United States • Part of
Kurdish separatism in Iran, the
2025–2026 Iranian protests and the
2026 Iran war • •
Axis of Resistance • •
Islamic Resistance in Iraq •
Saraya Awliya al-Dam •
Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran •
Kurdistan Freedom Party •
Kurdistan Free Life Party •
Organization of Iranian Kurdistan Struggle •
Komala of the Toilers of Kurdistan •
Komala Party of Iranian Kurdistan Supported by: • (
alleged) • (
alleged) • Limited
insurgency during the protests •
Spillover into the
Kurdistan Region of Iraq • Speculations about a
US-backed Kurdish offensive ==See also==