The Biden administration's main overseer of the act's implementation was identified as
John Podesta. From 2022 to 2024, Podesta headed the
White House Office on Clean Energy Innovation and Implementation, established by Executive Order 14082 to implement the act.
Economy Research from climate policy analyst Jack Conness has revealed that $116 billion worth of 181 climate-friendly tech manufacturing investments within the United States, have been announced by companies since the passage of the Inflation Reduction Act, creating 99,500 projected jobs ; when considered together with CHIPS Act investments, the total comes out to 218 projects worth $388 billion creating 135,800 jobs. Conness found that due to the act's incentives,
North Carolina would receive the individual project with the most money ($12.6 billion from
Toyota in battery plants), while
Georgia would host the most projects (25), the most new jobs overall (14,343), and the largest dollar amount in overall investments ($16 billion, followed by North Carolina's $15.6 billion), and
South Carolina would receive the individual project with the most jobs created (4,000 from
Scout Motors). More of the act's dollars went to congressional districts with Republican winners in 2024 ($96 billion) than those with Democratic winners ($17 billion). 68 percent of the act's investments were in batteries, while electric vehicle investments made up 14 percent and solar investments made up 13 percent. Conness found that of the top 20 job-creating IRA-linked projects, only five had faced delays, and a majority would begin production by summer 2025. According to editor in chief Jeff St. John of
Canary Media, "During the projects' construction phases, assumed to last five years from project announcement to completion, the report estimates the creation of 142,300 direct jobs, 55,900
indirect jobs, and 105,300 jobs induced by the direct and indirect workers spending their wages." More than 185,000 of these jobs would be in electric vehicles, 48,795 would be in battery storage, 42,100 would be in solar and wind power, 21,322 would be in clean fuels, and nearly 5,600 would be in electric power transmission and distribution. The authors project that the act would bring about "$156 billion added to U.S. GDP, $111 billion in new wages for workers, and more than $32 billion generated in tax revenue for federal, state, and local governments." In a video dated December 6, 2023, the
Financial Times found the IRA and CaSA together catalyzed over $224 billion in investments and over 100,000 new jobs by the preceding July. The next day, the Rhodium Group–
Massachusetts Institute of Technology partnership Clean Investment Monitor put the July 2022–September 2023 investment total at $225 billion, most of it in electric vehicle supply, though it did not explicitly mention the act. Clean investment grew by 42 percent across that period. As a share of nationwide private investment, it grew from 3.4 percent to 4.9. The states that benefited the most were
Nevada, South Carolina,
Arizona,
Tennessee, and
Montana. Its second-anniversary report found the total from July 2022 to June 2024 was $493 billion, with EV supply taking a large share but solar and storage catching up, and much of it due to the act. Clean investment grew by 72 percent during that period. As a share of nationwide investment, it grew from 3.4 percent to 5.5. The states that benefited the most were Nevada,
Wyoming, Arizona, Tennessee, and Montana; the reporters found clean investment made up above 1 percent of Tennessee and Kentucky's respective GDPs. In March of that year, Treasury Department researchers used the Monitor's data to confirm that the act had spurred a monthly average of $4.5 billion in investments in 'energy communities' formerly dependent on fossil fuel extraction, $1 billion more than the average in the rest of the nation, and that 75 percent of the act's investments went to communities under the national median income. In May 2025, journalist Michael Thomas found that due to the act "78% of new solar, wind, and battery projects have been built in Republican districts. 77.7 GW of clean energy capacity has been built in these districts since August 2022, bringing in roughly $100 billion in private investment." Of the top 30 House districts benefited by new clean energy gigawatts, 25 were Republican-held. Wellesley College professor of environmental studies Jay Turner said that the act fostered $94.2 billion in 121 new investments in the electric vehicle supply chain, creating a projected 60,597 new jobs across the United States,
Canada and
Mexico. The number of new mines the act incentivized in 2023 was 101, the amount of battery manufacturing capacity brought up to 348 GWh, and EV manufacturing capacity brought up to 2,913,900 vehicles. The research firm Climate Power estimated that the act spurred $89.5 billion of investments in over 90 new projects creating 101,036 predicted clean energy-related jobs in 31 states, between August 16, 2022 and January 31, 2023, and that while Georgia,
Michigan, and
Texas saw eight new IRA-linked projects each, the most of any states, Georgia,
Idaho and
Tennessee would see the largest overall investments by dollar amount (ranging from $10.4 billion to $15.3 billion), and
Kansas, Georgia and Tennessee would see the most jobs created. In its August 9, 2024 update, Climate Power had found at least 334,565 new clean energy jobs were created to date, across 646 projects and $372 billion in investments across 47 states and Puerto Rico. Georgia, Michigan and Texas saw the most projects and money, while the former two and
New York State saw the most jobs at 32-24,000. The firm's January 14, 2025 update found the numbers increased to at least 406,007 new jobs across 751 projects and $422 billion in investments across 48 states and Puerto Rico. Georgia, New York, and Texas saw the most jobs at 43-26,000; Michigan saw the most projects at 74, and New York saw the most money at $115.46 billion. In August 2023, the Solar Energy Industries Association reported that the act had created more than 20,000 jobs and incentivized $20 billion in new solar power tech manufacturing and 155 gigawatts of generating capacity in the law's first year, and projected it would incentivize $144 billion more in such investments by 2033 than under a no-Act scenario. In September 2024, the SEIA reported that the act had helped quadruple solar manufacturing capacity in the U.S. to 31 gigawatts since its passage. It also reported that in the first half of 2024 solar installations represented 67 percent of all new energy capacity in the U.S., and forecasted a 4 percent annual solar market growth rate through 2029, buoyed by the act's Solar for All initiative. The trade group American Clean Power's January 2023 assessment of business announcements of IRA-linked investments in renewables and battery plants, during the period between the act's signing and November 30, 2022, yielded a figure of over $40 billion creating 6,850 jobs. 80 percent of these investments are in Republican-held districts, mostly in the Great Plains or South. Its August 2023 update recorded a total of 97 manufacturing investments worth $270 billion spurred by the act between the August 16 enactment date and July 31, 2023, 83 with defined locations, with the majority of these being solar power tech plants. American Clean Power estimates these investments are worth more than all those made in the previous eight years combined, and will create 29,780 new jobs and $4.5 billion in customer savings. In June 2024,
CNN found nearly 80 percent of the act's new jobs were created in Republican-held House districts, consistent with earlier projections, as well as a later Bloomberg Opinion article that found $161 billion of clean investments had gone to those districts and $42 billion to Democratic-held districts since Biden took office in January 2021. According to the
New Democrat–linked think tank
Center for American Progress, the act, the CHIPS and Science Act, and the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act have together catalyzed over 35,000 public and private investments. Economists Noah Smith and Joseph Politano credited the three acts together for spurring booms in factory construction and utility jobs, as well as limiting geographic concentrations of key industries to ensure more dispersed job creation nationwide, though they raised issues of whether the three would serve to limit project delays and significantly increase labor productivity in the long term. The Biden administration itself claimed that , the IIJA, CaSA, and IRA together catalyzed $1 trillion in private investment (including $449 billion in electronics and semiconductors, $184 billion in electric vehicles and batteries, $215 billion in clean power, $93 billion in clean energy tech manufacturing and infrastructure, and $51 billion in heavy industry) and over $756.2 billion in public infrastructure spending (including $99 billion in energy aside from tax credits in the IRA).
Labor impact In October 2023, Lee Harris of
The American Prospect covered one example of synergies between the act and the growth of an organizing model known as
sectoral bargaining: three unions in solar power construction agreed to a nationwide deal to divide work on future projects (California being exempt because of a similar five-union agreement). On August 16, 2024, the
United Steelworkers announced it had successfully reached an electoral neutrality agreement with solar panel manufacturer Convalt, making it easier to form a union at IRA-linked project sites in Pennsylvania and New York. On June 25, 2024, the IRS finalized the guidance on prevailing wage and apprenticeship bonuses for the most important of the act's tax credits. In an article marking the law's second anniversary, reporter Emily Pontecorvo of
Heatmap News found that the law increased construction union membership in areas with mostly non-union labor markets, especially in solar power. Due to the investment tax credits' rules on
Project Labor Agreements, prevailing wages and apprenticeships, the law also set up a new dynamic where energy developers have started to negotiate with unions early in their project planning, and fostered the growth of a new tax credit compliance industry. Pontecorvo also found, however, that wide disparities remained between union and non-union apprenticeships and wages, and that non-union apprenticeships were still poorly regulated. She later analyzed an August 29 Energy Department report that found that even with growth in the fossil fuel workforce, unionization in clean energy grew faster than in the overall energy sector, and that unionized firms had an easier time hiring job applicants than non-unionized firms, for which she credited the act; the DOE found that clean energy job numbers grew 4.2 percent in 2023, twice the national rate for all employers, and up 3.9 percent from the previous year. Pontecorvo also reported that the energy workforce continued to suffer from a lack of diversity, particularly of gender.
Fiscal impact The law significantly enlarged the tax credit market. It includes significant tax credits for companies making products considered environmentally-friendly, but small companies tend not to pay enough taxes, so the law does not help them. The law allows such companies to sell their tax credits to larger companies. The market is expected to reach $80 billion per year and help those large companies. In February 2024,
The New York Times and
Energy Storage News reported that it was clear that companies were using the credits accorded by the law far more than was predicted. According to government officials they interviewed, the increase of revenue from improved
Internal Revenue Service tax enforcement will be more than enough to cover the losses, so the deficit will still be reduced. The tax credits with the highest market value are for grid energy storage. The next month, the
Times reported that the IRS had received from about 500 companies registrations of more than 45,500 projects attached to direct pay or possible small business sales of the IRA's energy tax credits, up from only about 1,000 in January.
Environment According to Rhodium Group and the World Economic Forum, in the first year of implementation, the act had a significant impact on the environment. The Rhodium Group's expectations for
GHG emissions reductions by the year 2030, relative to the level of 2005, moved from 17–30% to 29–42%, and to a 32–51% decline by the year 2035. More than 170,000 green jobs were created. The sales of
heat pumps exceeded the sales of
gas boilers for the first time in history. 15% of households now use a heat pump as a primary source of heating. The
United States Environmental Protection Agency used dozens of millions of dollars to improve
air quality and hundreds of millions for
environmental justice and local climate plans. The
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration spent hundreds of millions for protecting coastal communities and
ecosystems from the impact of climate change. More than $1 billion is allocated to equitable access to
urban trees. The governors of four states,
Florida,
South Dakota,
Iowa, and
Kentucky, refused to accept decarbonization money from the act's Climate Pollution Reduction Grants program. The act allows the forfeited money, $3 million per state, to go to the three largest metropolitan areas in each state instead, though cities such as
Davenport, Iowa, and
Sioux Falls, South Dakota, have still refused the money. From June 2023 to February 2024, the EPA awarded $250 million from the CPRG (Climate Pollution Reduction Grants) program to 82 cities and 45 states to update their climate action plans. On July 22, 2024, the EPA awarded from the same program $4.3 billion to 25 cities, states, tribal governments, and coalitions of the three for implementing community driven solutions to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions by 148 million metric tons by 2030 and by 971 million tons by 2050. The solutions mainly belong to the domains of energy, buildings, agriculture, industry, waste, and ecosystems. The largest recipient, at $499,997,415 for vehicle decarbonization, is the
South Coast Air Quality Management District in California.
Energy and industry The act deals extensively with trade flows of clean energy and their effects on domestic manufacturing. As an example, the Treasury Department clarified on May 12, 2023, that in order to be eligible for the Sections 45, 45Y, 48 and 48E tax credits, solar panel manufacturers and installers need to source at least 40 percent of their components in total from within the U.S., regardless of solar cell origin, thereby creating a compromise between solar panel installers who favored keeping Chinese imports cheap and domestic solar cell manufacturers who want to build more factories in America. Significant improvements were achieved in the domain of
green building through the installation of efficient
heating, ventilation, and air conditioning systems, and more. For the first $8.5 billion in home rebate programs, the Department of Energy released its first draft guidance for states on July 27, 2023. The guidance entails the DOE distributing $4.3 billion to states to work with the DOE to create rebate programs for whole-home upgrades and $4.28 billion to states for appliance replacement rebates, with the suggestion that half the money go to households below 80 percent of area median income. On November 17, 2023, the DOE announced $169 million funded by the act for nine projects at 15 sites to accelerate US-made heat pump manufacturing. On February 14, 2024, the DOE announced a further $63 million funded by the act to accelerate the growth of domestic manufacturing of residential heat pumps, heat pump water heaters, and other heat pump systems and components. On December 4, 2023, the DOE and IRS announced they had received over 46,000 applications for new energy project financing under the Section 48E bonus investment tax credit since October 29. The first-year selectees, the Treasury Department projected, would add 1.8 gigawatts of capacity to the nationwide grid. On March 6, 2024, the Department of Agriculture announced it would advance requests for $139 million to be approved, to five solar and battery storage projects in Arizona, Colorado, Hawaii and Nebraska, under the Powering Affordable Clean Energy (PACE) program that the act created. On the 11th, the IRS finalized the rules of its direct pay program allowing tax-exempt nonprofits, the
TVA, state and local governments and electric cooperatives to access the act's panoply of tax credits. On the 13th, the DOE announced the first conditional commitment of a $72.8 million loan guarantee to a Tribal energy project under the act, the Viejas Microgrid benefiting
Kumeyaay residents near
Alpine, California. On March 25, 2024, the Biden administration announced the first 33 grant recipients of the Department of Energy's $6 billion Industrial Demonstrations Program to reduce embedded emissions in factories and materials processing, of which the Inflation Reduction Act funds $5.46 billion.
Cement and
concrete industry projects received $1.5 billion in total,
steelmaking projects received $1.5 billion, and
chemical engineering and refinery projects $1.2 billion. The Biden administration expected these projects to drive 1.4 million tons in carbon emissions cuts, though it had not finalized most of the grants even by November 11, putting them at the risk of being rescinded by the succeeding Trump administration. On the 27th, the DOE announced it had reached a conditional agreement for a $1.52 billion loan to
Holtec International to reopen the
Palisades Nuclear Generating Station, the first such agreement under the act's Title 17 Clean Energy Financing Section 1706 program. On the 28th, the Agriculture Department revealed the 541 recipients across 44 states of $124 million from the Rural Energy for America Program, which the act greatly augmented. On March 29, the DOE announced over 100 recipients of the first $4 billion from the act's renewal of the Section 48C tax credit, opening the remaining $6 billion to applications on May 22. On April 4, 2024, the Biden administration announced the eight recipients of the first $20 billion of the Greenhouse Gas Reduction Fund. For the $14 billion National Clean Investment Fund, the recipients are the consumer-focused Climate United Fund ($6.97 billion to a consortium of Calvert Impact,
Self-Help Ventures Fund and Community Preservation Corporation), the Coalition for Green Capital ($5 billion), and Power Forward Communities ($2 billion); collectively they have pledged 60 percent of funds would go to low-income and marginalized communities, well above the 40 percent required by Biden. For the $6 billion Clean Communities Investment Accelerator program to disburse money exclusively and deep into such communities, they are four
CDFIs (Opportunity Finance Network, Inclusiv, Native CDFI Network and Appalachian Community Capital) receiving a total of roughly $5.1 billion, and a coalition of community organizations called the Justice Climate Fund receiving $940 million. The Biden administration projects that they will leverage $7 from the private sector for every dollar of public investment, and slash emissions by up to 40 million metric tons by 2032 through a very wide variety of projects. On April 11, the Interior Department finalized a rule cutting rents on federal lands for renewable energy development by 80 percent, in part by clarifying definitions in Section 50265(b)(1) of the act. On the 12th, the Department raised rents on federal lands for oil and gas drilling by 1000 percent (the first such raise since 1960) and royalties by 4 percentage points, and directed drillers to pump away from sensitive wildlife areas, thus formalizing more parts of the act. On April 22, the Biden administration announced the 60 recipients of the $7 billion Solar for All program. The EPA forecasted the projects would serve a total of 900,000 low-income households, and generate them $350 million in annual savings and $8 billion cumulatively. In May 2024, multiple solar companies told
Bloomberg News that they had faced borderline
dumping of solar panels from China, and criticized the act for not providing enough tax credits to help with manufacturing upstream, including the
ingots and
wafers of
polycrystalline silicon needed to make the cells, as well as for unclear guidance that does not say whether domestic panel content incentives can go to them; as a result, several US solar manufacturers have slowed their timelines on plant construction and pressed the Biden administration to build up tariffs while they wait for better guidance. On May 14, the Department of Energy announced a loan guarantee of $1.66 billion under the act's expansion of the Title 17 Clean Energy Financing Program, to
Plug Power to scale up clean hydrogen production in six of its facilities. On July 24, 2024 the DOE's Grid Deployment Office announced it was awarding $371 million to 20 projects across 16 states for speeding up high-voltage transmission line approvals. In August 2024, the Treasury Department had found that in the 2023 tax year, 3.4 million households had claimed more than $8 billion against their federal income tax for home energy improvements; about 1.2 million had claimed $6 billion in credits for home clean energy, while 2.3 million had claimed $6 billion in credits for home energy efficiency improvements. The average benefit was estimated at $880 per family. Based on the report,
E&E News and
The Guardian found households with annual incomes above $100,000 claimed energy tax credits such as the home production and efficiency credits at higher rates among their cohort, about 1.6-4 percent of all such filers, compared to those earning below, at about 0.7-0.9 percent of all such filers. Wealthier families received about 66 percent of the total $5.5 billion in credits in 2023, with households earning over $200,000 claiming $2 billion. By contrast, the poorest 25 percent received only $32 million in credits. In addition,
E&E News noted that many states have yet to administer rebate programs meant for low-income households, which could further address wealth imbalances. Around that time, the Biden administration claimed successful implementation of a bonus credit for solar installer firms (not households) in low-income communities and Tribal country in its first year. According to Pontecorvo, the program steered nearly 48,000 solar projects to low-income areas and Tribal lands, with an estimated $270 million a year in energy savings, and 96 Tribal projects approved; no wind projects were supported. The law caps the amount of power the program can support per year at 1.8 gigawatts total, with certain types of recipients getting different subtotals. Pontecorvo found that while the program's data gathering process is difficult to assess, 98 percent of the money was allocated based mostly on installers' locations, without requirements to ensure that the savings reach low-income residents. The distribution of funds was uneven, with higher demand than expected from recipient subcategories like community solar projects, while other projects, like those on Tribal lands, generated lower demand; this unevenness continued to hold in 2024 even with some power caps being raised. The bonus credit is set to expire in 2031, though changes such as expansion to other clean energy technologies like small-scale hydroelectric and geothermal are set to take effect in 2025. The IRS is set to finalize the 45Q tax credit's rules to empower
carbon dioxide flooding, a method of using the captured greenhouse gas to improve oil extraction in nearly depleted fields, at a level of between $60 and $130 per metric ton of carbon dioxide sequestered. Notably,
Vicki Hollub, CEO of
Occidental Petroleum, praised the Inflation Reduction Act in a 2024 earnings call for enabling the company to expand its operations, while
ExxonMobil and
Eneos have started reviving production in certain oil fields because of the act. Critics note the IRS relies on self-reported data from companies, verified with EPA resources not intended for tax purposes. Verifying the amount of carbon dioxide stored versus what leaks out is problematic due to gaps in data and oversight. A lack of interagency coordination between the IRS and EPA complicates accurate monitoring and reporting; investigations have revealed that significant portions of tax credits awarded under 45Q did not meet EPA's reporting requirements, raising questions about the program's integrity. On September 5, the USDA announced that $7.3 billion in funding for 16 rural electric cooperative projects curbing 43 million tons in emissions would be approved under the act's New ERA program. In October 2024, Deputy Treasury Secretary
Wally Adeyemo revealed to Pontecorvo that he and his staff were planning to finalize the tax credit rules for clean hydrogen, advanced manufacturing, and tech-neutral clean power by December, and that
bioenergy remained a sticking point for the latter; the reasons behind the Treasury's slow pace, he claimed, were understaffing and the review backlog of 30,000 comments on the clean hydrogen draft rule. On November 12, 2024, the Biden administration announced the parameters of its first ever
methane fee for oil and gas companies, the Waste Emissions Charge, which the act mandated. The Charge was to be set at $900 per metric ton in 2024, rising to $1,500 per metric ton in 2026, and was forecasted to remove 1.2 million tons of methane (34 million tons of carbon dioxide equivalent) by 2036, with a net benefit of $2 billion. The rule was finalized early in 2025, and believed to be difficult to overturn. However, the incoming Congress overturned the regulation on March 14, 2025 via resolution, effectively abolishing the charge. In December 2024, the clean power investment tax credit's rules were finalized, which clarify what qualifies as an energy project, what assets an offshore wind farm, geothermal heat pump or biogas plant owner can use to claim the credit, and what credit-qualifying stored hydrogen can be used for. On December 18, the DOE used the Section 1706 Program to fund
Pacific Gas and Electric Company's hydropower and energy storage expansions and enable experiments in
virtual power plants. On January 16, 2025, the DOE used the program to lend $22.9 billion to six utility companies, the three largest recipients being
DTE Electric Company,
PacifiCorp, and
Consumers Energy, for similar purposes. On January 3, 2025, the Treasury Department finalized the 45V clean hydrogen tax credit, keeping the overall approach of the "three pillars" of hourly matching, additionality/incrementality, and deliverability. Major exemptions, however, were introduced, concerning such environmentalists as Conrad Schneider of the Clean Air Task Force and Dan Esposito of the Energy Innovation think tank. These included delaying the hourly matching requirement to 2030, advantaging nuclear power plants "at the risk of retirement", and allowing hydrogen producers more leeway to claim natural gas with carbon capture counted towards the credit, though the new rules also emphasized some exemptions only apply in states with a clean energy standard and binding emissions cap. Most environmental groups praised the rules, while industry groups were more cautious in doing so. On the 10th, the USDA finalized $5.49 billion in New ERA grants and loans to 28 projects by rural electric cooperatives, and $565 million in PACE loans to 26 projects by solar nonprofits. In total, $96.7 billion in clean energy grants under the act, or 84 percent of the energy grants, were finalized by the Biden administration by the 17th, leaving $11 billion to be handed out by the incoming president after the 20th.
Transportation The Treasury and
Internal Revenue Service published guidance on eligibility for electric vehicle owners to claim tax credits worth between $3,500 and $7,500 (the Clean Vehicle Credit, previously called the Qualified Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Credit), aiming to not only incentivize EV adoption but also increase
onshoring and
friendshoring of the supply chain to 'friendly' locations. The
US Treasury Department has also stated that owners who purchase eligible vehicles previous to August 16, 2022, but did not possess the vehicle until after that date, also qualify for the Clean Vehicle Credit. However, because of the requirement that qualified EVs must have half or more of its battery materials built in the US, and the batteries cannot contain minerals that "were extracted, processed, or recycled by a foreign entity of concern", with a final requirement for the vehicle to undergo final assembly in North America, most currently available EVs on the market will not qualify for the tax credits. Yet, analyses show that the value of these credits are significant enough that strong incentives do exist to shift those supply chains. The Treasury released its next draft guidance for EV buyers on March 31, 2023, effective immediately, with finalization expected in June, and the first update taking place in May 2024; the allowed materials source list includes the 20
United States free-trade agreements partners and
Japan. On April 30, 2025, the think tank
Transportation for America reported that $2.46 billion in NEaA funds across 60 projects remained unobligated. On April 30, 2024, the Treasury Department released their guidance on the Sections 40B and 6426(k) tax credits for the production of sustainable aviation fuels, specifically ethanol. "Producers of SAF are eligible for a tax credit of $1.25 to $1.75 per gallon. SAF that achieves a GHG emissions reduction of 50% is eligible for the $1.25 credit per gallon amount, and SAF that achieves a GHG emissions reduction of more than 50% is eligible for an additional $0.01 per gallon for each percentage point the reduction exceeds 50%, up to $0.50 per gallon." The IRS also released a new greenhouse gas study model for ethanol producers, and endorsed a USDA incentives program to incorporate climate-smart agriculture in corn and soybean ethanol production. In June 2024, the Treasury Department announced that over 150,000 electric vehicles had seen more than $1 billion in savings by buyers since the previous January 1, through the act's tax credits. In an October 2024 interview with reporter Emily Pontecorvo, Wally Adeyemo said he could not commit to a timeline for finalizing the tax credit rules on sustainable aviation fuel and electric vehicle charges, citing understaffing and the processing backlog of 30,000 comments on the clean hydrogen draft rule. On the 29th, the EPA and President Biden announced the 55 recipients of the $2.9 billion Clean Ports Program funded by the act; most of the money will go towards zero-emissions cargo handling equipment or
shore power. In November 2024, the DOE announced that $6.6 billion of funding from the act would be loaned to the automaker
Rivian to complete its new plant in Georgia. Solar for All was in the process of distributing the grants in February 2024 when newly appointed EPA Administrator Lee Zeldin announced he sought to instantly terminate roughly $20 billion in clean energy grant programs. However, the Environmental Protection Agency unfroze the $7 billion fund Solar for All program on March 4, 2025.
Ecosystems In 2023 an agreement between seven states (
Arizona,
California,
Colorado,
Nevada,
New Mexico,
Utah, and
Wyoming) was achieved, aiming to preserve the
Colorado River water system from collapse due to poor management and climate change. The United States is heavily dependent on the river for power generation, drinking water, agriculture, wildlands restoration, and native cultural practices. Some states will reduce water use, receiving $1.2 billion in compensation for it from the federal government. Many other projects for preserving the river such as
water recycling and
rainwater harvesting are being advanced. The funding comes from the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act. According to a Biden administration statement, in the first year of implementation, around $2 billion was allocated to protect and restore land and marine ecosystems, including
National Parks and the
National Wildlife Refuge System. In August 2023, $150 million was given to small and underserved forest owners, and intended to link them to
climate markets, providing incentives to conserve the forests. Another $145 million were delivered with the same goal in March 2024. In October 2024, $265 million from the act was delivered, followed in December by $335 million, to private forest owners for similar projects in conservation. In November 2023, the Biden administration announced it would provide the National Parks System $166 million for ecosystem resilience and
environmental planning. In August 2024, the Biden administration provided the
United States Fish and Wildlife Service $20 million from the act for helping preserve Southwest desert fish, moths, freshwater mussels, and Pacific island plants. In October, it provided the Regional Conservation Partnership Program within the USDA $1.5 billion from the act for 92 conservation projects around the country.
Sustainable agriculture From October 2022 to September 2023 more than $850 million was given by the
Natural Resources Conservation Service to its
Environmental Quality Incentives Program,
Conservation Stewardship Program, Regional Conservation Partnership Program and Agricultural
Conservation Easement Program to advance sustainable agriculture. In January 2024, Michael Happ of the
Institute for Agriculture and Trade Policy found that the act's funding was able to support 2,366 more applicants to EQIP in 2023 compared to 2022, and 3,078 more applicants to the Conservation Stewardship Program across the same years; Happ, however, found that USDA resources such as staffing were often insufficient. Journalist
Michael Grunwald, writing in Canary Media a year later, revealed IRA agriculture funds were overall focused more on
corporate farming-led
soil carbon storage (which he claimed had less scientific rigor to back it) than on efficient methods to reduce methane and nitrous oxide emissions, the reason being that Agriculture Secretary
Tom Vilsack's political considerations prevailed over White House climate adviser David Hayes' skeptical approach.
Environmental justice In October 2023, the
Environmental Protection Agency allocated $128 million to 186 projects linked to
environmental justice. $104 million comes from the Inflation Reduction Act. The projects are designed to solve
pollution and climate-related disasters in underserved communities. The projects include creating
parks for addressing
floods, protecting
Duck Valley Indian Reservation natural and cultural resources, teaching children about
repairing and more. The full list of projects with short descriptions has been published. In November 2023, the Biden administration announced the Department of the Interior would be spending $20 million to establish the Kapapahuliau Climate Resilience Program, named for the process of navigating through rough seas and winds, to the
Native Hawaiian community for climate adaptation and resilience. The deadline to apply for program award grants was February 29, 2024. It also announced the EPA would spend $2 billion on its new Community Change Grants Program for partnerships between local nonprofits, governments and indigenous tribes, and colleges and universities to "deploy clean energy, strengthen climate resilience, and build community capacity to respond to environmental and climate justice challenges".
Drug prices The Biden administration announced the first ten drugs to have their prices negotiated in 2026 by Medicare on August 29, 2023. They are
Eliquis,
Jardiance,
Xarelto,
Januvia,
Farxiga,
Entresto,
Enbrel,
Imbruvica,
Stelara, and
Fiasp and
NovoLog. The list selection, made by the
Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services, was based on whether these drugs lacked competition, how much they cost Medicare, and how long they have been on the market. The administration made its initial offer on February 1, 2024, as part of a negotiation process that continued until August 1, 2024. The Medicare drug price negotiation provisions are facing eight protest lawsuits filed by drug manufacturers and the
U.S. Chamber of Commerce, variously claiming that the federal government is violating the
First,
Fifth, and
Eighth Amendments to the Constitution, which deal with
freedom of speech,
just compensation for
takings, and excessive fines. A "second wave" of lawsuits, likely focusing on the price negotiations' bureaucratic process, was predicted to ensue, according to Stephen Ubl, CEO of the pharmaceutical industry lobbying group
PhRMA. Some legal commentators speculate the cases are intended to produce a variety of rulings across the federal courts, making it more likely for the Supreme Court to hear them. While the healthcare consulting firm Avalere claimed in July 2022 that $455 billion in revenue would be lost by drug manufacturers and the trade group Vital Transformation claimed 139 fewer new drugs would be approved over the next decade due to the act, the Congressional Budget Office projects only one fewer drug will be approved than without the act over the next decade, five fewer over the succeeding decade, and seven fewer over the decade after that. The 2024 Open Enrollment period saw 5,215,764 new consumers sign up for the exchanges, an increase of 31% from the previous year's 3,699,749. 92% of consumers (roughly 19.73 million people) received aid from the act. The average annual premium savings figure now stood at $705 and 48%; the ARP and IRA had now helped 1.5 million people avoid subsidy ineligibility. The 2025 Open Enrollment period saw an increase in new consumers of 3,938,907, a slowdown from last year's figure. The IRA was credited with allowing 80 percent of users to find a plan for $10 a month or less.
IRS reform Treasury Secretary
Janet Yellen directed
IRS commissioner Charles Rettig to not use the new funding allocated in the act to increase the rate of audits of those making less than $400,000 a year above historical levels, but to instead focus on "high-end noncompliance". A Treasury report indicated that half of the funding would be allocated to preventing tax evasion from large corporations and wealthy individuals. Due to larger than expected use of the act's tax credits, the administration of Joe Biden has begun to reevaluate how much in unpaid taxes the IRS can collect to cover the costs.
Per state Florida The state of
Florida received $3.75 million for
urban forests and nature conservation, $209,000 for fighting
pollution, and $78.7 million to protect the state from
climate change impacts (the third amount is from the
Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act and the Inflation Reduction Act combined). However, Florida's governor,
Ron DeSantis, refused to accept $346 million for rebates to homeowners who will want to
retrofit their houses for
energy efficiency, $3 million to fight pollution, a program for helping low income people buy solar panels as well as $24 million from the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act for improving
sewage systems in rural areas. DeSantis later reversed course and attempted to reclaim some of the rejected home energy rebate funds. The money can go to local cities and authorities. Three cities in Florida accepted some amounts. Other states want to take the money forfeited by Florida for themselves, namely
Rhode Island and
Kentucky. Making a house more energy efficient can cut utility bills by 25% for an average family in Florida. Part of the money would have gone to
weatherization of houses.
Texas Some aspects of the law are the same as in other states, while some are specific to
Texas. Considerable tax credits and tax rebates are afforded.
House weatherization,
solar energy,
electric vehicles, are advanced. House weatherization can save around $283 per year for an average family in Texas, while raising the value of the property and reducing air pollution in the same time. Some improvements can be made for free to low income households. The cost of an
energy audit is reduced by 30% and some can even get it for free. A third of Texas households can get a 100% rebate for installing a
heat pump (generally costing US$8,000). Forest protection is advanced, and farms that adopt climate-friendly practices get economic incentives.
Alaska In February 2024, $1 million was delivered to
Alaska remote communities. The aim is to strengthen resilience and
food security, improve cooperation with indigenous tribes, and use
their knowledge. == Reactions ==