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MacArthur Fellows Program

The MacArthur Fellows Program, also known as the MacArthur Fellowship and colloquially called the "Genius Grant", is a prize awarded annually by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation to typically between 20 and 30 individuals working in any field who have shown "extraordinary originality and dedication in their creative pursuits and a marked capacity for self-direction" and are citizens or residents of the United States.

Recipients
, since the award's inception in 1981, 1,175 people have been named MacArthur Fellows, ranging in age from 18 to 82. In the five broad categories defined by the foundation, the breakdown for recipient focus is as follows: Arts 336; Humanities 170; Public Issues 257; STEM 335; and Social Sciences 120. == 1981 ==
1981
A. R. Ammons, poet • Joseph Brodsky, poet • John Cairns, molecular biologist • Gregory V. Chudnovsky, mathematician • Joel E. Cohen, population biologist • Robert Coles, child psychiatrist • Richard Critchfield, essayist • Shelly Errington, cultural anthropologist • Howard Gardner, psychologist • Henry Louis Gates Jr., literary critic • John Gaventa, sociologist • Michael Ghiselin, evolutionary biologist • Stephen Jay Gould, paleontologist • Ian Graham, archaeologist • David Hawkins, philosopher • John P. Holdren, arms control and energy analyst • Ada Louise Huxtable, architectural critic and historian • John Imbrie, climatologist • Robert Kates, geographer • Raphael Carl Lee, surgeon • Elma Lewis, arts educator • Cormac McCarthy, writer • Barbara McClintock, geneticist • James Alan McPherson, short story writer and essayist • Roy P. Mottahedeh, historian • Richard C. Mulligan, molecular biologist • Douglas D. Osheroff, physicist • Elaine H. Pagels, historian of religion • David Pingree, historian of science • Paul G. Richards, seismologist • Robert Root-Bernstein, biologist and historian of science • Richard Rorty, philosopher • Lawrence Rosen, attorney and anthropologist • Carl Emil Schorske, intellectual historian • Leslie Marmon Silko, writer • Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr., astrophysicist • Derek Walcott, poet and playwright • Robert Penn Warren, poet, novelist, and literary critic • Stephen Wolfram, computer scientist and physicist • Michael Woodford, economist • George Zweig, physicist and neurobiologist == 1982 ==
1982
Fouad Ajami, political scientist • Charles A. Bigelow, type designer • Peter Robert Lamont Brown, historian • Robert Darnton, European historian • Persi Diaconis, statistician • William Gaddis, novelist • Ved Mehta, writer • Bob Moses, educator and philosopher • Richard A. Muller, geologist and astrophysicist • Conlon Nancarrow, composer • Alfonso Ortiz, cultural anthropologist • Francesca Rochberg, Assyriologist and historian of science • Charles Sabel, political scientist and legal scholar • Ralph Shapey, composer and conductor • Michael Silverstein, linguist • Randolph Whitfield Jr., ophthalmologist • Frank Wilczek, physicist • Frederick Wiseman, documentary filmmaker • Edward Witten, physicist, creator of the M-Theory == 1983 ==
1983
R. Stephen Berry, physical chemist • Seweryn Bialer, political scientist • William C. Clark, ecologist and environmental policy analyst • Philip D. Curtin, historian of Africa • William H. Durham, biological anthropologist • Bradley Efron, statistician • David L. Felten, neuroscientist • Randall W. Forsberg, political scientist and arms control strategist • Alexander L. George, political scientist • Shelomo Dov Goitein, medieval historian • Mott T. Greene, historian of science • James E. Gunn, astronomer • Ramón A. Gutiérrez, historian • John J. Hopfield, physicist and biologist • Béla Julesz, psychologist • William Kennedy, novelist • Leszek Kołakowski, historian of philosophy and religion • Sylvia A. Law, human rights lawyer • Brad Leithauser, poet and writer • Lawrence W. Levine, historian • Ralph Manheim, translator • Robert K. Merton, historian and sociologist of science • Walter F. Morris Jr., cultural preservationist • Charles S. Peskin, mathematician and physiologist • A.K. Ramanujan, poet, translator, and literary scholar • Alice M. Rivlin, economist and policy analyst • Julia Robinson, mathematician • John Sayles, filmmaker and writer • Richard M. Schoen, mathematician • Peter Sellars, theater and opera director • Karen K. Uhlenbeck, mathematician • Adrian Wilson, book designer, printer, and book historian • Irene J. Winter, art historian and archaeologist • Mark S. Wrighton, chemist == 1984 ==
1984
George W. Archibald, ornithologist • Shelly Bernstein, pediatric hematologist • Peter J. Bickel, statistician • Ernesto J. Cortes Jr., community organizer • William Drayton, public service innovator • Sidney Drell, physicist and arms policy analyst • Mitchell J. Feigenbaum, mathematical physicist • Michael H. Freedman, mathematician • Curtis G. Hames, family physician • Robert Hass, poet, critic, and translator • Shirley Heath, linguistic anthropologist • J. Bryan Hehir, religion and foreign policy scholar • Bette Howland, writer and literary critic • Bill Irwin, clown, writer, and performance artist • Robert Irwin, light and space artist • Ruth Prawer Jhabvala, novelist and screenwriter • Fritz John, mathematician • Galway Kinnell, poet • Henry Kraus, labor and art historian • Paul Oskar Kristeller, intellectual historian and philosopher • Sara Lawrence-Lightfoot, educator • Heather Lechtman, materials scientist and archaeologist • Michael Lerner, public health leader • Andrew W. Lewis, medieval historian • Arnold J. Mandell, neuroscientist and psychiatrist • Peter Mathews, archaeologist and epigrapher • Matthew Meselson, geneticist and arms control analyst • David R. Nelson, physicist • Beaumont Newhall, historian of photography • Roger S. Payne, zoologist and conservationist • Michael Piore, economist • Edward V. Roberts, disability rights leader • Judith N. Shklar, political philosopher • Charles Simic, poet, translator, and essayist • Elliot Sperling, Tibetan studies scholar • David Stuart, linguist and epigrapher • Frank Sulloway, psychologist • John E. Toews, intellectual historian • Alar Toomre, astronomer and mathematician • James Turrell, light sculptor • Amos Tversky, cognitive scientist • J. Kirk Varnedoe, art historian • Bret Wallach, geographer • Jay Weiss, psychologist • Arthur Winfree, physiologist and mathematician • Carl R. Woese, molecular biologist • Billie Young, community development leader == 1985 ==
1985
Joan Abrahamson, community development leader • John Ashbery, poet • John F. Benton, medieval historian • Harold Bloom, literary critic • Valery Chalidze, physicist and human rights organizer • William Cronon, environmental historian • Merce Cunningham, choreographer • Jared Diamond, environmental historian and geographer • Marian Wright Edelman, Children's Defense Fund founder • Morton Halperin, political scientist • Robert M. Hayes, lawyer and human rights leader • Edwin Hutchins, cognitive scientist • Sam Maloof, professional woodworker and furniture maker • Andrew McGuire, trauma prevention specialist • Patrick Noonan, conservationist • George Oster, mathematical biologist • Thomas G. Palaima, classicist • Peter Raven, botanist • Jane S. Richardson, biochemist • Gregory Schopen, historian of religion • Franklin Stahl, geneticist • J. Richard Steffy, nautical archaeologist • Ellen Stewart, theater director • Paul Taylor, choreographer, dance company founder • Shing-Tung Yau, mathematician == 1986 ==
1986
Paul Adams, neurobiologist • Milton Babbitt, composer and music theorist • Christopher Beckwith, philologist • Richard Benson, photographer • Lester R. Brown, agricultural economist • Caroline Bynum, medieval historian • William A. Christian, historian of religion • Nancy Farriss, historian • Benedict Gross, mathematician • Daryl Hine, poet and translator • John Robert Horner, paleobiologist • Thomas C. Joe, social policy analyst • David Keightley, historian and sinologist • Albert J. Libchaber, physicist • David C. Page, molecular geneticist • George Perle, composer and music theorist • James Randi, magician • David Rudovsky, civil rights lawyer • Robert Shapley, neurophysiologist • Leo Steinberg, art historian • Richard P. Turco, atmospheric scientist • Thomas Whiteside, journalist • Allan C. Wilson, biochemist • Jay Wright, poet and playwright • Charles Wuorinen, composer == 1987 ==
1987
Walter Abish, writer • Robert Axelrod, political scientist • Robert F. Coleman, mathematician • Douglas Crase, poet • Daniel Friedan, physicist • David Gross, physicist • Ira Herskowitz, molecular geneticist • Irving Howe, literary and social critic • Wesley Charles Jacobs Jr., rural planner • Peter Jeffery, musicologist • Horace Freeland Judson, historian of science • Stuart Alan Kauffman, evolutionary biologist • Richard Kenney, poet • Eric Lander, geneticist and mathematician • Michael Malin, geologist and planetary scientist • Deborah W. Meier, education reform leader • Arnaldo Dante Momigliano, historian • David Mumford, mathematician • Tina Rosenberg, journalist • David Rumelhart, cognitive scientist and psychologist • Robert Morris Sapolsky, neuroendocrinologist and primatologist • Meyer Schapiro, art historian • John H. Schwarz, physicist • Jon Seger, evolutionary ecologist • Stephen Shenker, physicist • David Dean Shulman, historian of religion • Muriel S. Snowden, community organizer • Mark Strand, poet and writer • May Swenson, poet • Huỳnh Sanh Thông, translator and editor • William Julius Wilson, sociologist • Richard Wrangham, primate ethologist == 1988 ==
1988
Charles Archambeau, geophysicist • Michael Baxandall, art historian • Ruth Behar, cultural anthropologist • Ran Blake, composer and pianist • Charles Burnett, filmmaker • Philip James DeVries, insect biologist • Andre Dubus, writer • Helen T. Edwards, physicist • Jon H. Else, documentary filmmaker • John G. Fleagle, primatologist and paleontologist • Cornell H. Fleischer, Middle Eastern historian • Getatchew Haile, philologist and linguist • Raymond Jeanloz, geophysicist • Marvin Philip Kahl, zoologist • Naomi Pierce, biologist • Thomas Pynchon, novelist • Stephen J. Pyne, environmental historian • Max Roach, drummer and jazz composer • Hipolito (Paul) Roldan, community developer • Anna Curtenius Roosevelt, archaeologist • David Alan Rosenberg, military historian • Susan Irene Rotroff, archaeologist • Bruce Schwartz, figurative sculptor and puppeteer • Robert Shaw, physicist • Jonathan Spence, historian • Noel M. Swerdlow, historian of science • Gary A. Tomlinson, musicologist • Alan Walker, paleontologist • Eddie Williams, policy analyst and civil rights leader • Rita P. Wright, archaeologist • Garth Youngberg, agriculturalist == 1989 ==
1989
Anthony Amsterdam, attorney and legal scholar • Byllye Avery, women's healthcare leader • Alvin Bronstein, human rights lawyer • Leo Buss, evolutionary biologist • Jay Cantor, writer • George Davis, environmental policy analyst • Allen Grossman, poet • John Harbison, composer and conductor • Keith Hefner, journalist and educator • Ralf Hotchkiss, rehabilitation engineer • John Rice Irwin, curator and cultural preservationist • Daniel Janzen, ecologist • Bernice Johnson Reagon, music historian, composer, and vocalist • Aaron Lansky, cultural preservationist • Jennifer Moody, archaeologist and anthropologist • Errol Morris, filmmaker • Vivian Paley, educator and writer • Richard Powers, novelist • Ferenc Miszlivetz, sociologist and historian • Martin Puryear, sculptor • Theodore Rosengarten, historian • Margaret W. Rossiter, historian of science • George Russell, composer and music theorist • Pam Solo, arms control analyst • Ellendea Proffer Teasley, translator and publisher • Claire Van Vliet, book artist • Baldemar Velasquez, farm labor leader • Bill Viola, video artist • Eliot Wigginton, educator • Patricia Wright, primatologist == 1990 ==
1990
John Christian Bailar, biostatistician • Martha Clarke, theater director • Jacques d'Amboise, dance educator • Guy Davenport, writer, critic, and translator • Lisa Delpit, education reform leader • John Eaton, composer • Paul R. Ehrlich, population biologist • Charlotte Erickson, historian • Lee Friedlander, photographer • Margaret Geller, astrophysicist • Jorie Graham, poet • Patricia Hampl, writer • John Hollander, poet and literary critic • Thomas Cleveland Holt, social and cultural historian • David Kazhdan, mathematician • Calvin King, land and farm development specialist • M. A. R. Koehl, marine biologist • Nancy Kopell, mathematician • Michael Moschen, performance artist • Gary Nabhan, ethnobotanist • Sherry Ortner, anthropologist • Otis Pitts, community development leader • Yvonne Rainer, filmmaker and choreographer • Michael Schudson, sociologist • Rebecca J. Scott, historian • Marc Shell, scholar • Susan Sontag, writer and cultural critic • Richard Stallman, Free Software Foundation founder, copyleft concept inventor • Guy Tudor, conservationist • Maria Varela, community development leader • Gregory Vlastos, classicist and philosopher • Kent Whealy, preservationist • Eric Wolf, anthropologist • Sidney Wolfe, physician • Robert Woodson, community development leader • José Zalaquett, human rights lawyer == 1991 ==
1991
Jacqueline Barton, biophysical chemist • Paul Berman, journalist • James Blinn, computer animator • Taylor Branch, social historian • Trisha Brown, choreographer • Mari Jo Buhle, American historian • Patricia Churchland, philosopher • David Donoho, statistician • Steven Feld, anthropologist • Alice Fulton, poet • Guillermo Gómez-Peña, writer and artist • Jerzy Grotowski, theater director • David Hammons, artist • Sophia Bracy Harris, child care leader • Lewis Hyde, writer • Ali Akbar Khan, musician • Sergiu Klainerman, mathematician • Martin Kreitman, geneticist • Harlan Lane, psychologist and linguist • William Linder, community development leader • Patricia Locke, tribal rights leader • Mark Morris, choreographer and dancer • Marcel Ophüls, documentary filmmaker • Arnold Rampersad, biographer and literary critic • Gunther Schuller, composer, conductor, jazz historian • Joel Schwartz, epidemiologist • Cecil Taylor, jazz pianist and composer • Julie Taymor, theater director • David Werner, health care leader • James Westphal, engineer and scientist • Eleanor Wilner, poet == 1992 ==
1992
Janet Benshoof, human rights lawyer • Robert Blackburn, printmaker • Unita Blackwell, civil rights leader • Lorna Bourg, rural development leader • Stanley Cavell, philosopher • Amy Clampitt, poet • Ingrid Daubechies, mathematician • Wendy Ewald, photographer • Irving Feldman, poet • Barbara Fields, historian • Robert Hall, journalist • Ann Ellis Hanson, historian • John Henry Holland, computer scientist • Wes Jackson, agronomist • Evelyn Keller, historian and philosopher of science • Steve Lacy, saxophonist and composer • Suzanne Lebsock, social historian • Sharon Long, plant biologist • Norman Manea, writer • Paule Marshall, writer • Michael Massing, journalist • Robert McCabe, educator • Susan Meiselas, photojournalist • Amalia Mesa-Bains, artist and cultural critic • Stephen Schneider, climatologist • Joanna Scott, writer • John T. Scott, artist • John Terborgh, conservation biologist • Twyla Tharp, dancer and choreographer • Philip Treisman, mathematics educator • Laurel Thatcher Ulrich, historian • Geerat J. Vermeij, evolutionary biologist • Günter Wagner, developmental biologist == 1993 ==
1993
Nancy Cartwright, philosopher • Demetrios Christodoulou, mathematician and physicist • Maria Crawford, geologist • Stanley Crouch, jazz critic and writer • Nora England, anthropological linguist • Paul Farmer, medical anthropologist • Victoria Foe, developmental biologist • Ernest Gaines, writer • Pedro Greer, physician • Thom Gunn, poet and literary critic • Ann Hamilton, artist • Sokoni Karanja, child and family development specialist • Ann Lauterbach, poet and literary critic • Stephen Lee, chemist • Carol Levine, AIDS policy specialist • Amory Lovins, physicist and energy analyst • Jane Lubchenco, marine biologist • Ruth Lubic, nurse and midwife • Jim Powell, poet, translator, and literary critic • Margie Profet, evolutionary biologist • Thomas Scanlon, philosopher • Aaron Shirley, health care leader • William Siemering, journalist and radio producer • Ellen Silbergeld, toxicologist • Leonard van der Kuijp, philologist and historian • Frank von Hippel, arms control and energy analyst • John Edgar Wideman, writer • Heather Williams, biologist and ornithologist • Marion Williams, gospel music performer • Robert H. Williams, physicist and energy analyst • Henry T. Wright, archaeologist and anthropologist == 1994 ==
1994
Robert Adams, photographer • Jeraldyne Blunden, choreographer • Anthony Braxton, avant-garde composer and musician • Rogers Brubaker, sociologist • Ornette Coleman, jazz performer and composer • Israel Gelfand, mathematician • Faye Ginsburg, anthropologist • Heidi Hartmann, economist • Bill T. Jones, dancer and choreographer • Peter E. Kenmore, agricultural entomologist • Joseph E. Marshall, educator • Carolyn McKecuen, economic development leader • Donella Meadows, writer • Arthur Mitchell, company director and choreographer • Hugo Morales, radio producer • Janine Pease, educator • Willie Reale, theater arts educator • Adrienne Rich, poet and writer • Sam-Ang Sam, musician and cultural preservationist • Jack Wisdom, physicist == 1995 ==
1995
Allison Anders, filmmaker • Jed Z. Buchwald, historian • Octavia E. Butler, science fiction novelist • Sandra Cisneros, writer and poet • Sandy Close, journalist • Frederick C. Cuny, disaster relief specialist • Sharon Emerson, biologist • Richard Foreman, theater director • Alma Guillermoprieto, journalist • Virginia Hamilton, writer • Donald Hopkins, physician • Susan W. Kieffer, geologist • Elizabeth LeCompte, theater director • Patricia Nelson Limerick, historian • Michael Marletta, chemist • Pamela Matson, ecologist • Susan McClary, musicologist • Meredith Monk, vocalist, composer, director • Rosalind P. Petchesky, political scientist • Joel Rogers, political scientist • Cindy Sherman, photographer • Bryan Stevenson, human rights lawyer • Nicholas Strausfeld, neurobiologist • Richard White, historian == 1996 ==
1996
James Roger Prior Angel, astronomer • Joaquin Avila, voting rights advocate • Allan Bérubé, historian • Barbara Block, marine biologist • Joan Breton Connelly, classical archaeologist • Thomas Daniel, biologist • Martin Daniel Eakes, economic development strategist • Rebecca Goldstein, writer • Robert Greenstein, public policy analyst • Richard Howard, poet, translator, and literary critic • John Jesurun, playwright • Richard Lenski, biologist • Louis Massiah, documentary filmmaker • Vonnie McLoyd, developmental psychologist • Thylias Moss, poet and writer • Eiko Otake and Koma Otake, dancers, choreographers • Nathan Seiberg, physicist • Anna Deavere Smith, playwright, journalist, actress • Dorothy Stoneman, educator • Bill Strickland, art educator == 1997 ==
1997
Luis Alfaro, writer and performance artist • Lee Breuer, playwright • Vija Celmins, artist • Eric Charnov, evolutionary biologist • Elouise P. Cobell, banker • Peter Galison, historian • Mark Harrington, AIDS researcher • Eva Harris, molecular biologist • Michael Kremer, economist • Russell Lande, biologist • Kerry James Marshall, artist • Nancy A. Moran, evolutionary biologist and ecologist • Han Ong, playwright • Kathleen Ross, educator • Pamela Samuelson, copyright scholar and activist • Susan Stewart, literary scholar and poet • Elizabeth Streb, dancer and choreographer • Trimpin, sound sculptor • Loïc Wacquant, sociologist • Kara Walker, artist • David Foster Wallace, author and journalist • Andrew Wiles, mathematician • Brackette Williams, anthropologist == 1998 ==
1998
Janine Antoni, artist • Ida Applebroog, artist • Ellen Barry, attorney and human rights activist • Tim Berners-Lee, inventor of the World Wide Web • Linda Bierds, poet • Bernadette Brooten, historian • John Carlstrom, astrophysicist • Mike Davis, historian • Nancy Folbre, economist • Avner Greif, economist • Kun-Liang Guan, biochemist • Gary Hill, artist • Edward Hirsch, poet, essayist • Ayesha Jalal, historian • Charles R. Johnson, writer • Leah Krubitzer, neuroscientist • Stewart Kwoh, human rights activist • Charles Lewis, journalist • William W. McDonald, rancher and conservationist • Peter N. Miller, historian • Don Mitchell, cultural geographer • Rebecca Nelson, plant pathologist • Elinor Ochs, linguistic anthropologist • Ishmael Reed, poet, essayist, novelist • Benjamin D. Santer, atmospheric scientist • Karl Sims, computer scientist and artist • Dorothy Thomas, human rights activist • Leonard Zeskind, human rights activist • Mary Zimmerman, playwright == 1999 ==
1999
Jillian Banfield, geologist • Carolyn Bertozzi, chemist • Xu Bing, artist and printmaker • Bruce G. Blair, policy analyst • John Bonifaz, election lawyer and voting rights leader • Shawn Carlson, science educator • Mark Danner, journalist • Alison L. Des Forges, human rights activist • Elizabeth Diller, architect • Saul Friedländer, historian • Jennifer Gordon, lawyer • David Hillis, biologist • Sara Horowitz, lawyer • Jacqueline Jones, historian • Laura L. Kiessling, biochemist • Leslie Kurke, classicist • David Levering Lewis, biographer and historian • Juan Maldacena, physicist • Gay J. McDougall, human rights lawyer • Campbell McGrath, poet • Denny Moore, anthropological linguist • Elizabeth Murray, artist • Pepón Osorio, artist • Ricardo Scofidio, architect • Peter Shor, computer scientist • Eva Silverstein, physicist • Wilma Subra, scientist • Ken Vandermark, saxophonist, composer • Naomi Wallace, playwright • Jeffrey Weeks, mathematician • Fred Wilson, artist • Ofelia Zepeda, linguist == 2000 ==
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