Market1897
Company Profile

1897

1897 (MDCCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1897th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 897th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1890s decade. As of the start of 1897, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events
: U.S. President William McKinley inaugurated JanuaryJanuary 2 – The International Alpha Omicron Pi sorority is founded, in New York City. • January 4 – A British force is ambushed by Chief Ologbosere, son-in-law of the ruler. This leads to a punitive expedition against Benin. • January 7 – A cyclone destroys Darwin, Australia. • January 8 – Lady Flora Shaw, future wife of Governor General Lord Lugard, officially proposes the name "Nigeria" in a newspaper contest, to be given to the British Niger Coast Protectorate. • January 22 – In this date's issue of the journal Engineering, the word computer is first used to refer to a mechanical calculation device. • January 31 – The Czechoslovak Trade Union Association is founded in Prague. FebruaryFebruary 10 – Freedom of religion is proclaimed in Madagascar. • February 16 – The French conquer the island of Raiatea and capture the rebel chief Teraupo'o, ending the Leeward Islands War and bringing all of the Society Islands under their control. • February 18Benin is put to the torch by the British Army's Benin Expedition. Ovonramwen, Oba of Benin, is exiled from his kingdom and the Benin Bronzes are carried off to London. • February 26 – The Sigma Pi fraternity is founded in Vincennes, Indiana. • February 27 – The French military governor of Madagascar, Joseph Gallieni, exiles Queen Ranavalona III to Réunion, abolishing the monarchy the next day. MarchMarch 13San Diego State University is founded. • March 22Emilio Aguinaldo unseats Andrés Bonifacio at the Tejeros Convention, becoming the new head of the Filipino revolutionary group Katipunan. AprilApril 15 • Drillers near Bartlesville, Oklahoma strike oil for the first time, in the designated "Indian Territory", on land leased from the Osage Indians. The gusher, at the Nellie Johnstone Number One well, leads to rapid population growth. • Yamaichi Securities founded in Japan; it will cease trading a hundred years later. • April 18 – The Greco-Turkish War of 1897 breaks out. • April 19 – The first Boston Marathon is held in the United States, with fifteen men competing, and is won by John McDermott. • April 23 – Representatives of the Chickasaw Nation, Choctaw Nation and U.S. Dawes Commission sign the Atoka Agreement, which becomes an important precursor for creating the State of Oklahoma. • April 276 MayGreco-Turkish War of 1897: Battle of Velestino. • April 30J. J. Thomson of the Cavendish Laboratory announces his discovery of the electron as a subatomic particle, over 1,800 times smaller than a proton (in the atomic nucleus), at a lecture at the Royal Institution in London. MayMay 6John Jacob Abel announces the successful isolation of epinephrine (adrenaline), in a paper read before the Association of American Physicians. • May 10 – 19 zinc miners die of carbon monoxide poisoning at Snaefell Mine on the Isle of Man. • May 11 – A patent is awarded for the invention of the first automotive muffler, with the granting by the U.S. Patent Office of application number 582,485 to Milton Reeves and his brother Marshall T. Reeves, of the Reeves Pulley Company of Columbus, Indiana. • May 14The Stars and Stripes Forever, an American patriotic march by John Philip Sousa, is performed for the first time. • (or May 15) – The Scientific-Humanitarian Committee (Wissenschaftlich-humanitäres Komitee, WhK) is founded in Berlin as an LGBT campaigning organization, the first such in history. • May 19Oscar Wilde is released from prison in England, and goes into voluntary exile on the continent. • May 22 – The Blackwall Tunnel, at this time the longest underwater road tunnel in the world, is opened for traffic beneath the River Thames in the East End of London by the Prince of Wales. • May 26 – Irish-born theatrical manager Bram Stoker's contemporary Gothic horror novel Dracula is first published (in London); it will influence the direction of vampire literature for the following century. • May 31 – On Decoration Day (later Memorial Day) the Robert Gould Shaw Memorial is dedicated in Boston. The bronze bas relief by Augustus St. Gaudens depicts the 54th Massachusetts Infantry Regiment of black Civil War soldiers. June on Alma Place in Coleraine, County Londonderry, UlsterJune 121897 Assam earthquake: An earthquake of magnitude of 8.0 rocks Assam, India, killing over 1,500 people. • June 18Kyoto University is officially established in Japan. • June 22 – The British Empire celebrates Queen Victoria's Diamond Jubilee, marking the 60th year of her reign. No other British monarch will celebrate such a jubilee until Victoria's great-great-granddaughter Elizabeth II in 2012. JulyJuly 11S. A. Andrée's Arctic Balloon Expedition of 1897 begins. The ill-fated expedition to fly over the Arctic results in the death of the entire team within months. • July 17 – The Klondike Gold Rush begins when the first successful prospectors arrive in SeattleJuly 25 – Writer Jack London sails to join the Klondike Gold Rush, where he will write his first successful stories. • July 26August 2Siege of Malakand: British troops are besieged by Pashtun tribesmen in Malakand, on the Northwest frontier of British India (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan). • July 31Mount Saint Elias, the second highest peak in the United States and Canada, is first ascended. AugustAugust 10 – At the Bayer pharmaceutical company, pharmacist Felix Hoffmann successfully synthesizes acetylsalicylic acid, after isolating a compound from a plant of the Spiraea family; the company markets it under the brand name "Aspirin". • August 21 – The Olds Motor Vehicle Co. is founded in Lansing, Michigan, by Ransom E. Olds. • August 29 – The First Zionist Congress convenes in Basel, Switzerland. • August 31Thomas Edison is granted a patent for the Kinetoscope, a precursor of the movie projector. SeptemberSeptember 1 – The Tremont Street subway is opened in Boston, Massachusetts. • September 10Lattimer massacre: A sheriff's posse kills 19 unarmed immigrant miners in Pennsylvania. • September 11 – After months of searching, generals of Menelik II of Ethiopia capture Gaki Sherocho, the last king of Kaffa, bringing an end to that ancient kingdom. • September 12Battle of Saragarhi: Twenty-one Sikhs of the 36th Sikhs regiment of the British Indian Army defend an army post to the death, against 10,000 Afghan and Orakzai tribesmen, in the Tirah Campaign on the Northwest frontier of the British Raj (modern-day Khyber Pakhtunkhwa in Pakistan). • September 20 – Greece and Turkey sign a peace treaty to end the Greco-Turkish War. • September 21Francis P. Church responds (anonymously) to a letter to the editor of The Sun (New York City) that is known as the famous "Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus" letter. October : Ethiopian flag • October 5 – After a long siege, Brazilian government troops take Canudos in north Brazil, crushing Antônio Conselheiro and his followers. • October 6Ethiopia adopts the tricolor flag: green is for the land, yellow for gold, and red is symbolic of strength and the blood shed. • October 12 • The Korean Empire is proclaimed, marking the end of the Joseon dynasty after just over 500 years. • The city of Belo Horizonte, Brazil is created. The construction of the second Brazilian planned city is completed successfully; an immigration of 1,000,000 people is estimated. • (Cruiser # 3, later CM-1) is recommissioned, since 1890, for several months of duty in the Hawaiian Islands. • October 13 – , a pre-dreadnought battleship of the Royal Navy, is launched at Portsmouth, England; she will be deployed widely in World War I. • October 23 – The Kappa Delta sorority is founded in Farmville, Virginia. NovemberNovember 1Juventus FC is founded as an association football club in Turin. • November 25 – Spain grants Puerto Rico autonomy. DecemberDecember 9 – The first issue of the feminist newspaper La Fronde is published by Marguerite Durand in Paris. • December 12 • The comic strip The Katzenjammer Kids debuts in the New York Journal. • Belo Horizonte, the first planned city in Brazil, is incorporated. • December 14Pact of Biak-na-Bato: The Philippine Revolution is settled, with Spanish promises to reform. • December 28 – The play Cyrano de Bergerac, by Edmond Rostand, premieres in Paris. • December 30Natal annexes Zululand. Date unknown • The first electric bicycle is invented. • Karl Lueger becomes mayor of Vienna. • Zhejiang University is founded in China. • Émile Durkheim publishes his classic study Suicide. • The pan-African anthem "Nkosi Sikelel' iAfrika" ("God Bless Africa") is composed as a Xhosa hymn by South African teacher Enoch Sontonga. • Dos Equis beer is first brewed in Mexico, in anticipation of the new century. "Dos equis" is Spanish for "two x", a reference to the 20th Century (XX in Roman numerals) • Alexander Scriabin publishes his Piano Sonata no. 2 "Sonata-Fantasia" in G sharp minor == Births ==
Births
January–February January 3Marion Davies, American actress (d. 1961) • Pola Negri, Polish-born American actress (d. 1987) • January 6Ferenc Szálasi, 37th prime minister of Hungary (d. 1946) • January 8Dennis Wheatley, English writer (d. 1977) • January 11Georges Stuttler, French footballer (d. 1976) • January 14Hasso von Manteuffel, German general, politician (d. 1978) • January 23Subhas Chandra Bose, Indian political leader, led the Indian National Army (d. 1945?) • Margarete Schütte-Lihotzky, Austrian architect, anti-Nazi activist (d. 2000) • January 26Yakov Alksnis, Soviet aviator, commander of the Red Army Air Forces (d. 1938) • January 28Ivan Stedeford, British industrialist (d. 1975) • February 1Denise Robins, British romance novelist (d. 1985) • February 4Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor of Germany (d. 1977) • February 8Zakir Husain, Indian politician, 3rd President of India (d. 1969) • February 9Charles Kingsford Smith, Australian aviator famous for his trans-Pacific flight (d. 1935) • February 10Judith Anderson, Australian-born British actress (d. 1992) • John Franklin Enders, American scientist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1985) • February 19Elizabeth Rummel, German-Canadian mountaineer and environmental activist (d. 1980) • February 21Celia Lovsky, Austrian-born American actress (d. 1979) • February 25Peter Llewelyn Davies, British publisher, inspiration for Peter Pan (d. 1960) • February 27Marian Anderson, African-American contralto (d. 1993) • Ferdinand Heim, World War II German general (Scapegoat of Stalingrad) d. 1977) March–April March 1Shoghi Effendi, Ottoman Guardian of the Bahá'í Faith (d. 1957) • March 4Lefty O'Doul, American baseball player, restaurateur (d. 1969) • March 5Set Persson, Swedish communist politician (d. 1960) • March 11Henry Cowell, American avant-garde composer (d. 1965) • March 16Flora Eldershaw, Australian novelist, critic, and historian (d. 1956) • March 18John Langdon-Davies, British writer (d. 1971) • March 19Betty Compson, American actress (d. 1974) • March 24Wilhelm Reich, Austrian psychotherapist (d. 1957) • March 28Frank Hawks, American aviator (d. 1938) • Sepp Herberger, German football coach (d. 1977) • March 31Oto Iskandar di Nata, Indonesian politician (d. 1945) • April 7Erich Löwenhardt, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1918) • Walter Winchell, American broadcast journalist (d. 1972) • April 8Herbert Lumsden, British general (d. 1945) • April 10Prafulla Chandra Sen, Indian politician and Chief Minister of West Bengal (d. 1990) • April 13Werner Voss, German World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) • April 17Thornton Wilder, American dramatist (d. 1975) • April 19Jiroemon Kimura, Japanese supercentenarian, world's longest lived man, last surviving man born in the 19th century and last surviving person born in 1897 (d. 2013) • Vivienne Segal, American actress (d. 1992) • April 20Sudhakar Chaturvedi, Indian Vedic scholar and longevity claimant (d. 2020) • April 21A. W. Tozer, American Protestant pastor (d. 1963) • April 23Lester B. Pearson, 14th Prime Minister of Canada, recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize (d. 1972) • April 24Manuel Ávila Camacho, Mexican general, politician, and 45th President of Mexico, 1940-1946 (d. 1955) • April 25Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood, British princess (d. 1965) • April 26Eddie Eagan, American boxer, bobsledder (d. 1967) • Douglas Sirk, German film director (d. 1987) May–June May 2John Frederick Coots, American songwriter (d. 1985) • May 4Phelps Phelps, 38th Governor of American Samoa, United States Ambassador to the Dominican Republic (d. 1981) • May 10Einar Gerhardsen, 15th prime minister of Norway (d. 1987) • May 12Earle Nelson, American serial killer and rapist (d. 1928) • May 14Sidney Bechet, American-born jazz saxophonist (d. 1959) • May 17Laura Bromwell, American stunt pilot (d. 1921) • Odd Hassel, Norwegian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) • May 18Frank Capra, American film producer, director and writer (d. 1991) • May 19Frank Luke, American World War I pilot (d. 1918) • May 27John Cockcroft, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) • May 29Erich Wolfgang Korngold, Austrian composer (d. 1957) • June 2Tan Malaka, Indonesian teacher, philosopher, founder of Struggle Union and Murba Party, guerilla and fighter (d. 1949) • June 5Charles Hartshorne, American philosopher, theologian and ornithologist (d. 2000) • June 7Kirill Meretskov, Soviet military officer, Marshal of the Soviet Union (d. 1968) • George Szell, Hungarian conductor (d. 1970) • June 8John G. Bennett, British mathematician (d. 1974) • Mariano Suárez, 27th president of Ecuador (d. 1980) • June 10Grand Duchess Tatiana Nikolaevna of Russia (d. 1918) • June 11Ram Prasad Bismil, Indian revolutionary (H.R.A. founder) (d. 1927) • June 12Anthony Eden, Prime Minister of the United Kingdom (d. 1977) • June 13Paavo Nurmi, Finnish runner (d. 1973) • June 16Georg Wittig, German chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) • June 19Cyril N. Hinshelwood, English chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1967) • Moe Howard, American comedian, actor (The Three Stooges) (d. 1975) • June 22Norbert Elias, German sociologist (d. 1990) • Edmund A. Chester, American broadcaster, journalist (d. 1973) • June 24Daniel K. Ludwig, American businessman; billionaire philanthropist (d. 1992) • June 26Viola Dana, American actress (d. 1987) July–AugustJuly 1Bert Schneider, Canadian boxer (d. 1986) • July 5Mogens Wöldike, Danish conductor (d. 1988) • July 9Albert Coady Wedemeyer, American general (d. 1989) • July 10John Gilbert, American actor (d. 1936) • July 11Bull Connor, American civil rights opponent (d. 1973) • July 14Plaek Phibunsongkhram, Thai field marshal, prime minister, and dictator (d. 1964) • July 20Tadeusz Reichstein, Polish-born chemist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine (d. 1996) • July 24Amelia Earhart, American aviator (d. 1937) • July 28James Fairbairn, Australian pastoralist, aviator, and politician (d. 1940) • July 29 – Sir Neil Ritchie, British WWII general (d. 1983) • August 4José Nucete Sardi, Venezuelan historian and diplomat (d. 1972) • August 5Aksel Larsen, Danish politician (d. 1972) • August 10Jack Haley, American actor (d. 1979) • August 11Enid Blyton, British children's writer (d. 1968) • August 15Jane Ingham, English botanist and scientific translator (d. 1982) • August 16Carlo Del Prete, Italian aviator (d. 1928) • Hersch Lauterpacht, Ukrainian-born international lawyer (d. 1960) • August 22Elisabeth Bergner, Austrian actress (d. 1986) • August 26Yun Posun, 2nd president of South Korea (d. 1990) • August 31Fredric March, American actor (d. 1975) September–October September 7Al Sherman, Russian-born American Tin Pan Alley songwriter (d. 1973) • September 8Jimmie Rodgers, American singer (d. 1933) • September 10Otto Strasser, German Nazi politician (d. 1974) • September 12Irène Joliot-Curie, French physicist, recipient of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry (d. 1956) • September 13Michel Saint-Denis, French-born actor, theatre director, drama theorist and radio broadcaster (d. 1971) • September 15Kurt Daluege, German Nazi officer, war criminal (d. 1946) • September 20Humberto de Alencar Castelo Branco, 26th President of Brazil (d. 1967) • September 22 – Frank O'Connor, American actor, rancher, and painter (d. 1979) • September 23Walter Pidgeon, Canadian actor (d. 1984) • September 25William Faulkner, American writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1962) • September 26Pope Paul VI (d. 1978) • Arthur Rhys-Davids, British World War I fighter ace (d. 1917) • September 30Alfred Wintle, British army officer, eccentric (d. 1966) • October 3Louis Aragon, French author (d. 1982) • October 7Elijah Muhammad, African-American co-founder of the Nation of Islam (d. 1975) • October 8Rouben Mamoulian, Armenian-American film, theatre director (d. 1987) • October 15Johannes Sikkar, Estonian statesman (d. 1960) • October 20Yi Un, Korean Crown Prince (d. 1970) • October 28Edith Head, American costume designer (d. 1981) • October 29Joseph Goebbels, German Nazi propagandist (d. 1945) • October 30Agustín Lara, Mexican composer and interpreter of songs and boleros (d. 1970) November–December November 4Dmitry Pavlov, Soviet general (d. 1941) • November 9Ronald George Wreyford Norrish, British chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1978) • November 12Milward Simpson, American politician, governor and senator from Wyoming (d. 1993) • November 15Sir Sacheverell Sitwell, Bt, English author (d. 1988) • Aneurin Bevan, Welsh politician (d. 1960) • November 18Patrick Blackett, Baron Blackett, English physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1974) • November 19Quentin Roosevelt, youngest son of American President Theodore Roosevelt, killed in action as fighter pilot (d. 1918) • November 23Nirad C. Chaudhuri, Bengali author (d. 1999) • November 24Lucky Luciano, Sicilian-American Mafia boss Salvatore Lucania (d. 1962) • November 26Robert Accard, French footballer (d. 1971) • November 30Virginia Henderson, American nurse theorist (d. 1996) • December 2Dean Alfange, American politician (d. 1989) • December 5Gershom Scholem, German-born Israeli Jewish philosopher, historian (d. 1982) • December 9Hermione Gingold, English actress (d. 1987) • December 14Kurt Schuschnigg, 11th Chancellor of Austria (d. 1977) • Margaret Chase Smith, American politician, U.S. Senator from Maine ( d. 1995 ) • December 18Fletcher Henderson, American musician (d. 1952) • December 24Lazare Ponticelli, Italian-French supercentenarian; last surviving officially recognized French veteran of the First World War (d. 2008) • December 31Rhys Williams, Welsh actor (d. 1969) Date unknown Abd-al Karim, Afghan emir (d. 1927) • Nisar Muhammad Yousafzai, Afghan revolutionary and decorated War Hero of the Afghan War of Independence (d. 1937) == Deaths ==
Deaths
January–JuneJanuary 1Joseph S. Skerrett, American admiral (b. 1833) • January 9Thomas Gwyn Elger, English astronomer (b. 1836) • January 25Albion P. Howe, Union Army general (b. 1818) • January 30Robert Themptander, 4th prime minister of Sweden (b. 1844) • February 1Jeanne Merkus, Dutch deaconess, guerilla soldier and political activist (b. 1839) • February 4Charles Bendire, U.S. Army captain, ornithologist (b. 1836) • February 15Dimitrie Ghica, 10th prime minister of Romania (b. 1816) • February 17Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (b. 1821) • February 19Karl Weierstrass, German mathematician (b. 1815) • March 6Sir Thomas Elder, Australian businessman and philanthropist (b. 1818) • March 9Jamal ad-Din al-Afghani, Iranian teacher, writer (b. 1838) • March 10Savitribai Phule, Indian social reformer and poet (b. 1831) • March 11Henry Drummond, Scottish evangelical writer, lecturer (b. 1851) • March 19Antoine Thomson d'Abbadie, Irish-born traveler (b. 1810) • April 1Jandamarra, Australian Aboriginal insurrectionist (b. c. 1873) • April 3Johannes Brahms, German composer (b. 1833) • April 8Heinrich von Stephan, German postal director (b. 1831) • April 10Friedrich Franz III, Grand Duke of Mecklenburg-Schwerin (b. 1851) • April 30A. Viola Neblett, American activist, suffragist, women's rights pioneer (b. 1842) • May 3Sir Frederick Knight, British politician (b. 1812) • May 4Duchess Sophie Charlotte in Bavaria (b. 1847) • May 7Ion Ghica, 3-time prime minister of Romania (b. 1816) • Henri d'Orléans, Duke of Aumale (b. 1822) • May 10Andrés Bonifacio, Filipino revolutionary (b. 1863) • May 12Minna Canth, Finnish writer and social activist (b. 1844) • May 21Gregorio Luperón, Dominican revolutionary leader (b. 1839) • May 23Pusapati Ananda Gajapati Raju, Indian rajah (b. 1850) • June 17Sebastian Kneipp, German priest and naturopath (b. 1821) • June 19Louis Brière de l'Isle, French general (b. 1827) July–December July 1Ropata Wahawaha, New Zealand Māori military leader (b. c.1820) • July 6Tommy Burns, English diver (b. 1867 or 1868) • Celia Barrios de Reyna, First Mother of the Nation of Guatemala (b. 1834) • August 8Antonio Cánovas del Castillo, incumbent Prime Minister of Spain and historian (assassinated) (b. 1828) • Viktor Meyer, German chemist (b. 1848) • August 17Sir William Jervois, British military engineer and diplomat (b. 1821) • August 24Sébastien Lespès, French admiral (b. 1828) • Mutsu Munemitsu, Japanese statesman, diplomat (b. 1844) • August 31Louisa Lane Drew, English-born American actress, theater manager (b. 1820) • September 9Richard Holt Hutton, English writer, theologian (b. 1826) • Ferenc Pulszky, Hungarian politician (b. 1814) • September 20Louis Pierre Mouillard, French artist and aviation pioneer (b. 1834) • September 21Wilhelm Wattenbach, German historian (b. 1819) • September 27Charles-Denis Bourbaki, French military leader (b. 1816) • George M. Robeson, American politician (b. 1829) • September 30 – Saint Thérèse of Lisieux, French Roman Catholic and Discalced Carmelite nun, saint (b. 1873) • October 2Edward Maitland, British writer (b. 1824) • October 3Yamaji Motoharu, Japanese general (b. 1841) • October 9John M. B. Clitz, American admiral (b. 1821) • Jan Heemskerk, Dutch politician, 16th Prime Minister of the Netherlands (b. 1818) • October 13William Daniel, American temperance movement leader (b. 1826) • October 19George Pullman, American inventor and industrialist (b. 1831) • October 26John J. Robison, American politician in Michigan (b. 1824) • October 27Princess Mary Adelaide of Cambridge (b. 1833) • , Chilean politician (b. 1847) • Alexander Milton Ross, Canadian abolitionist, naturalist (b. 1832) • October 28Hercules Robinson, 1st Baron Rosmead, British colonial governor (b. 1824) • October 29Henry George, American economist (b. 1839) • November – Francisco Gonzalo Marín, Cuban poet, freedom fighter (b. 1863) • November 3Thomas Lanier Clingman, American "Prince of Politicians" (b. 1812) • November 13Ernest Giles, Australian explorer (b. 1835) • November 15Lucinda Barbour Helm, American women's religious activist (b. 1839) • November 17George Hendric Houghton, American Protestant Episcopal clergyman (b. 1820) • November 18Sir Henry Doulton, English pottery manufacturer (b. 1820) • November 19William Seymour Tyler, American educator, historian (b. 1810) • November 23Étienne Stéphane Tarnier, French obstetrician (b. 1828) • December 14Robert Simpson, Scottish-Canadian businessman (b. 1834) • December 16Alphonse Daudet, French writer (b. 1840) • December 19Stanislas de Guaita, French poet (b. 1861) • December 28William Corby, American Catholic priest (b. 1833) Date unknown Isidora Goyenechea, Chilean industrialist, mine owner (b. 1836) == References ==
tickerdossier.comtickerdossier.substack.com