List of state leaders in the 2000s

Africa: Central • Democratic People's Republic of Angola (complete list) – :*Jonas Savimbi, President (1979–2002) :*Paulo Lukamba Gato, Interim leader (2002) • Angola :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*José Eduardo dos Santos, President (1979–2017) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Fernando da Piedade Dias dos Santos, Prime minister (2002–2008) ::*Paulo Kassoma, Prime minister (2008–2010) • Cameroon :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Paul Biya, President (1982–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Peter Mafany Musonge, Prime minister (1996–2004) ::*Ephraïm Inoni, Prime minister (2004–2009) ::*Philémon Yang, Prime minister (2009–2019) • Central African Republic :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ange-Félix Patassé, President (1993–2003) ::*François Bozizé, President (2003–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Anicet-Georges Dologuélé, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Martin Ziguélé, Prime minister (2001–2003) ::*Abel Goumba, Prime minister (2003) ::*Célestin Gaombalet, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Élie Doté, Prime minister (2005–2008) ::*Faustin-Archange Touadéra, Prime minister (2008–2013) • Chad :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Idriss Déby, President (1990–2021) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Nagoum Yamassoum, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Haroun Kabadi, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Moussa Faki, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Pascal Yoadimnadji, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Adoum Younousmi, Acting Prime minister (2007) ::*Delwa Kassiré Koumakoye, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Youssouf Saleh Abbas, Prime minister (2008–2010) • Democratic Republic of the Congo (Kinshasa) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Laurent-Désiré Kabila, President (1997–2001) ::*Joseph Kabila, President (2001–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Antoine Gizenga, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Adolphe Muzito, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Republic of the Congo (Brazzaville) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Denis Sassou Nguesso, President (1997–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Isidore Mvouba, Prime minister (2005–2009) • Equatorial Guinea :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Teodoro Obiang Nguema Mbasogo, President (1979–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ángel Serafín Seriche Dougan, Prime minister (1996–2001) ::*Cándido Muatetema Rivas, Prime minister (2001–2004) ::*Miguel Abia Biteo Boricó, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Ricardo Mangue Obama Nfubea, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Ignacio Milam Tang, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Gabon :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Omar Bongo, President (1967–2009) ::*Didjob Divungi Di Ndinge, Acting President (2009) ::*Rose Francine Rogombé, Acting President (2009) ::*Ali Bongo Ondimba, President (2009–2023) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Jean-François Ntoutoume Emane, Prime minister (1999–2006) ::*Jean Eyeghé Ndong, Prime minister (2006–2009) ::*Paul Biyoghé Mba, Prime minister (2009–2012) • São Tomé and Príncipe :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Miguel Trovoada, President (1991–2001) ::*Fradique de Menezes, President (2001–2003) ::*Fernando Pereira, Acting President (2003) ::*Fradique de Menezes, President (2003–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Guilherme Posser da Costa, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Evaristo Carvalho, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Gabriel Costa, Prime minister (2002) ::*Maria das Neves, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Damião Vaz d'Almeida, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Maria do Carmo Silveira, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Tomé Vera Cruz, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Patrice Trovoada, Prime minister (2008) ::*Joaquim Rafael Branco, Prime minister (2008–2010) Africa: East • Burundi :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Pierre Buyoya, President (1996–2003) ::*Domitien Ndayizeye, President (2003–2005) ::*Pierre Nkurunziza, President (2005–2020) • Comoros :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Azali Assoumani, President (1999–2001) ::*Hamada Madi, Acting President (2001) ::*Azali Assoumani, President (2001–2006) ::*Ahmed Abdallah Mohamed Sambi, President (2006–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Bianrifi Tarmidi, Prime Minister (1999–2000) ::*Hamada Madi, Prime minister (2000–2002) :::post abolished • Djibouti :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ismaïl Omar Guelleh, President (1999–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Barkat Gourad Hamadou, Prime minister (1978–2001) ::*Dileita Mohamed Dileita, Prime minister (2001–2013) • Eritrea (complete list) – :*Isaias Afwerki, President (1993–present) • Ethiopia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Negasso Gidada, President (1995–2001) ::*Girma Wolde-Giorgis, President (2001–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Meles Zenawi, Prime minister (1995–2012) • Kenya :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Daniel arap Moi, President (1978–2002) ::*Mwai Kibaki, President (2002–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Raila Odinga, Prime minister (2008–2013) • Madagascar :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Didier Ratsiraka, President (1997–2002) ::*Marc Ravalomanana, President (2002–2009) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Tantely Andrianarivo, Prime minister (1998–2002) ::*Jacques Sylla, Prime minister (2002–2007) ::*Charles Rabemananjara, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Monja Roindefo, Prime minister (2009) ::*Eugène Mangalaza, Prime minister (2009) ::*Cécile Manorohanta, Acting Prime minister (2009) ::*Albert Camille Vital, Prime minister (2009–2011) • High Transitional Authority: Madagascar (complete list) – ::*Andry Rajoelina, President (2009–2014) • Mauritius :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Cassam Uteem, President (1992–2002) ::*Angidi Chettiar, Acting President (2002) ::*Ariranga Pillay, Acting President (2002) ::*Karl Offmann, President (2002–2003) ::*Raouf Bundhun, Acting president (2003) ::*Anerood Jugnauth, President (2003–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Navin Ramgoolam, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*Anerood Jugnauth, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Paul Bérenger, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Navin Ramgoolam, Prime minister (2005–2014) • Rwanda :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Pasteur Bizimungu, President (1994–2000) ::*Paul Kagame, President (2000–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Pierre-Célestin Rwigema, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*Bernard Makuza, Prime minister (2000–2011) • Seychelles (complete list) – :*France-Albert René, President (1977–2004) :*James Michel, President (2004–2016) • Transitional National Government of the Republic of Somalia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Abdiqasim Salad Hassan, President (2000–2004) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ali Khalif Galaydh, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Osman Jama Ali, Acting Prime minister (2001) ::*Hassan Abshir Farah, Prime minister (2001–2003) ::*Muhammad Abdi Yusuf, Prime minister (2003–2004) • Transitional Federal Government of the Republic of Somalia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Abdullahi Yusuf Ahmed, President (2004–2008) ::*Adan Mohamed Nuur Madobe, Acting President (2008–2009) ::*Sharif Sheikh Ahmed, President (2009–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ali Mohammed Ghedi, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Salim Aliyow Ibrow, Acting Prime minister (2007) ::*Nur Hassan Hussein, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Omar Abdirashid Ali Sharmarke, Prime minister (2009–2010) • Republic of Somaliland (complete list) – :*Muhammad Haji Ibrahim Egal, President (1993–2002) :*Dahir Riyale Kahin, President (2002–2010) • Tanzania :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Benjamin Mkapa, President (1995–2005) ::*Jakaya Kikwete, President (2005–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Frederick Sumaye, Prime minister (1995–2005) ::*Edward Lowassa, Prime minister (2005–2008) ::*Mizengo Pinda, Prime minister (2008–2015) • Uganda :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Yoweri Museveni, President (1986–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Apolo Nsibambi, Prime minister (1999–2011) Africa: Northcentral • Libyan Arab Jamahiriya :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Muammar Gaddafi, :::*Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council (1969–1977) :::*Brotherly Leader and Guide of the Revolution (1977–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Muhammad Ahmad al-Mangoush, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Imbarek Shamekh, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Shukri Ghanem, Prime minister (2003–2006) ::*Baghdadi Mahmudi, Prime minister (2006–2011) • Tunisia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Zine El Abidine Ben Ali, President (1987–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mohamed Ghannouchi, Prime minister (1999–2011) Africa: Northeast • Egypt :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Hosni Mubarak, President (1981–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Atef Ebeid, Prime minister (1999–2004) ::*Ahmed Nazif, Prime minister (2004–2011) • Sudan :*Presidents (complete list) ::*Omar al-Bashir, President (1989–2019) Africa: Northwest • Algeria :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Abdelaziz Bouteflika, President (1999–2019) :*Prime Ministers (complete list) – ::*Ahmed Benbitour, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Ali Benflis, Prime Minister (2000–2003) ::*Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister (2003–2006) ::*Abdelaziz Belkhadem, Prime Minister (2006–2008) ::*Ahmed Ouyahia, Prime Minister (2008–2012) • Morocco :*Alaouite dynasty (complete list) – ::*Mohammed VI, King (1999–present) :*Prime Ministers (complete list) – ::*Abderrahmane Youssoufi, Prime Minister (1998–2002) ::*Driss Jettou, Prime Minister (2002–2007) ::*Abbas El Fassi, Prime Minister (2007–2011) • Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Mohamed Abdelaziz, President (1976–2016) :*Prime Ministers (complete list) – ::*Bouchraya Hammoudi Bayoun, Prime Minister (1999–2003) ::*Abdelkader Taleb Omar, Prime Minister (2003–2018) Africa: South • Botswana (complete list) – :*Festus Mogae, President (1998–2008) :*Ian Khama, President (2008–2018) • Lesotho :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Letsie III, King (1990–1995, 1996–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Pakalitha Mosisili, Prime minister (1998–2012) • Malawi (complete list) – :*Bakili Muluzi, President (1994–2004) :*Bingu wa Mutharika, President (2004–2012) • Mozambique :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Joaquim Chissano, President (1990–2005) ::*Armando Guebuza, President (2005–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Pascoal Mocumbi, Prime minister (1994–2004) ::*Luísa Diogo, Prime minister (2004–2010) • Namibia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Sam Nujoma, President (1990–2005) ::*Hifikepunye Pohamba, President (2005–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Hage Geingob, Prime minister (1990–2002) ::*Theo-Ben Gurirab, Prime minister (2002–2005) ::*Nahas Angula, Prime minister (2005–2012) • South Africa (complete list) – :*Thabo Mbeki, President (1999–2008) :*Ivy Matsepe-Casaburri, Acting President (2008) :*Kgalema Motlanthe, President (2008–2009) :*Jacob Zuma, President (2009–2018) • Swaziland :*Kings (complete list) – ::*Mswati III, King (1986–present) :*tiNdlovukati (complete list) – ::*Ntfombi, Queen Regent (1983–1986), Ndlovukati (1983–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime minister (1996–2003) ::*Paul Shabangu, Acting prime minister (2003) ::*Themba Dlamini, Prime minister (2003–2008) ::*Bheki Dlamini, Acting prime minister (2008) ::*Barnabas Sibusiso Dlamini, Prime minister (2008–2018) • Zambia (complete list) – :*Frederick Chiluba, President (1991–2002) :*Levy Mwanawasa, President (2002–2008) :*Rupiah Banda, President (2008–2011) • Zimbabwe :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Robert Mugabe, President (1987–2017) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Morgan Tsvangirai, Prime minister (2009–2013) Africa: West • Benin :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Mathieu Kérékou, President (1996–2006) ::*Thomas Boni Yayi, President (2006–2016) • Burkina Faso :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Blaise Compaoré, President (1987–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Kadré Désiré Ouedraogo, Prime minister (1996–2000) ::*Paramanga Ernest Yonli, Prime minister (2000–2007) ::*Tertius Zongo, Prime minister (2007–2011) • Cape Verde :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*António Mascarenhas Monteiro, President (1991–2001) ::*Pedro Pires, President (2001–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Carlos Veiga, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Gualberto do Rosário, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*José Maria Neves, Prime minister (2001–2016) • Gambia (complete list) – :*Yahya Jammeh, Chairman of the Armed Forces Provisional Ruling Council (1994–1996), President (1996–2017) • Ghana (complete list) – :*Jerry Rawlings, Military head of state (1981–1993), President (1993–2001) :*John Kufuor, President (2001–2009) :*John Atta Mills, President (2009–2012) • Guinea :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Lansana Conté, President (1984–2008) ::*Moussa Dadis Camara, President (2008–2009) ::*Sékouba Konaté, Acting President (2009–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Lamine Sidimé, Prime minister (1999–2004) ::*François Lonseny Fall, Prime minister (2004) ::*Cellou Dalein Diallo, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Eugène Camara, Prime minister (2007) ::*Lansana Kouyaté, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Ahmed Tidiane Souaré, Prime minister (2008) ::*Kabiné Komara, Prime minister (2008–2010) • Guinea-Bissau :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Malam Bacai Sanhá, Acting President (1999–2000) ::*Kumba Ialá, President (2000–2003) ::*Veríssimo Correia Seabra, Chairman of the Military Committee (2003) ::*Henrique Rosa, Acting President (2003–2005) ::*João Bernardo Vieira, President (2005–2009) ::*Raimundo Pereira, Acting President (2009) ::*Malam Bacai Sanhá, President (2009–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Francisco Fadul, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Caetano N'Tchama, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Faustino Imbali, Prime minister (2001) ::*Alamara Nhassé, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Mário Pires, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Artur Sanhá, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Carlos Gomes Júnior, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Aristides Gomes, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Martinho Ndafa Kabi, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Carlos Correia, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Carlos Gomes Júnior, Prime minister (2009–2012) • Ivory Coast :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Robert Guéï, President (1999–2000) ::*Laurent Gbagbo, President (2000–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Pascal Affi N'Guessan, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Seydou Diarra, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Charles Konan Banny, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Guillaume Soro, Prime minister (2007–2012) • Liberia (complete list) – :*Charles Taylor, President (1997–2003) :*Moses Blah, President (2003) :*Gyude Bryant, Chairman of the National Transitional Government (2003–2006) :*Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, President (2006–2018) • Mali :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Alpha Oumar Konaré, President (1992–2002) ::*Amadou Toumani Touré, President (2002–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Boubacar Keïta, Prime minister (1994–2000) ::*Mandé Sidibé, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Modibo Keita, Prime minister (2002) ::*Ahmed Mohamed ag Hamani, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Ousmane Issoufi Maïga, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Modibo Sidibé, Prime minister (2007–2011) • Mauritania :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya, President (1984–2005) ::*Ely Ould Mohamed Vall, Chairman of the Military Council (2005–2007) ::*Sidi Ould Cheikh Abdallahi, President (2007–2008) ::*Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, Acting President (2008–2009) ::*Ba Mamadou Mbaré, Acting President (2009) ::*Mohamed Ould Abdel Aziz, President (2009–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Cheikh El Avia Ould Mohamed Khouna, Prime minister (1998–2003) ::*Sghair Ould M'Bareck, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Sidi Mohamed Ould Boubacar, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Zeine Ould Zeidane, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Yahya Ould Ahmed El Waghef, Prime minister (2008) ::*Moulaye Ould Mohamed Laghdaf, Prime minister (2008–2014) • Niger :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Mamadou Tandja, President (1999–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Hassane Mayaki, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Hama Amadou, Prime minister (2000–2007) ::*Seyni Oumarou, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Albadé Abouba, Acting Prime minister (2009) ::*Ali Badjo Gamatié, Prime minister (2009–2010) • Nigeria: Fourth Republic (complete list) – :*Olusegun Obasanjo, President (1999–2007) :*Umaru Musa Yar'Adua, President (2007–2010) • Senegal :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Abdou Diouf, President (1981–2000) ::*Abdoulaye Wade, President (2000–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mamadou Lamine Loum, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Moustapha Niasse, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Mame Madior Boye, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Idrissa Seck, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Macky Sall, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Cheikh Hadjibou Soumaré, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Souleymane Ndéné Ndiaye, Prime minister (2009–2012) • Sierra Leone :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ahmad Tejan Kabbah, President (1998–2007) ::*Ernest Bai Koroma, President (2007–2018) • Togo :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Gnassingbé Eyadéma, President (1967–2005) ::*Faure Gnassingbé, President (2005) ::*Bonfoh Abass, Interim President (2005) ::*Faure Gnassingbé, President (2005–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Eugène Koffi Adoboli, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Agbéyomé Kodjo, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Koffi Sama, Prime minister (2002–2005) ::*Edem Kodjo, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Yawovi Agboyibo, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Komlan Mally, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Gilbert Houngbo, Prime minister (2008–2012) ==Americas==

Americas: Caribbean and Lucayan • Antigua and Barbuda :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1981–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Lester Bird, Prime minister (1994–2004) ::*Baldwin Spencer, Prime minister (2004–2014) • Aruba (complete list) – :Constituent country 2010–present :For details see the Netherlands under western Europe • Bahamas :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1973–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Hubert Ingraham, Prime minister (1992–2002) ::*Perry Christie, Prime minister (2002–2007) ::*Hubert Ingraham, Prime minister (2007–2012) • Barbados :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1966–2021) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Owen Arthur, Prime minister (1994–2008) ::*David Thompson, Prime minister (2008–2010) • Cuba :*First Secretaries of the Communist Party of Cuba ::*Fidel Castro, First secretary (1965–2011) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Fidel Castro, President of the State Council (1976–2008) ::*Raúl Castro, President of the State Council (2008–2018) :*Heads of government (complete list) – ::*Fidel Castro, Prime minister (1959–1976), President of the Council of Ministers (1976–2008) ::*Raúl Castro, President of the Council of Ministers (2008–2018) • Curaçao (complete list) – :Constituent country 2010–present :For details see the Netherlands under western Europe • Dominica :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Vernon Shaw, President (1998–2003) ::*Nicholas Liverpool, President (2003–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Pierre Charles, Prime minister (2000–2004) ::*Osborne Riviere, Acting President (2004) ::*Roosevelt Skerrit, Prime minister (2004–present) • Dominican Republic (complete list) – :*Leonel Fernández, President (1996–2000) :*Hipólito Mejía, President (2000–2004) :*Leonel Fernández, President (2004–2012) • Grenada :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1974–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Keith Mitchell, Prime minister (1995–2008) ::*Tillman Thomas, Prime minister (2008–2013) • Haiti :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*René Préval, President (1996–2001) ::*Jean-Bertrand Aristide, President (2001–2004) ::*Boniface Alexandre, Provisional President (2004–2006) ::*René Préval, President (2006–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Jean Marie Chérestal, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Yvon Neptune, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Gérard Latortue, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Jacques-Édouard Alexis, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Michèle Pierre-Louis, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Jean-Max Bellerive, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Jamaica :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1962–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*P. J. Patterson, Prime minister (1992–2006) ::*Portia Simpson-Miller, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Bruce Golding, Prime minister (2007–2011) • Netherlands Antilles (complete list) – :Constituent country 1954–2010 :For details see the Netherlands under western Europe • Saint Kitts and Nevis :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1983–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Denzil Douglas, Prime minister (1995–2015) • Saint Lucia :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1979–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Kenny Anthony, Prime minister (1997–2006) ::*John Compton, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Stephenson King, Prime minister (2007–2011) • Sint Maarten (complete list) – :Constituent country 2010–present :For details see the Netherlands under western Europe • Saint Vincent and the Grenadines :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1979–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*James Fitz-Allen Mitchell, Prime minister (1984–2000) ::*Arnhim Eustace, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Ralph Gonsalves, Prime minister (2001–2025) • Trinidad and Tobago :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*A. N. R. Robinson, President (1997–2003) ::*George Maxwell Richards, President (2003–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Basdeo Panday, Prime minister (1995–2001) ::*Patrick Manning, Prime minister (2001–2010) Americas: Central • Belize :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1981–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Said Musa, Prime minister (1998–2008) ::*Dean Barrow, Prime minister (2008–2020) • Costa Rica (complete list) – :*Miguel Rodríguez Echeverría, President (1998–2002) :*Abel Pacheco de la Espriella, President (2002–2006) :*Óscar Arias, President (2006–2010) • El Salvador (complete list) – :*Francisco Flores Pérez, President (1999–2004) :*Antonio Saca, President (2004–2009) :*Mauricio Funes, President (2009–2014) • Guatemala (complete list) – :*Álvaro Arzú, President (1996–2000) :*Alfonso Portillo, President (2000–2004) :*Óscar Berger, President (2004–2008) :*Álvaro Colom, President (2008–2012) • Honduras (complete list) – :*Carlos Roberto Flores, President (1998–2002) :*Ricardo Maduro, President (2002–2006) :*Manuel Zelaya, President (2006–2009) :*Roberto Micheletti, Acting President (2009–2010) • Nicaragua (complete list) – :*Arnoldo Alemán, President (1997–2002) :*Enrique Bolaños, President (2002–2007) :*Daniel Ortega, President (2007–present) • Panama (complete list) – :*Mireya Moscoso, President (1999–2004) :*Martín Torrijos, President (2004–2009) :*Ricardo Martinelli, President (2009–2014) Americas: North • Canada :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Jean Chrétien, Prime minister (1993–2003) ::*Paul Martin, Prime minister (2003–2006) ::*Stephen Harper, Prime minister (2006–2015) • Mexico (complete list) – :*Ernesto Zedillo, President (1994–2000) :*Vicente Fox, President (2000–2006) :*Felipe Calderón, President (2006–2012) • United States (complete list) – :*Bill Clinton, President (1993–2001) :*George W. Bush, President (2001–2009) :*Barack Obama, President (2009–2017) Americas: South • Argentina (complete list) – :*Fernando de la Rúa, President (1999–2001) :*Adolfo Rodríguez Saá, President (2001) :*Eduardo Duhalde, President (2002–2003) :*Néstor Kirchner, President (2003–2007) :*Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, President (2007–2015) • Bolivia (complete list) – :*Hugo Banzer, President (1997–2001) :*Jorge Quiroga, President (2001–2002) :*Gonzalo Sánchez de Lozada, President (2002–2003) :*Carlos Mesa, President (2003–2005) :*Eduardo Rodríguez, President (2005–2006) :*Evo Morales, President (2006–2019) • Brazil (complete list) – :*Fernando Henrique Cardoso, President (1995–2003) :*Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, President (2003–2011) • Chile (complete list) – :*Eduardo Frei Ruiz-Tagle, President (1994–2000) :*Ricardo Lagos, President (2000–2006) :*Michelle Bachelet, President (2006–2010) • Colombia (complete list) – :*Andrés Pastrana Arango, President (1998–2002) :*Álvaro Uribe Vélez, President (2002–2010) • Ecuador (complete list) – :*Jamil Mahuad, President (1998–2000) :*Gustavo Noboa, President (2000–2003) :*Lucio Gutiérrez, President (2003–2005) :*Alfredo Palacio, President (2005–2007) :*Rafael Correa, President (2007–2017) • Guyana :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Bharrat Jagdeo, President (1999–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Sam Hinds, Prime minister (1999–2015) • Paraguay (complete list) – :*Luis González, President (1999–2003) :*Nicanor Duarte, President (2003–2008) :*Fernando Lugo, President (2008–2012) • Peru :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Alberto Fujimori, Constitutional President (1990–1992), de facto President (1992–1995), Constitutional President (1995–2000) ::*Valentín Paniagua, President of Transition Government (2000–2001) ::*Alejandro Toledo, Constitutional President (2001–2006) ::*Alan García Pérez, Constitutional President (2006–2011) :*Prime minister (complete list) – ::*Alberto Bustamante Belaúnde, Prime Minister (1999–2000) ::*Federico Salas, Prime Minister (2000) ::*Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, Prime Minister (2000–2001) ::*Roberto Dañino, Prime Minister (2001–2002) ::*Luis Solari De La Fuente, Prime Minister (2002–2003) ::*Beatriz Merino, Prime Minister (2003) ::*Carlos Ferrero, Prime Minister (2003–2005) ::*Pedro Pablo Kuczynski, Prime Minister (2005–2006) ::*Jorge Del Castillo, Prime Minister (2006–2008) ::*Yehude Simon, Prime Minister (2008–2009) ::*Javier Velásquez, Prime Minister (2009–2010) • Suriname (complete list) – :*Jules Wijdenbosch, President (1996–2000) :*Ronald Venetiaan, President (2000–2010) • Uruguay (complete list) – :*Julio María Sanguinetti, President (1995–2000) :*Jorge Batlle, President (2000–2005) :*Tabaré Vázquez, President (2005–2010) • Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (complete list) – :*Hugo Chávez, President (1999–2002, 2002–2013) :*Pedro Carmona, Acting President (2002) :*Diosdado Cabello, Acting President (2002) ==Asia==

Asia: Central • Kazakhstan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Nursultan Nazarbayev, President (1991–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Imangali Tasmagambetov, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Daniyal Akhmetov, Prime minister (2003–2007) ::*Karim Massimov, Prime minister (2007–2012) • Kyrgyzstan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Askar Akayev, President (1990–2005) ::*Ishenbai Kadyrbekov, Acting President (2005) ::*Kurmanbek Bakiyev, President (2005–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Amangeldy Muraliyev, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Nikolai Tanayev, Prime minister (2002–2005) ::*Kurmanbek Bakiyev, Prime minister (2005) ::*Medetbek Kerimkulov, Acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Felix Kulov, Acting Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Azim Isabekov, Prime minister (2007) ::*Almazbek Atambayev, Prime minister (2007) ::*Iskenderbek Aidaraliyev, Acting Prime minister (2007) ::*Igor Chudinov, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Daniar Usenov, Prime minister (2009–2010) • Tajikistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Emomali Rahmon, Chairman of the Supreme Assembly (1992–1994), President (1994–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Oqil Oqilov, Prime minister (1999–2013) • Turkmenistan (complete list) – :*Saparmurat Niyazov, President (1990–2006) :*Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow, Acting President (2006–2007), President (2007–2022) • Uzbekistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Islam Karimov, President (1991–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Oʻtkir Sultonov, Prime minister (1995–2003) ::*Shavkat Mirziyoyev, Prime minister (2003–2016) Asia: East • China :*Chairmen and General Secretaries of the Communist Party (complete list) and paramount leaders (complete list) – ::*Jiang Zemin, General Secretary (1989–2002), paramount leader (1989–2002) ::*Hu Jintao, General Secretary (2002–2012), paramount leader (2002–2012) :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Jiang Zemin, President (1993–2003) ::*Hu Jintao, President (2003–2013) :*Premiers (complete list) – ::*Zhu Rongji, Premier (1998–2003) ::*Wen Jiabao, Premier (2003–2013) • Japan :*Emperors (complete list) – ::*Akihito, Emperor (1989–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Keizō Obuchi, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Mikio Aoki, Acting Prime minister (2000) ::*Yoshirō Mori, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Junichirō Koizumi, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Shinzō Abe, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Yasuo Fukuda, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Tarō Asō, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Yukio Hatoyama, Prime minister (2009–2010) • North Korea :*Leaders of the Workers' Party (complete list) – ::*Kim Jong-il, General Secretary (1997–2011), Eternal General Secretary (2012–present) :*Head of state ::*Kim Yong-nam (1998–2019) :*Premiers (complete list) – ::*Hong Song-nam, Premier (1997–2003) ::*Pak Pong-ju, Premier (2003–2007) ::*Kim Yong-il, Premier (2007–2010) • South Korea :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Kim Dae-jung, President (1998–2003) ::*Roh Moo-hyun, President (2003–2008) ::*Goh Kun, Acting President (2004) ::*Lee Myung-bak, President (2008–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Kim Jong-pil, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Park Tae-joon, Prime minister (2000) ::*Lee Han-dong, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Chang Sang, Acting Prime minister (2002) ::*Chang Dae-whan, Acting Prime minister (2002) ::*Kim Suk-soo, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Goh Kun, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Lee Hae-chan, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Han Myeong-sook, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Han Duck-soo, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Han Seung-soo, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Chung Un-chan, Prime minister (2009–2010) • Mongolia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Natsagiin Bagabandi, President (1997–2005) ::*Nambaryn Enkhbayar, President (2005–2009) ::*Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, President (2009–2017) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Rinchinnyamyn Amarjargal, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Nambaryn Enkhbayar, Prime minister (2000–2004) ::*Tsakhiagiin Elbegdorj, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Miyeegombyn Enkhbold, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Sanjaagiin Bayar, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Sükhbaataryn Batbold, Prime minister (2009–2012) • Taiwan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Lee Teng-hui, President (1988–2000) ::*Chen Shui-bian, President (2000–2008) ::*Ma Ying-jeou, President (2008–2016) :*Premiers (complete list) – ::*Vincent Siew, Premier (1997–2000) ::*Tang Fei, Premier (2000) ::*Chang Chun-hsiung, Premier (2000–2002) ::*Yu Shyi-kun, Premier (2002–2005) ::*Frank Hsieh, Premier (2005–2006) ::*Su Tseng-chang, Premier (2006–2007) ::*Chang Chun-hsiung, Premier (2007–2008) ::*Liu Chao-shiuan, Premier (2008–2009) ::*Wu Den-yih, Premier (2009–2012) Asia: Southeast • Brunei (complete list) – :*Hassanal Bolkiah, Sultan (1967–present) • Cambodia :*Kings (complete list) – ::*Norodom Sihanouk, King (1993–2004) ::*Norodom Sihamoni, King (2004–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Hun Sen, Prime minister (1998–2023) • Indonesia (complete list) – :*Abdurrahman Wahid, President (1999–2001) :*Megawati Sukarnoputri, President (2001–2004) :*Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono, President (2004–2014) • Laos :*General Secretaries (complete list) – ::*Khamtai Siphandone, Chairman (1992–2006) ::*Choummaly Sayasone, General Secretary (2006–2016) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Khamtai Siphandone, President (1998–2006) ::*Choummaly Sayasone, President (2006–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Sisavath Keobounphanh, Prime minister (1998–2001) ::*Bounnhang Vorachit, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Bouasone Bouphavanh, Prime minister (2006–2010) • Malaysia :*Elected monarchs (complete list) – ::*Salahuddin of Selangor, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (1999–2001) ::*Sirajuddin of Perlis, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (2001–2006) ::*Mizan Zainal Abidin of Terengganu, Yang di-Pertuan Agong (2006–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mahathir Mohamad, Prime minister (1981–2003) ::*Abdullah Ahmad Badawi, Prime minister (2003–2009) ::*Najib Razak, Prime minister (2009–2018) • Burma/Myanmar: State Peace and Development Council (1997–2011) :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Than Shwe, Chairman (1992–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Than Shwe, Prime minister (1992–2003) ::*Khin Nyunt, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Soe Win, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Thein Sein, Prime minister (2007–2011) • Philippines :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Joseph Estrada, President (1998–2001) ::*Gloria Macapagal Arroyo, President (2001–2010) • Singapore :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*S. R. Nathan, President (1999–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Goh Chok Tong, Prime minister (1990–2004) ::*Lee Hsien Loong, Prime minister (2004–2024) • Thailand :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Bhumibol Adulyadej, King (1946–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Chuan Leekpai, Prime minister (1997–2001) ::*Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Chitchai Wannasathit, Acting Prime minister (2006) ::*Thaksin Shinawatra, Prime minister (2006) ::*Sonthi Boonyaratglin, President of the Administrative Reform Council of Thailand (2006) ::*Surayud Chulanont, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Samak Sundaravej, Prime minister (2008) ::*Somchai Wongsawat, Prime minister (2008) ::*Chaovarat Chanweerakul, Acting Prime minister (2008) ::*Abhisit Vejjajiva, Prime minister (2008–2011) • Timor-Leste (independent 2002–present) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Xanana Gusmão, President (2002–2007) ::*José Ramos-Horta, President (2007–2008) ::*Vicente Guterres, Acting President (2008) ::*Fernando de Araújo, Acting President (2008) ::*José Ramos-Horta, President (2008–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mari Alkatiri, Prime minister (2002–2006) ::*José Ramos-Horta, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Estanislau da Silva, Prime minister (2007) ::*Xanana Gusmão, Prime minister (2007–2015) • Vietnam :*General Secretaries of the Communist Party (complete list) – ::*Lê Khả Phiêu, General Secretary (1997–2001) ::*Nông Đức Mạnh, General Secretary (2001–2011) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Trần Đức Lương, President (1997–2006) ::*Nguyễn Minh Triết, President (2006–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Phan Văn Khải, Prime minister (1997–2006) ::*Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, Prime minister (2006–2016) Asia: South • Islamic State of Afghanistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Burhanuddin Rabbani, President (1992–2001) ::*Hamid Karzai, Chairman of the Afghan Interim Administration (2001–2002) • Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan :*Supreme leaders (complete list) – ::*Mullah Omar (1996–2001) :*Prime ministers – ::*Mohammad Rabbani (1996–2001) ::*Abdul Kabir (acting, 2001) • Transitional Islamic State of Afghanistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Hamid Karzai, President (2002–2004) • Islamic Republic of Afghanistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Hamid Karzai, President (2004–2014) • Bangladesh :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Shahabuddin Ahmed, President (1996–2001) ::*A. Q. M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, President (2001–2002) ::*Muhammad Jamiruddin Sircar, Interim President (2002) ::*Iajuddin Ahmed, President (2002–2009) ::*Zillur Rahman, President (2009–2013) :*Prime ministers and Chief advisers (complete list) – ::*Sheikh Hasina, Prime minister (1996–2001) ::*Latifur Rahman, Chief adviser (2001) ::*Khaleda Zia, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Iajuddin Ahmed, Chief adviser (2006–2007) ::*Fazlul Haque, Acting Chief adviser (2007) ::*Fakhruddin Ahmed, Chief adviser (2007–2009) ::*Sheikh Hasina, Prime minister (2009–2024) • Bhutan :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Jigme Singye Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo (1972–2006) ::*Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, Druk Gyalpo (2006–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Sangay Ngedup, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Yeshey Zimba, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Khandu Wangchuk, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Kinzang Dorji, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Jigme Thinley, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Yeshey Zimba, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Sangay Ngedup, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Khandu Wangchuk, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Kinzang Dorji, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Jigme Thinley, Prime minister (2008–2013) • India :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*K. R. Narayanan, President (1997–2002) ::*A. P. J. Abdul Kalam, President (2002–2007) ::*Pratibha Patil, President (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Atal Bihari Vajpayee, Prime minister (1998–2004) ::*Manmohan Singh, Prime minister (2004–2014) • Maldives (complete list) – :*Maumoon Abdul Gayoom, President (1978–2008) :*Mohamed Nasheed, President (2008–2012) • Kingdom of Nepal :*Kings (complete list) – ::*Birendra, King (1972–2001) ::*Dipendra, King (2001) ::*Gyanendra, King (2001–2008) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Lokendra Bahadur Chand, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Surya Bahadur Thapa, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Sher Bahadur Deuba, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (2006–2008) • Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Acting President (2007–2008) ::*Ram Baran Yadav, President (2008–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Girija Prasad Koirala, Prime minister (2008) ::*Pushpa Kamal Dahal, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Madhav Kumar Nepal, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Pakistan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Muhammad Rafiq Tarar, President (1997–2001) ::*Pervez Musharraf, President (2001–2008) ::*Muhammad Mian Soomro, Acting President (2008) ::*Asif Ali Zardari, President (2008–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Zafarullah Khan Jamali, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Chaudhry Shujaat Hussain, Prime minister (2004) ::*Shaukat Aziz, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Muhammad Mian Soomro, Acting Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Yousaf Raza Gillani, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Sri Lanka :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Chandrika Kumaratunga, President (1994–2005) ::*Mahinda Rajapaksa, President (2005–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Sirimavo Bandaranaike, Prime minister (1994–2000) ::*Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Ranil Wickremesinghe, Prime minister (2001–2004) ::*Mahinda Rajapaksa, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Ratnasiri Wickremanayake, Prime minister (2005–2010) Asia: West • State/ Kingdom of Bahrain :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Hamad bin Isa Al Khalifa, Emir (1999–2002), King (2002–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Khalifa bin Salman Al Khalifa, Prime minister (1971–2020) • Cyprus (complete list) – :*Glafcos Clerides, President (1993–2003) :*Tassos Papadopoulos, President (2003–2008) :*Demetris Christofias, President (2008–2013) • Northern Cyprus :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Rauf Denktaş, President (1983–2005) ::*Mehmet Ali Talat, President (2005–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Derviş Eroğlu, Prime minister (1985–1994, 1996–2004, 2009–2010)) ::*Mehmet Ali Talat, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Serdar Denktaş, acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Ferdi Sabit Soyer, Prime minister (2005–2009) • Iran :*Supreme Leaders (complete list) – ::*Ali Khamenei, Supreme Leader (1989–2026) :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Mohammad Khatami, President (1997–2005) ::*Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, President (2005–2013) • Ba'athist Iraq :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Saddam Hussein, President (1979–2003) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Saddam Hussein, Prime minister (1994–2003) • Coalition Provisional Authority of Iraq :*Administrators – ::*Jay Garner, Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority (2003) ::*Paul Bremer, Administrator of the Coalition Provisional Authority (2003–2004) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum, Acting Prime minister (2003) ::*Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Prime minister (2003) ::*Ahmed al-Chalabi, Prime minister (2003) ::*Ayad Allawi, Prime minister (2003) ::*Jalal Talabani, Prime minister (2003) ::*Abdul Aziz al-Hakim, Prime minister (2003) ::*Adnan al-Pachachi, Prime minister (2004) ::*Mohsen Abdel Hamid, Prime minister (2004) ::*Mohammad Bahr al-Ulloum, Prime minister (2004) ::*Massoud Barzani, Prime minister (2004) ::*Ezzedine Salim, Prime minister (2004) ::*Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, Prime minister (2004) • Republic of Iraq :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ghazi Mashal Ajil al-Yawer, Interim President (2004–2005) ::*Jalal Talabani, President (2005–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ayad Allawi, Acting Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Ibrahim al-Jaafari, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Nouri al-Maliki, Prime minister (2006–2014) • Israel :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Ezer Weizman, President (1993–2000) ::*Moshe Katsav, President (2000–2007) ::*Shimon Peres, President (2007–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ehud Barak, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Ariel Sharon, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Ehud Olmert, Prime minister (2006–2009) ::*Benjamin Netanyahu, Prime minister (2009–2021) • Jordan :*Kings (complete list) – ::*Abdullah II, King (1999–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Abdelraouf al-Rawabdeh, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Ali Abu al-Ragheb, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Faisal al-Fayez, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Adnan Badran, Prime minister (2005) ::*Marouf al-Bakhit, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Nader al-Dahabi, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Samir Rifai, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Kuwait :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Jaber III, Emir (1977–2006) ::*Saad I, Emir (2006) ::*Sabah IV, Emir (2006–2020) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Saad Al-Abdullah, Prime minister (1978–2003) ::*Sabah Al-Ahmad, Prime minister (2003–2006) ::*Nasser Al-Mohammed, Prime minister (2006–2011) • Lebanon :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Émile Lahoud, President (1998–2007) ::*Fouad Siniora, Acting President (2007–2008) ::*Michel Suleiman, President (2008–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Selim Hoss, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Rafic Hariri, Prime minister (2000–2004) ::*Omar Karami, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Najib Mikati, Primeln minister (2005) ::*Fouad Siniora, Prime minister (2005–2009) ::*Saad Hariri, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Oman (complete list) – :*Qaboos bin Said, Sultan (1970–2020) • State of Palestine :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Yasser Arafat, President (1994–2004) ::*Mahmoud Abbas, Acting President (2005–2008), President (2008–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mahmoud Abbas, Prime minister (2003) ::*Ahmed Qurei, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Nabil Shaath, Acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Ahmed Qurei, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Ismail Haniyeh, Prime minister (2006–2014) ::*Salam Fayyad, Prime minister (2007–2013) • Qatar :*Emirs (complete list) – ::*Hamad bin Khalifa Al Thani, Emir (1995–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Abdullah bin Khalifa, Prime minister (1996–2007) ::*Hamad bin Jassim, Prime minister (2007–2013) • Saudi Arabia (complete list) – :*Fahd, King (1982–2005) :*Abdullah, King (2005–2015) • Syria :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Hafez al-Assad, President (1971–2000) ::*Abdul Halim Khaddam, Acting President (2000) ::*Bashar al-Assad, President (2000–2024) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mahmoud Zuabi, Prime minister (1987–2000) ::*Muhammad Mustafa Mero, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Muhammad Naji al-Otari, Prime minister (2003–2011) • Turkey :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Süleyman Demirel, President (1993–2000) ::*Ahmet Necdet Sezer, President (2000–2007) ::*Abdullah Gül, President (2007–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Bülent Ecevit, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Abdullah Gül, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, Prime minister (2003–2014) • United Arab Emirates :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Zayed bin Sultan Al Nahyan, President (1971–2004) ::*Khalifa bin Zayed Al Nahyan, President (2004–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Maktoum bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime minister (1990–2006) ::*Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, Prime minister (2006–present) • Yemen :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ali Abdullah Saleh, Chairman of the Presidential Council (1990–1994), President (1994–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Abd Al-Karim Al-Iryani, Prime minister (1998–2001) ::*Abdul Qadir Bajamal, Prime minister (2001–2007) ::*Ali Muhammad Mujawar, Prime minister (2007–2011) ==Europe==

Europe: Balkans • Albania :*Chairmen (complete list) – ::*Rexhep Meidani, President (1997–2002) ::*Alfred Moisiu, President (2002–2007) ::*Bamir Topi, President (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ilir Meta, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Pandeli Majko, Prime minister (2002) ::*Fatos Nano, Prime minister (2002–2005) ::*Sali Berisha, Prime minister (2005–2013) • Bosnia and Herzegovina :*High Representatives (complete list) – ::*Wolfgang Petritsch, High Representative (1999–2002) ::*Paddy Ashdown, High Representative (2002–2006) ::*Christian Schwarz-Schilling, High Representative (2006–2007) ::*Miroslav Lajčák, High Representative (2007–2009) ::*Valentin Inzko, High Representative (2009–2021) :*Presidency (complete list) – ::*Chairmen of the Presidency (complete list) – :::*Ante Jelavić, Chairmen (1999–2000) :::*Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen (2000) :::*Živko Radišić, Chairman (2000–2001) :::*Jozo Križanović, Chairman (2001–2002) :::*Beriz Belkić, Chairman (2002) :::*Mirko Šarović, Chairman (2002–2003) :::*Dragan Čović, Chairman (2003) :::*Borislav Paravac, Chairmen (2003) :::*Dragan Čović, Chairman (2003–2004) :::*Sulejman Tihić, Chairman (2004) :::*Borislav Paravac, Chairman (2004–2005) :::*Ivo Miro Jović, Chairman (2005–2006) :::*Sulejman Tihić, Chairman (2006) :::*Nebojša Radmanović, Chairman (2006–2007) :::*Željko Komšić, Chairman (2007–2008) :::*Haris Silajdžić, Chairman (2008) :::*Nebojša Radmanović, Chairman (2008–2009) :::*Željko Komšić, Chairman (2009–2010) ::*Bosniak members of the Presidency (complete list) – :::*Alija Izetbegović, Member (1996–2000) :::*Halid Genjac, Member (2000–2001) :::*Beriz Belkić, Member (2001–2002) :::*Sulejman Tihić, Member (2002–2006) :::*Haris Silajdžić, Member (2006–2010) ::*Croat members of the Presidency (complete list) – :::*Ante Jelavić, Member (1998–2001) :::*Jozo Križanović, Member (2001–2002) :::*Dragan Čović, Member (2002–2005) :::*Ivo Miro Jović, Member (2005–2006) :::*Željko Komšić, Member (2006–2014) ::*Serb members of the Presidency (complete list) – :::*Živko Radišić, Member (1998–2002) :::*Mirko Šarović, Member (2002–2003) :::*Borislav Paravac, Member (2003–2006) :::*Nebojša Radmanović, Member (2006–2014) :*Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (complete list) – ::*Haris Silajdžić, Svetozar Mihajlović, Co-Chairmen (1999–2000) ::*Martin Raguž, Chairman (2000–2001) ::*Božidar Matić, Chairman (2001) ::*Zlatko Lagumdžija, Chairman (2001–2002) ::*Dragan Mikerević, Chairman (2002) ::*Adnan Terzić, Chairman (2002–2007) ::*Nikola Špirić, Chairman (2007–2012) • Bulgaria :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Petar Stoyanov, President (1997–2002) ::*Georgi Parvanov, President (2002–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ivan Yordanov Kostov, Prime minister (1997–2001) ::*Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Prime minister (2001–2005) ::*Sergei Stanishev, Prime minister (2005–2009) ::*Boyko Borisov, Prime minister (2009–2013) • Croatia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Vlatko Pavletić, Acting President (1999–2000) ::*Stjepan Mesić, President (2000–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Zlatko Mateša, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*Ivica Račan, Prime minister (2000–2003) ::*Ivo Sanader, Prime minister (2003–2009) ::*Jadranka Kosor, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Greece :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President (1995–2005) ::*Karolos Papoulias, President (2005–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Costas Simitis, Prime minister (1996–2004) ::*Kostas Karamanlis, Prime minister (2004–2009) ::*George Papandreou, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Republic of Kosova :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Rugova, President (1992–2000) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Bujar Bukoshi, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Hashim Thaçi, Interim Prime minister (1999–2000) • UN-administered Kosovo :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ibrahim Rugova, President (2002–2006) ::*Nexhat Daci, acting President (2006) ::*Fatmir Sejdiu, President (2006–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Bajram Rexhepi, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Ramush Haradinaj, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Adem Salihaj, acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Bajram Kosumi, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Agim Çeku, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Hashim Thaçi, Prime minister (2008) • Republic of Kosovo :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Fatmir Sejdiu, President (2008–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Hashim Thaçi, Prime minister (2008–2014) • (Former Yugoslav) Republic of Macedonia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Boris Trajkovski, President (1999–2004) ::*Branko Crvenkovski, President (2004–2009) ::*Gjorge Ivanov, President (2009–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ljubčo Georgievski, Prime minister (1998–2002) ::*Branko Crvenkovski, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Radmila Šekerinska, Acting Prime minister (2004) ::*Hari Kostov, Prime minister (2004) ::*Radmila Šekerinska, Acting Prime minister (2004) ::*Vlado Bučkovski, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Nikola Gruevski, Prime minister (2006–2016) • Montenegro :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Filip Vujanović, President (2006–2018) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Milo Đukanović, Prime minister (2006) ::*Željko Šturanović, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Milo Đukanović, Prime minister (2008–2010) • Romania :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Emil Constantinescu, President (1996–2000) ::*Ion Iliescu, President (2000–2004) ::*Traian Băsescu, President (2004–2007) ::*Nicolae Văcăroiu, Interim President (2007) ::*Traian Băsescu, President (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mugur Isărescu, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Adrian Năstase, Prime minister (2000–2004) ::*Eugen Bejinariu, Interim Prime minister (2004) ::*Călin Popescu-Tăriceanu, Prime minister (2004–2008) ::*Emil Boc, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Serbia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Boris Tadić, President (2004–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Vojislav Koštunica, Prime minister (2004–2008) ::*Mirko Cvetković, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Slovenia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Milan Kučan, President (1991–2002) ::*Janez Drnovšek, President (2002–2007) ::*Danilo Türk, President (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (1992–2000) ::*Andrej Bajuk, Prime minister (2000) ::*Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Anton Rop, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Janez Janša, Prime minister (2004–2008) ::*Borut Pahor, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Yugoslavia/Serbia and Montenegro :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Slobodan Milošević, President (1997–2000) ::*Vojislav Koštunica, President (2000–2003) ::*Svetozar Marović, President (2003–2006) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Momir Bulatović, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Zoran Žižić, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Dragiša Pešić, Prime minister (2001–2003) Europe: Baltic states • Estonia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Lennart Meri, President (1992–2001) ::*Arnold Rüütel, President (2001–2006) ::*Toomas Hendrik Ilves, President (2006–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mart Laar, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Siim Kallas, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Juhan Parts, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Andrus Ansip, Prime minister (2005–2014) • Latvia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President (1999–2007) ::*Valdis Zatlers, President (2007–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Andris Šķēle, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Andris Bērziņš, Prime minister (2000–2002) ::*Einars Repše, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Indulis Emsis, Prime minister (2004) ::*Aigars Kalvītis, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Ivars Godmanis, Prime minister (2007–2009) ::*Valdis Dombrovskis, Prime minister (2009–2014) • Lithuania :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Valdas Adamkus, President (1998–2003) ::*Rolandas Paksas, President (2003–2004) ::*Artūras Paulauskas, Acting President (2004) ::*Valdas Adamkus, President (2004–2009) ::*Dalia Grybauskaitė, President (2009–2019) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Andrius Kubilius, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Rolandas Paksas, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Eugenijus Gentvilas, Acting Prime minister (2001) ::*Algirdas Brazauskas, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Zigmantas Balčytis, Acting Prime minister (2006) ::*Gediminas Kirkilas, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Andrius Kubilius, Prime minister (2008–2012) Europe: British and Ireland • Republic of Ireland :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Mary McAleese, President (1997–2011) :*Taoiseachs (complete list) – ::*Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach (1997–2008) ::*Brian Cowen, Taoiseach (2008–2011) • United Kingdom :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime Ministers (complete list) – ::*Tony Blair, Prime Minister (1997–2007) ::*Gordon Brown, Prime Minister (2007–2010) Europe: Central • Austria :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Thomas Klestil, President (1992–2004) ::*Heinz Fischer, President (2004–2016) :*Chancellors (complete list) – ::*Viktor Klima, Chancellor (1997–2000) ::*Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor (2000–2007) ::*Alfred Gusenbauer, Chancellor (2007–2008) ::*Werner Faymann, Chancellor (2008–2016) • Czech Republic :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Václav Havel, President (1993–2003) ::*Václav Klaus, President (2003–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Miloš Zeman, Prime Minister (1998–2002) ::*Vladimír Špidla, Prime Minister (2002–2004) ::*Stanislav Gross, Prime Minister (2004–2005) ::*Jiří Paroubek, Prime Minister (2005–2006) ::*Mirek Topolánek, Prime Minister (2006–2009) ::*Jan Fischer, Prime Minister (2009–2010) • Germany :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Johannes Rau, President (1999–2004) ::*Horst Köhler, President (2004–2010) :*Chancellors (complete list) – ::*Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor (1998–2005) ::*Angela Merkel, Chancellor (2005–2021) • Hungary :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Árpád Göncz, President (1990–2000) ::*Ferenc Mádl, President (2000–2005) ::*László Sólyom, President (2005–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Viktor Orbán, Prime minister (1998–2002) ::*Péter Medgyessy, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Ferenc Gyurcsány, Prime minister (2004–2009) ::*Gordon Bajnai, Prime minister (2009–2010) • Liechtenstein :*Sovereign Princes (complete list) – ::*Hans-Adam II, Prince (1989–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mario Frick, Prime minister (1993–2001) ::*Otmar Hasler, Prime minister (2001–2009) ::*Klaus Tschütscher, Prime minister (2009–2013) • Poland :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President (1995–2005) ::*Lech Kaczyński, President (2005–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Jerzy Buzek, Prime minister (1997–2001) ::*Leszek Miller, Prime minister (2001–2004) ::*Marek Belka, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Kazimierz Marcinkiewicz, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Jarosław Kaczyński, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Donald Tusk, Prime minister (2007–2014) • Slovakia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Rudolf Schuster, President (1999–2004) ::*Ivan Gašparovič, President (2004–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime minister (1998–2006) ::*Robert Fico, Prime minister (2006–2010) • Switzerland (complete list) – :*Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (2000) :*Moritz Leuenberger, President of the Confederation (2001) :*Kaspar Villiger, President of the Confederation (2002) :*Pascal Couchepin, President of the Confederation (2003) :*Joseph Deiss, President of the Confederation (2004) :*Samuel Schmid, President of the Confederation (2005) :*Moritz Leuenberger, President of the Confederation (2006) :*Micheline Calmy-Rey, President of the Confederation (2007) :*Pascal Couchepin, President of the Confederation (2008) :*Hans-Rudolf Merz, President of the Confederation (2009) Europe: East • Belarus :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Alexander Lukashenko, President (1994–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Sergey Ling, Prime minister (1996–2000) ::*Vladimir Yermoshin, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Gennady Novitsky, Prime minister (2001–2003) ::*Sergei Sidorsky, Prime minister (2003–2010) • Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (complete list) – :*Aslan Maskhadov, President (1997–2000) • Moldova :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Petru Lucinschi, President (1997–2001) ::*Vladimir Voronin, President (2001–2009) ::*Mihai Ghimpu, Acting President (2009–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Dumitru Braghiș, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Vasile Tarlev, Prime minister (2001–2008) ::*Zinaida Greceanîi, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Vitalie Pîrlog, Acting Prime minister (2009) ::*Vlad Filat, Prime minister (2009–2013) • Russia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Vladimir Putin, Acting President (1999–2000), President (2000–2008) ::*Dmitry Medvedev, President (2008–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Vladimir Putin, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Mikhail Kasyanov, Prime minister (2000–2004) ::*Viktor Khristenko, Acting Prime minister (2004) ::*Mikhail Fradkov, Prime minister (2004–2007) ::*Viktor Zubkov, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Vladimir Putin, Prime minister (2008–2012) • Ukraine :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Leonid Kuchma, President (1994–2005) ::*Viktor Yushchenko, President (2005–2010) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Viktor Yushchenko, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Anatoliy Kinakh, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Viktor Yanukovych, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Mykola Azarov, Acting Prime minister (2004) ::*Viktor Yanukovych, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Mykola Azarov, Acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime minister (2005) ::*Yuriy Yekhanurov, Prime minister (2005–2006) ::*Viktor Yanukovych, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Yulia Tymoshenko, Prime minister (2007–2010) Europe: Nordic • Denmark :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Margrethe II, Queen (1972–2024) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Prime minister (1993–2001) ::*Anders Fogh Rasmussen, Prime minister (2001–2009) ::*Lars Løkke Rasmussen, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Finland :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Martti Ahtisaari, President (1994–2000) ::*Tarja Halonen, President (2000–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Paavo Lipponen, Prime minister (1995–2003) ::*Anneli Jäätteenmäki, Prime minister (2003) ::*Matti Vanhanen, Prime minister (2003–2010) • Iceland :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President (1996–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Davíð Oddsson, Prime minister (1991–2004) ::*Halldór Ásgrímsson, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Geir Haarde, Prime minister (2006–2009) ::*Jóhanna Sigurðardóttir, Prime minister (2009–2013) • Norway :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Harald V, King (1991–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Jens Stoltenberg, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime minister (2001–2005) ::*Jens Stoltenberg, Prime minister (2005–2013) • Sweden :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Carl XVI Gustaf, King (1973–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Göran Persson, Prime minister (1996–2006) ::*Fredrik Reinfeldt, Prime minister (2006–2014) Europe: Southcentral • Italy :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President (1999–2006) ::*Giorgio Napolitano, President (2006–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Massimo D'Alema, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*Giuliano Amato, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Silvio Berlusconi, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Romano Prodi, Prime minister (2006–2008) ::*Silvio Berlusconi, Prime minister (2008–2011) • Malta :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Guido de Marco, President (1999–2004) ::*Eddie Fenech Adami, President (2004–2009) ::*George Abela, President (2009–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime minister (1998–2004) ::*Lawrence Gonzi, Prime minister (2004–2013) • San Marino :*Captains Regent (1900–present) – ::*Marino Bollini, Giuseppe Arzilli, Captains Regent (1999–2000) ::*Maria Domenica Michelotti, Gian Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (2000) ::*Gianfranco Terenzi, Enzo Colombini, Captains Regent (2000–2001) ::*Luigi Lonfernini, Fabio Berardi, Captains Regent (2001) ::*Alberto Cecchetti, Gino Giovagnoli, Captains Regent (2001–2002) ::*Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Giovanni Francesco Ugolini, Captains Regent (2002) ::*Mauro Chiaruzzi, Giuseppe Maria Morganti, Captains Regent (2002–2003) ::*Pier Marino Menicucci, Giovanni Giannoni, Captains Regent (2003) ::*Giovanni Lonfernini, Valeria Ciavatta, Captains Regent (2003–2004) ::*Paolo Bollini, Marino Riccardi, Captains Regent (2004) ::*Giuseppe Arzilli, Roberto Raschi, Captains Regent (2004–2005) ::*Fausta Morganti, Cesare Gasperoni, Captains Regent (2005) ::*Claudio Muccioli, Antonello Bacciocchi, Captains Regent (2005–2006) ::*Gianfranco Terenzi, Loris Francini, Captains Regent (2006) ::*Antonio Carattoni, Roberto Giorgetti, Captains Regent (2006–2007) ::*Alessandro Mancini, Alessandro Rossi, Captains Regent (2007) ::*Mirko Tomassoni, Alberto Selva, Captains Regent (2007–2008) ::*Rosa Zafferani, Federico Pedini Amati, Captains Regent (2008) ::*Ernesto Benedettini, Assunta Meloni, Captains Regent (2008–2009) ::*Oscar Mina, Massimo Cenci, Captains Regent (2009) ::*Stefano Palmieri, Francesco Mussoni, Captains Regent (2009–2010) • Vatican City :*Sovereign (complete list) – ::*John Paul II, Sovereign (1978–2005) ::*Benedict XVI, Sovereign (2005–2013) :*President of the Governorate (complete list) – ::*Edmund Szoka, President of the Governorate (1997–2006) ::*Giovanni Lajolo, President of the Governorate (2006–2011) Europe: Southwest • Andorra :*Episcopal Co-Princes (complete list) – ::*Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince (1971–2003) ::*Joan Enric Vives Sicília, Episcopal Co-Prince (2003–present) :*French Co-Princes (complete list) – ::*Jacques Chirac, French Co-Prince (1995–2007) ::*Nicolas Sarkozy, French Co-Prince (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Marc Forné Molné, Prime minister (1994–2005) ::*Albert Pintat, Prime minister (2005–2009) ::*Jaume Bartumeu, Prime minister (2009–2011) • Portugal :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Jorge Sampaio, President (1996–2006) ::*Aníbal Cavaco Silva, President (2006–2016) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*António Guterres, Prime minister (1995–2002) ::*José Manuel Barroso, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Pedro Santana Lopes, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*José Sócrates, Prime minister (2005–2011) • Spain :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Juan Carlos I, King (1975–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*José María Aznar, Prime minister (1996–2004) ::*José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, Prime minister (2004–2011) Europe: West • Belgium :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Albert II, King (1993–2013) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Guy Verhofstadt, Prime minister (1999–2008) ::*Yves Leterme, Prime minister (2008) ::*Herman Van Rompuy, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Yves Leterme, Prime minister (2009–2011) • France :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Jacques Chirac, President (1995–2007) ::*Nicolas Sarkozy, President (2007–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Lionel Jospin, Prime minister (1997–2002) ::*Jean-Pierre Raffarin, Prime minister (2002–2005) ::*Dominique de Villepin, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*François Fillon, Prime minister (2007–2012) • Luxembourg :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Jean, Grand Duke (1964–2000) ::*Henri, Grand Duke (2000–2025) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime minister (1995–2013) • Monaco :*Sovereign Prince (complete list) – ::*Rainier III, Prince (1949–2005) ::*Albert II, Prince (2005–present) :*Minister of State (complete list) – ::*Michel Lévêque, Minister of state (1997–2000) ::*Patrick Leclercq, Minister of state (2000–2005) ::*Jean-Paul Proust, Minister of state (2005–2010) • The Netherlands :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Beatrix, Queen (1980–2013) :*Prime ministers of the Netherlands; Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (complete list) – ::*Wim Kok, Prime minister (1994–2002) ::*Jan Peter Balkenende, Prime minister (2002–2010) Eurasia: Caucasus • Abkhazia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Vladislav Ardzinba, President (1994–2005) ::*Sergei Bagapsh, President (2005–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Viacheslav Tsugba, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Anri Jergenia, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Gennadi Gagulia, Prime minister (2002–2003) ::*Raul Khajimba, Prime minister (2003–2004) ::*Nodar Khashba, Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Alexander Ankvab, Prime minister (2005–2010) • Armenia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Robert Kocharyan, President (1998–2008) ::*Serzh Sargsyan, President (2008–2018) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Aram Sargsyan, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Andranik Margaryan, Prime minister (2000–2007) ::*Serzh Sargsyan, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Tigran Sargsyan, Prime minister (2008–2014) • Azerbaijan :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Heydar Aliyev, President (1993–2003) ::*Ilham Aliyev, President (2003–present) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Artur Rasizade, Prime minister (1996–2003) ::*Ilham Aliyev, Prime minister (2003) ::*Artur Rasizade, Prime minister (2003–2018) • Georgia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Eduard Shevardnadze, President (1992–2003) ::*Nino Burjanadze, Acting President (2003–2004) ::*Mikheil Saakashvili, President (2004–2007) ::*Nino Burjanadze, Acting President (2007–2008) ::*Mikheil Saakashvili, President (2008–2013) :*Heads of government (complete list) – ::*Vazha Lortkipanidze, State minister (1998–2000) ::*Giorgi Arsenishvili, State minister (2000–2001) ::*Avtandil Jorbenadze, State minister (2001–2003) ::*Zurab Zhvania, State minister (2003–2004), Prime minister (2004–2005) ::*Mikheil Saakashvili, Acting President (2005) ::*Zurab Noghaideli, Prime minister (2005–2007) ::*Giorgi Baramidze, Acting Prime minister (2007) ::*Lado Gurgenidze, Prime minister (2007–2008) ::*Grigol Mgaloblishvili, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Nika Gilauri, Prime minister (2009–2012) • Republic of Nagorno-Karabakh :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Arkadi Ghukasyan, President (1997–2007) ::*Bako Sahakyan, President (2007–2020) :*Presidents of the National Assembly (complete list) – ::*Oleg Yesayan, President of the National Assembly (1997–2005) ::*Ashot Ghulian, President of the National Assembly (2005–2020) • South Ossetia :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*Lyudvig Chibirov, Head of state (1993–2001), President (1996–2001) ::*Eduard Kokoity, President (2001–2011) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Merab Chigoev, Prime minister (1998–2001) ::*Dmitry Sanakoyev, Prime minister (2001) ::*Gerasim Khugayev, Prime minister (2001–2003) ::*Igor Sanakoyev, Prime minister (2003–2005) ::*Zurab Kokoyev, Acting Prime minister (2005) ::*Yury Morozov, Prime minister (2005–2008) ::*Boris Chochiev, Acting Prime minister (2008) ::*Aslanbek Bulatsev, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Vadim Brovtsev, Prime minister (2009–2012) ==Oceania==

Oceania: Australia and Papua New Guinea • Australia :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*John Howard, Prime minister (1996–2007) ::*Kevin Rudd, Prime minister (2007–2010) • Papua New Guinea :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1975–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mekere Morauta, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Michael Somare, Prime minister (2002–2012) Oceania: Pacific • Cook Islands, state in free association :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime ministers ::*Terepai Maoate, Prime minister (1999–2002) ::*Robert Woonton, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Jim Marurai, Prime minister (2004–2010) • Fiji :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Kamisese Mara, Acting President (1993–1994), President (1994–2000) ::*Josefa Iloilo, President (2000–2006) ::*Frank Bainimarama, Head of the interim military government (2006–2007) ::*Josefa Iloilo, President (2007–2009) ::*Epeli Nailatikau, President (2009–2015) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Mahendra Chaudhry, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Tevita Momoedonu, Acting Prime minister (2000) ::*2000 Fijian coup d'état ::*Laisenia Qarase, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Tevita Momoedonu, Acting Prime minister (2001) ::*Laisenia Qarase, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*2006 Fijian coup d'état ::*Jona Senilagakali, Acting Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Frank Bainimarama, Acting Prime minister (2007–2014), Prime minister (2014–2022) • Kiribati (complete list) – :*Teburoro Tito, President (1994–2003) :*Tion Otang, Acting President (2003) :*Anote Tong, President (2003–2016) • Marshall Islands (complete list) – :*Imata Kabua, President (1997–2000) :*Kessai Note, President (2000–2008) :*Litokwa Tomeing, President (2008–2009) :*Ruben Zackhras, Acting President (2009) :*Jurelang Zedkaia, President (2009–2012) • Federated States of Micronesia (complete list) – :*Leo Falcam, President (1999–2003) :*Joseph J. Urusemal, President (2003–2007) :*Manny Mori, President (2007–2015) • Nauru (complete list) – :*René Harris, President (1999–2000) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (2000–2001) :*René Harris, President (2001–2003) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (2003) :*René Harris, President (2003) :*Bernard Dowiyogo, President (2003) :*Derog Gioura, President (2003) :*Ludwig Scotty, President (2003) :*René Harris, President (2003–2004) :*Ludwig Scotty, President (2004–2007) :*Marcus Stephen, President (2007–2011) • New Zealand :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Helen Clark, Prime minister (1999–2008) ::*John Key, Prime minister (2008–2016) • Palau (complete list) – :*Kuniwo Nakamura, President (1993–2001) :*Tommy Remengesau Jr., President (2001–2009) :*Johnson Toribiong, President (2009–2013) • Samoa :*Heads of state (complete list) – ::*Malietoa Tanumafili II, O le Ao o le Malo (1962–2007) ::*Tui Ātua Tupua Tamasese Efi, O le Ao o le Malo (2007–2017) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Tuila'epa Sa'ilele Malielegaoi, Prime minister (1998–2021) • Solomon Islands :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1978–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Bartholomew Ulufa'alu, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*Manasseh Sogavare, Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Allan Kemakeza, Prime minister (2001–2006) ::*Snyder Rini, Prime minister (2006) ::*Manasseh Sogavare, Prime minister (2006–2007) ::*Derek Sikua, Prime minister (2007–2010) • Tonga :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Tāufaʻāhau Tupou IV, King (1965–2006) ::*George Tupou V, King (2006–2012) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Baron Vaea, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*Tupou VI, then known as ʻAhoʻeitu ʻUnuakiʻotonga Tukuʻaho, Prime minister (2000–2006) ::*Feleti Sevele, Prime minister (2006–2010) • Tuvalu :*Monarchs (complete list) – ::*Elizabeth II, Queen (1978–2022) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Ionatana Ionatana, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*Lagitupu Tuilimu, Acting Prime minister (2000–2001) ::*Faimalaga Luka, Prime minister (2001) ::*Koloa Talake, Prime minister (2001–2002) ::*Saufatu Sopoanga, Prime minister (2002–2004) ::*Maatia Toafa, Prime minister (2004–2006) ::*Apisai Ielemia, Prime minister (2006–2010) • Vanuatu :*Presidents (complete list) – ::*John Bani, President (1999–2004) ::*Roger Abiut, Acting President (2004) ::*Alfred Maseng, President (2004) ::*Josias Moli, Acting President (2004) ::*Kalkot Mataskelekele, President (2004–2009) ::*Maxime Carlot Korman, Acting President (2009) ::*Iolu Abil, President (2009–2014) :*Prime ministers (complete list) – ::*Barak Sopé, Prime minister (1999–2001) ::*Edward Natapei, Prime minister (2001–2004) ::*Serge Vohor, Prime minister (2004) ::*Ham Lini, Prime minister (2004–2008) ::*Edward Natapei, Prime minister (2008–2009) ::*Serge Vohor, Acting Prime minister (2009) ::*Edward Natapei, Prime minister (2009–2010) ==See also==