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1906

1906 (MCMVI) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1906th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 906th year of the 2nd millennium, the 6th year of the 20th century, and the 7th year of the 1900s decade. As of the start of 1906, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events
January–February January 12Persian Constitutional Revolution: A nationalistic coalition of merchants, religious leaders and intellectuals in Persia forces the shah Mozaffar ad-Din Shah Qajar to grant a constitution, and establish a national assembly, the Majlis. • January 16April 7 – The Algeciras Conference convenes, to resolve the First Moroccan Crisis between France and Germany. • January 22 – The strikes a reef off Vancouver Island, Canada, killing over 100 (officially 136) in the ensuing disaster. • January 31 – The Ecuador–Colombia earthquake (8.8 on the Moment magnitude scale), and associated tsunami, cause at least 500 deaths. • February 7 – is launched, sparking a naval race between Britain and Germany. • February 11Pope Pius X publishes the encyclical Vehementer Nos, denouncing the 1905 French law on the Separation of the Churches and the State. • Two British members of a poll tax collecting expedition are killed near Richmond, Natal, sparking the Bambatha Rebellion. : Ecuador earthquake (8.8). March–April March 10Courrières mine disaster: An explosion in a coal mine in France kills 1,060. • March 18 – In France, Romanian inventor Traian Vuia becomes the first person to achieve an unassisted takeoff in a heavier-than-air powered monoplane, but it is incapable of sustained flight. • April 14 – The Azusa Street Revival, the primary catalyst for the revival of Pentecostalism this century, opens in Los Angeles. • April 18 • The San Francisco Earthquake (estimated magnitude 7.8) on the San Andreas Fault destroys much of San Francisco, California, killing at least 3,000, with 225,000–300,000 left homeless, and $350 million in damages. • Xerox, the global digital office machine brand, is founded in Rochester, New York as the Haloid Photographic Company. • April 23 – In the Russian Empire, the Fundamental Laws are announced at the first state Duma. following the April 18 earthquake and later fires May–June May 27 • The first inmates are moved to the Culion leper colony by the American Insular Government of the Philippine Islands. • Gustav Mahler's Symphony No. 6 receives its premiere at the Saalbau Essen in Germany conducted by the composer. • May 29Karl Staaff steps down as Prime Minister of Sweden over the issue of expanded voting rights. He is replaced by right-wing naval officer and public official Arvid Lindman. • May 31Morral affair: The attempted regicide of Spanish King Alfonso XIII and Queen Victoria Eugenie on their wedding day instead kills 24 bystanders. • June 7Cunard liner is launched in Glasgow, as the world's largest ship. • June 26 – The first autombile racing Grand Prix is the 1906 French Grand Prix held at Le Mans. July–August July 6 – The Second Geneva Convention meets. • July 12Alfred Dreyfus is exonerated. He is reinstalled in the French Army on July 21, thus ending the Dreyfus affair. • July 20 – In the Grand Duchy of Finland, a new electoral law is ratified, guaranteeing full women's suffrage, the first in modern Europe. Women can also stand in national elections. • August 4 – The first Imperial German Navy submarine, U-1, is launched. • August 161906 Aleutian Islands earthquake: An earthquake with an estimated magnitude of 8.35 occurs off the Rat Islands in Alaska. • 1906 Valparaíso earthquake: A magnitude 8.2 earthquake in Valparaíso, Chile leaves nearly 4,000 dead and approximately 20,000 injured. • August 23 – Unable to control a rebellion, Cuban President Tomás Estrada Palma requests United States intervention. This leads to the Second Occupation of Cuba, which lasts until 1909. September–October September 11Mahatma Gandhi coins the term Satyagraha, to characterize the nonviolence movement in South Africa. • September 18 – A typhoon and tsunami kill an estimated 10,000 in Hong Kong. • September 20 – The RMS Mauretania is launched on the River Tyne, becoming the world's largest ship. • September 30 – The first Gordon Bennett Cup in ballooning is held, starting in Paris. The winning team, piloting the balloon United States, lands in Fylingdales, Yorkshire, England. • October 1 – The Grand Duchy of Finland becomes the first nation to include the right of women to stand as candidates when it adopts universal suffrage. • October 6 – The National Consultative Assembly (Majlis) of Iran convenes for the first time. • October 11 – A United States diplomatic crisis with Japan arises when the San Francisco public school board orders Japanese students to be taught in racially segregated schools (it is resolved by next year). • October 16 – Imposter Wilhelm Voigt impersonates a Prussian officer and takes over the city hall in Köpenick for a short time. • October 23 – An aeroplane of Alberto Santos-Dumont takes off at Bagatelle in France, and flies 60 meters (200 feet). This is the first officially recorded powered flight in Europe. • October 28 – The Union Minière du Haut Katanga, a mining trust, is created in the Belgian Congo. • October 28 – A train falls off a drawbridge in New Jersey, drowning 53 people, and results in what is widely considered the first ever press release. November–December November 1International Exhibition opens in Christchurch, New Zealand. • November 3 – becomes adopted internationally as a distress signal (originally for ship-to-shore wireless telegraphy) on inclusion in the service regulations of the first International Radiotelegraph Convention signed in Berlin and coming into effect on 1 July 1908. • November 18 – The steamboat Dix sinks en route from Seattle to Port Blakely claiming the lives of approximately 50 passengers and crew. • December 4Alpha Phi Alpha fraternity forms at Cornell University, Ithaca, New York; it is the first Black Greek-lettered collegiate order of its kind. • December 6 – The Transvaal Colony is granted responsible self-government by Britain. • December 13 – The United Kingdom, France and Italy sign an agreement to preserve, in Ethiopia, the integrity of the ancient empire of Abyssinia. • December 15 – The London Underground's Great Northern, Piccadilly and Brompton Railway opens. • December 22 – The 7.9 1906 Manasi earthquake in Xinjiang, China, kills nearly 300 people. • December 24Reginald Fessenden makes the first radio broadcast: a poetry reading, a violin solo, and a speech, from Brant Rock, Massachusetts. • December 26 – The world's first feature film, The Story of the Kelly Gang, is first shown, at the Melbourne Athenaeum in Australia. • December 30 – The All-India Muslim League is founded as a political party in Dhaka in the British Raj; it becomes a driving force for the creation of an independent Pakistan. Date unknown • The BCG vaccine for tuberculosis is first developed. • Construction begins on the modern-day Great Mosque of Djenné. • The Simplo Filler Pen Company is founded, later to become the Montblanc Company in Germany. • HaRishon Le Zion-Yafo Association is officially founded as a sports club in Palestine, predecessor of Maccabi Tel Aviv (Israel). == Births ==
Births
January–February January 11Albert Hofmann, Swiss chemist (d. 2008) • January 12Eric Birley, British historian and archaeologist (d. 1995) • January 13Zhou Youguang, Chinese linguist (d. 2017) • January 14William Bendix, American film, radio and television actor (d. 1964) • January 15Aristotle Onassis, Greek shipping magnate (d. 1975) • January 16Diana Wynyard, English actress (d. 1964) • January 21Igor Moiseyev, Russian choreographer (d. 2007) • January 22Robert E. Howard, American pulp fiction writer (suicide 1936) • January 28Pat O'Callaghan, Irish athlete (d. 1991) • February 4Dietrich Bonhoeffer, German religious, resistance leader (executed 1945) • Clyde Tombaugh, American astronomer (d. 1997) • February 5John Carradine, American actor (d. 1988) • February 7Oleg Antonov, Soviet aircraft designer (d. 1984) • Puyi, Last Emperor of China (d. 1967) • February 8Chester Carlson, American physicist, inventor (d. 1968) • February 10Lon Chaney Jr., American actor (d. 1973) • February 14Nazim al-Qudsi, 26th Prime Minister of Syria and 14th President of Syria (d. 1998) • February 17Galo Plaza, 29th President of Ecuador (d. 1987) • Käte Selbmann, German politician (d. 1962) • February 18Hans Asperger, Austrian pediatrician (d. 1980) • February 26Madeleine Carroll, British actress (d. 1987) • February 28Bugsy Siegel, American gangster (k. 1947) March–April March 1Phạm Văn Đồng, Prime Minister of Vietnam (d. 2000) • Abdus Sattar, 8th President of Bangladesh (d. 1985) • March 6Lou Costello, American actor (d. 1959) • March 13Dave Kaye, British pianist (d. 1996) • March 16Francisco Ayala, Spanish novelist (d. 2009) • March 19Adolf Eichmann, German war criminal (executed 1962) • March 20Ozzie Nelson, American actor, director and producer (d. 1975) • March 21Jim Thompson, American businessman (disappeared 1967) • March 25A. J. P. Taylor, English historian (d. 1990) • March 26Rafael Méndez, Mexican trumpet player (d. 1981) • March 31Shin'ichirō Tomonaga, Japanese physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) • April 1Alexander Yakovlev, Russian politician, architect of perestroika (d. 1989) • April 4Bea Benaderet, American actress (d. 1968) • April 5Yin Shun, Chinese Buddhist master (d. 2005) • April 6Virginia Hall, American spy with the Special Operations Executive during WWII (d. 1982) • April 9Antal Doráti, Hungarian-born American conductor (d. 1988) • April 13Samuel Beckett, Irish writer, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1989) • April 22Eddie Albert, American actor and activist (d. 2005) • April 24William Joyce, Irish-American World War II Nazi propaganda broadcaster ("Lord Haw-Haw") (executed 1946) • April 25Joel Brand, Hungarian rescue worker (d. 1964) • William J. Brennan Jr., Associate Justice of the Supreme Court of the United States (d. 1997) • A. W. Haydon, American inventor (d. 1982) • April 28Tony Accardo, American gangster (d. 1992) • Kurt Gödel, Austrian logician, mathematician, and philosopher of mathematics (d. 1978) • April 29Pedro Vargas, Mexican singer and actor (d. 1989) May–June May 3Mary Astor, American actress and writer (d. 1987) • May 6André Weil, French mathematician (d. 1998) • May 8Roberto Rossellini, Italian director (d. 1977) • May 11Jacqueline Cochran, American aviator (d. 1980) • Richard Arvin Overton, oldest living man in the United States and oldest surviving American veteran (World War II) (d. 2018) • May 15Humberto Delgado, Portuguese general, politician (d. 1965) • May 16Arturo Uslar Pietri, Venezuelan writer (d. 2001) • May 19Bruce Bennett, American athlete, actor (d. 2007) • Jimmy MacDonald, Scottish-American sound effects artist, voice actor (d. 1991) • May 20Giuseppe Siri, Italian Roman Catholic cardinal (d. 1989) • May 27Ajahn Buddhadasa, Thai Buddhist monk (d. 1993) • May 29T. H. White, British writer (d. 1964) • June 3Josephine Baker, American-born French entertainer (d. 1975) • June 6Max August Zorn, German-born American mathematician (d. 1993) • June 15Léon Degrelle, Belgian fascist (d. 1994) • June 17James H. Flatley, American admiral, aviator (d. 1958) • June 19 – Sir Ernst Chain, German-born British biochemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1979) • June 22Anne Morrow Lindbergh, American author, aviator (d. 2001) • Billy Wilder, Austrian-born American screenwriter, film director and producer (d. 2002) • June 24Pierre Fournier, French cellist (d. 1986) • June 26Viktor Schreckengost, American industrial designer, teacher, sculptor and artist (d. 2008) • M. P. Sivagnanam, Indian politician (d. 1995) • June 27Catherine Cookson, English author (d. 1998) • June 28Maria Goeppert Mayer, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1972) July–August July 1Jean Dieudonné, French mathematician, academic (d. 1992) • Estée Lauder, American cosmetics entrepreneur (d. 2004) • Ivan Neill, British Army officer and Irish Unionist politician (d. 2001) • July 2Hans Bethe, German-born American physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 2005) • Károly Kárpáti, Hungarian Jewish wrestler (d. 1996) • July 3Alberto Lleras Camargo, Colombian politician, 20th President of Colombia (d. 1990) • George Sanders, Russian-born British actor (d. 1972) • July 4Vincent Schaefer, American chemist, meteorologist (d. 1993) • July 7Helene Johnson, African-American poet (d. 1995) • Satchel Paige, American baseball player (d. 1982) • July 8Philip Johnson, American architect (d. 2005) • July 11Herbert Wehner, German politician (d. 1990) • July 17Dunc Gray, Australian track cyclist (d. 1996) • July 18S. I. Hayakawa, Canadian-born American academic, politician (d. 1992) • July 21Caroline Smith, American diver (d. 1994) • July 23Vladimir Prelog, Croatian chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1998) • August 5Joan Hickson, British actress (d. 1998) • John Huston, American film director, screenwriter, and actor (d. 1987) • Wassily Leontief, Russian economist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1999) • August 5Marie-José of Belgium, last Queen of Italy (d. 2001) • August 14Horst P. Horst, German photographer (d. 1999) • August 17Marcelo Caetano, Prime Minister of Portugal (d. 1980) • August 19Philo Farnsworth, American inventor (d. 1971) • August 26Albert Sabin, Polish-born American medical researcher (d. 1993) • August 27Ed Gein, American serial killer (d. 1984) • August 28John Betjeman, English poet (d. 1984) • August 30Joan Blondell, American actress (d. 1979) September–October September 1Joaquín Balaguer, 41st, 45th, & 49th President of the Dominican Republic, writer (d. 2002) • Eleanor Alice Burford, English writer (d. 1993) • September 4Max Delbrück, German-born American biologist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1981) • September 6Luis Federico Leloir, French-born Argentine chemist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1987) • September 8Andrei Kirilenko, Soviet politician (d. 1990) • September 17J. R. Jayewardene, President of Sri Lanka (d. 1996) • September 26José Figueres Ferrer, 32nd, 34th, & 38th President of Costa Rica (d. 1990) • Dmitri Shostakovich, Russian composer (d. 1975) • September 27William Empson, English poet, critic (d. 1984) • October 6Janet Gaynor, American Academy Award-winning actress (d. 1984) • October 9Léopold Sédar Senghor, 1st President of Senegal (d. 2001) • October 10R. K. Narayan, Indian novelist (d. 2001) • October 14Hassan al-Banna, Egyptian founder of the Muslim Brotherhood (d. 1949) • Hannah Arendt, German political theorist (d. 1975) • October 23Gertrude Ederle, American swimmer (d. 2003) • October 24Marie-Louise von Motesiczky, Austrian-born British painter (d. 1996) • October 26Primo Carnera, Italian boxer (d. 1967) • October 29Fredric Brown, American writer (d. 1972) November–December November 2Ferit Melen, 14th Prime Minister of Turkey (d. 1988) • Luchino Visconti, Italian theatre, cinema director, writer (d. 1976) • November 5Philip Roberts, British general (d. 1997) • Fred Lawrence Whipple, American astronomer (d. 2004) • November 9Arthur Rudolph, German rocket engineer (d. 1996) • November 10Josef Kramer, German Nazi concentration camp commandant (d. 1945) • November 13Wanrong, last empress of China (d. 1946) • Hermione Baddeley, English character actress (d. 1986) • November 14Louise Brooks, American actress (d. 1985) • November 15Curtis LeMay, United States Air Force general, vice-presidential candidate (d. 1990) • November 16Henri Charrière, French author (d. 1973) • November 17Soichiro Honda, Japanese industrialist (d. 1991) • November 18Alec Issigonis, Greek-born British automobile designer (d. 1988) • Klaus Mann, German writer (d. 1949) • George Wald, American scientist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1997) • November 22Jørgen Juve, Norwegian football player and journalist (d. 1983) • December 5Ahn Eak-tai, Korean composer and conductor (d. 1965) • December 9Grace Hopper, American computer scientist, naval officer (d. 1992) • December 13Princess Marina of Greece and Denmark (d. 1968) • Laurens van der Post, South African author, journalist (d. 1996) • December 19Leonid Brezhnev, Soviet leader (d. 1982) • December 24James Hadley Chase, English writer (d. 1985) • December 25Ernst Ruska, German physicist, Nobel Prize laureate (d. 1988) • December 27Oscar Levant, American pianist, composer, author, comedian, and actor (d. 1972) • December 30Carol Reed, English film director (d. 1976) == Deaths ==
Deaths
January–June , King of Denmark • January 1Todor Ivanchov, 11th Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1858) • January 13Alexander Stepanovich Popov, Russian physicist (b. 1859) • January 18 – Sir William Forbes Gatacre, British general (b. 1843) • January 19Bartolomé Mitre, Argentine statesman, military figure and author, 6th President of Argentina (b. 1821) • January 20Maria Cristina of the Immaculate Conception Brando, Italian Roman Catholic nun, saint (b. 1856) • January 25Joseph Wheeler, American general, politician (b. 1836) • January 29 – King Christian IX of Denmark (b. 1818) • February 8Giuseppina Gabriella Bonino, Italian Roman Catholic religious professed (b. 1843) • February 9Paul Laurence Dunbar, American poet and publisher (b. 1872) • February 13Albert Gottschalk, Danish painter (b. 1866) • February 18John B. Stetson, American hat maker (b. 1830) • February 26Jean Lanfray, Swiss convicted murderer (b. 1874) • February 27Samuel Langley, American astronomer, physicist, and aeronautics pioneer (b. 1834) • March 1José María de Pereda, Spanish writer (b. 1833) • March 4John Schofield, American general (b. 1831) • March 8Henry Baker Tristram, English clergyman, ornithologist (b. 1822) • March 12Manuel Quintana, 15th President of Argentina (b. 1835) • March 13Susan B. Anthony, American civil rights, women's suffrage activist (b. 1820) • Joseph Monier, French gardener, inventor (b. 1823) • March 17Johann Most, German-American anarchist (b. 1846) • March 19Victor Fatio, Swiss zoologist (b. 1838) • March 20Adeline Dutton Train Whitney, American author of juvenile literature for girls (b. 1824) • March 23Thomas Lake Harris, American poet (b. 1823) • March 29Slava Raškaj, Croatian painter (b. 1877) • Albert Sorel, French historian (b. 1842) • April 6Alexander Kielland, Norwegian author (b. 1849) • April 19Pierre Curie, French physicist, Nobel Prize laureate, in road accident (b. 1859) • Spencer Gore, British tennis player, cricketer (b. 1850) • April 25John Knowles Paine, American composer (b. 1839) • May 10Hashim Jalilul Alam Aqamaddin, Sultan of Brunei (b. 1825) • May 14Carl Schurz, German revolutionary, American statesman (b. 1829) • May 23Henrik Ibsen, Norwegian playwright (b. 1828) • June 5Eduard von Hartmann, German philosopher (b. 1842) • June 10Richard Seddon, 15th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1845) • June 17Harry Nelson Pillsbury, American chess champion (b. 1872) • June 25Stanford White, American architect (b. 1853) July–December July 1Manuel García, Spanish opera singer, music educator and vocal pedagogue (b. 1805) • July 11Grace Brown, American murder/and or drowning victim (b. 1886) • July 17Carlos Pellegrini, 11th President of Argentina (b. 1846) • August 6George Waterhouse, 7th Prime Minister of New Zealand (b. 1824) • August 14Aniceto Arce, 27th President of Bolivia (b. 1824) • August 19Ezequiél Moreno y Díaz, Colombian Roman Catholic priest, saint (b. 1848) • September 1Giuseppe Giacosa, Italian poet, librettist (b. 1847) • September 5Ludwig Boltzmann, Austrian physicist (b. 1854) • September 13Emily Pitts Stevens, American school founder (b. 1841) • September 23August Bondeson, Swedish author (b. 1844) • October 9Adelaide Ristori, Italian actress (b. 1822) • October 16Varina Davis, First Lady of the Confederate States of America (b. 1826) • October 19Arthur von Mohrenheim, Russian diplomat (b. 1824) • Charles Pfizer, German-American chemist, co-founder of Pfizer (b. 1824) • October 22Paul Cézanne, French painter (b. 1839) • October 23Vladimir Stasov, Russian music critic (b. 1824) • October 30Gathorne Gathorne-Hardy, 1st Earl of Cranbrook, British politician (b. 1814) • November 1Archduke Otto of Austria (b. 1865) • November 7Todor Burmov, 1st Prime Minister of Bulgaria (b. 1834) • November 9 – Saint Elizabeth of the Trinity, French Discalced Carmelite religious professed and saint (b. 1880) • November 12William Rufus Shafter, American general (b. 1835) • November 16 – Mother Veronica of the Passion, Ottoman-born religious leader (b. 1823) • November 19, – Georgia Cayvan, American stage actress (b. 1857) • November 28Jennie Yeamans, Australian-born American actress (b. 1862) • November 30 • Sir Edward Reed, British naval architect, author, politician, and railroad magnate (b. 1830) • John Ward (geologist), English palaeontologist (b. 1837) • December 7Élie Ducommun, Swiss journalist and activist, Nobel Prize laureate (b. 1833) • December 8Sylvia Gerrish, American musical theatre star (b. 1860) • December 13Jan Gerard Palm, Dutch composer (b. 1831) • December 21Rajendrasuri, Indian religious reformer (b. 1827) • December 30Josephine Butler, British feminist, social reformer (b. 1828) == Nobel Prizes ==
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