Early Ottoman period • 1516: The
Ottoman Empire replaces the Mamluks in Palestine after Sultan
Selim I defeats the last
Mamluk Sultan
Al-Ashraf Qansuh al-Ghawri at the
Battle of Marj Dabiq (
Aleppo) and the
Battle of Yaunis Khan (Gaza). • 1517: Sultan Selim I makes a pilgrimage to Jerusalem on his way to the final defeat of the Mamluks at the
Battle of Ridaniya (
Cairo). Selim proclaims himself
Caliph of the Islamic world. • 1518:
Abu Ghosh clan sent to Jerusalem to restore order and to secure the pilgrimage route between
Jaffa and Jerusalem. • 1535–1538:
Suleiman the Magnificent rebuilds walls around Jerusalem. • 1541: The
Golden Gate is permanently sealed. • 1546: On 14 January a damaging earthquake shook the
Palestine region. The epicentre of the earthquake was in the
Jordan River in a location between the
Dead Sea and the
Sea of Galilee. The cities of
Jerusalem,
Hebron,
Nablus,
Gaza and
Damascus were damaged. • 1555: Father Boniface of
Ragusa,
Franciscan Custodian of the Holy Land, repairs the Tomb of Christ (the
Aedicula) in the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This was the first time the tomb was opened since the visit of
Saint Helena in 326. It was carried out with the permission of
Pope Julius III and Sultan Suleiman the Magnificent, and with funds from
Philip II of Spain who claimed the title
King of Jerusalem. • 1604: First
Protectorate of missions agreed under the
Capitulations of the Ottoman Empire, in which
Ahmad I agreed that the subjects of
Henry IV of France were free to visit the Holy Places of Jerusalem. French missionaries begin to travel to Jerusalem and other major
Ottoman cities. • 1624: Following the
Battle of Anjar,
Druze prince
Fakhr-al-Din II is appointed the "Emir of Arabistan" by the Ottomans to govern the region from Aleppo to Jerusalem. He toured his new provinces in the same year. • 1663–1665:
Sabbatai Zevi, founder of the
Sabbateans, preaches in Jerusalem before travelling back to his native
Smyrna where he proclaimed himself the
Messiah. • 1672:
Synod of Jerusalem. • 1700:
Judah the Pious with 1000 followers settle in Jerusalem. • 1703–1705: The
Naqib al-Ashraf revolt, during which the city's inhabitants revolted against heavy taxation. It was ultimately put down two years later by Jurji Muhammad Pasha. • 1705: Restrictions imposed against the Jews. • 1744: The English reference book
Modern history or the present state of all nations stated that "Jerusalem is still reckoned the capital city of Palestine". • 1757 Ottoman
firman is issued regarding the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre. • 1771–1772: The renegade Christian Mamluk ruler of Egypt
Ali Bey al-Kabir temporarily took control of Jerusalem with 30,000 troops, together with
Zahir al-Umar and
Russia (who had also instigated a Greek revolt as part of the
Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)). • 1774: The
Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca is signed between
Catherine the Great and Sultan
Abdul Hamid I giving Russia the right to protect all Christians in the
Ottoman Empire.(Same rights previously given to France (1535) and England.) • 1798:
Patriarch Anthemus of Jerusalem contended that the Ottoman Empire was part of God's
divine providence to protect the
Eastern Orthodox Church from
Roman Catholicism and Western secularism. • 1799:
Napoleon's unsuccessful
campaign in Egypt and Syria intends to capture Jerusalem, but is defeated at the
Siege of Acre.
Late Ottoman period of Jerusalem shown within Ottoman administrative divisions in the Levant after the reorganisation of 1887–88 • 1821:
Greek War of Independence begins after
Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras proclaimed a national uprising against the
Ottoman Empire at the Monastery of
Agia Lavra. Jerusalem's
Christian population, who were estimated to make up around 20 percent of the city's total (with the majority being
Greek Orthodox), were forced by the
Ottoman authorities to relinquish their weapons, wear black and help improve the city's fortifications. • 1825–1826: Antitax rebellion takes control of the citadel and expels the city's garrison. The rebellion is put down by
Abdullah Pasha. • 1827: First visit by
Sir Moses Montefiore. • 1831:
Wali Muhammad Ali of Egypt conquers the city following Sultan
Mahmud II's refusal to grant him control over
Syria as compensation for his help fighting the Greek War of Independence. The invasion led to the
First Turko-Egyptian War. • 1833: Armenians establish the first printing press in the city. • 1834: Jerusalem revolts against conscription under the rule of Muhammad Ali of Egypt during the
1834 Arab revolt in Palestine. • 1836: The first charity medical clinic opened by a Christian doctor and a druggist, who were missionaries of the
Church's Ministry Among Jewish People. • 1838–1857: The first European consulates are opened in the city (e.g.
Britain 1838). • 1839–1840: Rabbi
Judah Alkalai publishes "The Pleasant Paths" and "The Peace of Jerusalem", urging the return of European Jews to
Jerusalem and
Palestine. • 1840: A
firman is issued by
Ibrahim Pasha forbidding Jews to pave the passageway in front of the
Western Wall. It also cautioned them against "raising their voices and displaying their books there." • 1840: The Ottoman Turks retake the city—with help from the English (
Lord Palmerston). • 1841: The
British and
Prussian Governments as well as the
Church of England and the
Evangelical Church in Prussia establish a joint Protestant Bishopric in Jerusalem, with
Michael Solomon Alexander as the first Protestant bishop in Jerusalem. • 1844: Christian clinic had become a hospital. • 1847:
Giuseppe Valerga is appointed as the first
Latin Patriarch of Jerusalem since the Crusades. • 1852: Sultan
Abdülmecid I published a firman setting out the rights and responsibility of each community at the
Church of the Holy Sepulchre. The firman is known as the "
Status quo" and its protocol is still in force today. • 1853–1854: Under military and financial pressure from
Napoleon III, Sultan Abdulmecid I accepts a treaty confirming
France and the
Roman Catholic Church as the supreme authority in the Holy Land with control over the Church of the Holy Sepulchre. This decision contravened the 1774 treaty with Russia, and led to the
Crimean War. • 1854:
Albert Cohn makes his first visit to the city, at the request of the
Consistoire Central des Israélites de France. • 1857–1890: The
Batei Mahse, two-storey buildings, are built in the Jewish Quarter by the Batei Mahse Company, an organization of Dutch and German Jews • 1860: The first Jewish neighbourhood (
Mishkenot Sha'ananim) is built outside the Old City walls, in an area later known as
Yemin Moshe, by Sir Moses Montefiore and
Judah Touro, as part of the process to "leave the walls" (). • 1862:
Moses Hess publishes
Rome and Jerusalem, arguing for a Jewish homeland in
Palestine centred on Jerusalem. • 1862: The eldest son of
Queen Victoria,
Prince Albert Edward (later
Edward VII), visited Jerusalem. • 1864-1865:
Ordnance Survey of Jerusalem • 1868: Bahá’u’lláh is exiled to Akko fortress by the Ottoman Turks, with about 70 followers in His retinue. He calls for the return of the Jews.
Mahane Israel becomes the second Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls after it was built by
Maghrebi Jews from the Old City. • 1869:
Nahalat Shiv'a becomes the third Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls, built as a cooperative effort. • 1872:
Beit David becomes the fourth Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls, built as an
almshouse. • 1873–1875:
Mea She'arim is built (the fifth Jewish neighbourhood outside the walls). • 1877: Jerusalem representative
Yousef al-Khalidi is appointed President of the Chamber of Deputies in the short-lived first Ottoman parliament following the accession of
Abdul Hamid II and the declaration of the
Kanun-ı Esasî. • 1881: The
American Colony is established by
Chicago natives
Anna and
Horatio Spafford. • 1881:
Eliezer Ben-Yehuda moves to Jerusalem to begin his development of modern
Hebrew to replace the languages used by Jews who made
aliyah from various regions of the world. • 1882: The
First Aliyah results in 25,000–35,000
Zionist immigrants entering the Palestine region. • 1886:
Church of Maria Magdalene is built by the
Russian Orthodox Church. • 1887–1888: Ottoman Palestine divided into the districts of Jerusalem,
Nablus and
Acre—Jerusalem District is "autonomous", i.e. attached directly to
Istanbul. • 1892: Bahá’u’lláh passes away 29 May, succeeded by His eldest Son ‘Abdu’l-Bahá. • 1897:
First Zionist Congress at which Jerusalem was discussed as the possible capital of a future Jewish state. In response,
Abdul Hamid II initiates policy of sending members of his own palace staff to govern province of Jerusalem. • 1898: German Emperor
Kaiser Wilhelm II visits the city to dedicate the
Lutheran Church of the Redeemer. He meets
Theodor Herzl outside the city walls. • 1899:
St. George's Cathedral is built, becoming the seat of the
Anglican Bishop of Jerusalem of the
Episcopal Church in Jerusalem and the Middle East. • 1901:
Ottoman restrictions on Zionist immigration to and land acquisition in Jerusalem district take effect. • 1906:
Bezalel Academy of Art and Design is founded. • 1908:
Young Turk Revolution reconvenes the
Ottoman Parliament, to which the Jerusalem district sends two members. ==British Mandate==