about over 200 million scientific documents is launched, OpenAlex.The graphs
(full) show one visualization of recent developments of science overall
based on this data (fewer papers may not be associated with decreasing success, priority, impact or activity).
January February March April • 1 April • Biochemists report finishing the complete sequence of the
human genome. • A study shows that, contrary to widespread belief, body sizes of mammal extinction survivors of the
dinosaur-times extinction event were the
first to evolutionarily increase, with
brain sizes increasing later in the
Eocene. • 4 April • The
Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) releases the third and final part of its
Sixth Assessment Report on
climate change, warning that
greenhouse gas emissions must peak before
2025 at the latest and decline 43% by
2030, in order to likely limit global warming to 1.5 °C (2.7 °F). • Researchers announce a new technique for accelerating the development of vaccines and other pharmaceutical products by up to a million times, using much smaller quantities based on
DNA nanotechnology. •
Alzheimer's disease (AD) research progress:A study reports 42 new genes linked to an increased risk of AD. Researchers report a potential primary mechanism of sleep disturbance as an early-stage effect of neurodegenerative diseases. Researchers identify several genes associated with
changes in brain structure over lifetime and potential AD therapy-targets (5 Apr). and current data is true as well,
the world may start to end within the next 100 My, during which
accelerating expansion of the Universe would inverse to contraction (a
cyclic model). • 5 April •
COVID-19 pandemic: Preclinical data for a new vaccine developed at the
Medical University of Vienna indicates it is effective against all
SARS-CoV-2 variants known to date, including
Omicron. • A study presents a mechanism by which
the hypothesized potential dark-energy-explaining quintessence, if true, would smoothly cause the
accelerating expansion of the Universe to inverse to contraction, possibly within the
cosmic near-future (100 My) given current data. It concludes that
its end-time scenario theory fits "naturally with
cyclic cosmologies [(each a theory of cycles of
universe originations and ends, rather than the theories of one
Big Bang beginning of the Universe/
multiverse, to which authors were major contributors)] and recent conjectures about
quantum gravity". • 6 April •
U.S. Space Command, based on information collected from its
planetary defense sensors, confirms the detection of the first known
interstellar object. The purported interstellar meteorite, technically known as
CNEOS 2014-01-08, impacted Earth in 2014, and was determined, based on its
hyperbolic trajectory and estimated initial
high velocity, to be from beyond the
Solar System. The 2014 meteorite was detected three years earlier than the more recent and widely known interstellar objects,
Oumuamua in 2017 and
2I/Borisov in 2019. Further related studies were reported on 1 September 2023. • The first known
dinosaur fossil linked to the very day of the
Chicxulub impact is reported by paleontologists at the
Tanis site in North Dakota. • One science journalist reflects on the global management of the
COVID-19 pandemic in relation to science, investigating
the question "Why the
WHO took two years to say
COVID is airborne" – a finding hundreds of scientists reaffirmed in an
open letter in July 2020 – with one indication being that this may be a major concern for many expert scientists, as evidenced by several writings published by news outlets. • A study decodes electrical
communication between fungi into word-like
components via spiking characteristics. • Researchers demonstrate semi-automated testing for
reproducibility (
which is lacking especially in cancer research) via extraction of statements about experimental results in, as of 2022
non-semantic, gene expression cancer research papers and subsequent testing with breast cancer cell lines via
robot scientist "
Eve".
between fungi into word-like
components. • 7 April • Astronomers report the discovery of
HD1, considered to be the earliest and most
distant known galaxy yet identified in the
observable universe, located only about 330 million years after the
Big Bang 13.8 billion years ago, a light-travel distance of 13.5 billion light-years from
Earth, and, due to the
expansion of the universe, a
present proper distance of 33.4 billion light-years. • Physicists from the
Collider Detector at Fermilab determine the mass of the
W boson with a precision of 0.01%. The result hints at a flaw in the
Standard Model. • A trial of estimated financial energy cost of
refrigerators alongside
EU energy-efficiency class (EEEC) labels online finds that the approach of
labels involves a trade-off between
financial considerations and higher cost requirements in effort or time for the product-selection from the
many available options which are often unlabelled and don't have any EEEC-requirement for being bought, used or sold within the EU. • 8 April • Bioresearchers demonstrate an
in vitro method () for
rejuvenation (including the
transcriptome and
epigenome)
reprogramming in which
fibroblast skin cells temporarily lose their cell identity. • Researchers show
air pollution in fast-growing tropical cities caused
~500,000 earlier deaths in 2018 with a substantial recent and
projected rise, proposing "regulatory action targeting emerging anthropogenic sources". • 11 April – A study confirms
antidepressant potential of
psilocybin therapy protocols (which use the active ingredient in
psilocybin mushrooms), providing
fMRI data about a correlated likely major effect mechanism –
global increases in brain network integration. • 12 April –
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine:An editorial in a scientific journal reports that relevant areas of
food system research are patchy and lack independent assessments. An editorial projects significant gender and age imbalance
in the population in Ukraine as a substantial problem if most refugees, as in other cases, do not return over time (4 Apr). A
preprint reports impacts of the
Ukrainian power grid synchronization with Continental Europe (15 Apr). /
space debris similar to terrestrial
environmental regulations. • 14 April •
GNz7q, a distant
starburst galaxy, is reported as being a "missing link" between
supermassive black holes and the evolution of
quasars. • A study describes the impact of climate change on the survival of
cacti. It finds that 60% of species will experience a reduction in favourable climate by 2050–2070, with
epiphytes having the greatest exposure to increased warming. • A
preprint demonstrates how
backdoors can be placed undetectably into classifying (e.g. posts as "spam" or well-visible "not spam")
machine learning models which are often developed and/or trained by third parties. Parties can change the classification of any input, including in cases with types of
data/software transparency, possibly including
white-box access. 2021' pass
peer-review, showing problematic continuation of GHG emissions trends. • 16 April – A
review suggests that global prevalence of
long COVID conditions after infection could be as high as 43%, with the most common symptoms being
fatigue and memory problems. • 19 April –
NASA publishes its
Planetary Science Decadal Survey for 2023-2032. The future mission recommendations include a
Uranus orbiter (the first visit to the planet since
1986) and the
Enceladus Orbilander (landing in the early 2050s). • 20 April •
Micronovae, a previously unknown class of thermonuclear explosions on the surface of
white dwarfs, are described for the first time. • A study shows that common single-use plastic products – such as
paper coffee cups that are lined with a thin plastic film inside – release trillions of
microplastics-nanoparticles per liter
into water during normal use. • 21 April – Researchers discover that humans are interrupting a 66-million-years-old feature of
ecosystems, the relationship between diet and body mass, by driving the
largest vertebrate animals towards
extinction, which they suggest could have unpredictable consequences. • 22 April • The
Large Hadron Collider recommences full operations, three years after being shut down for upgrades. • Scientists suggest in a
study that
space governance of satellites/
space debris should regulate the current free
externalization of true costs and risks, with
orbital space around the Earth being an "additional ecosystem" which should be subject to
regulations as
e.g. oceans on Earth. •
Cancer research progress:The largest study of whole cancer genomes reports 58 new
mutational signatures and shows that for each organ "cancers have a limited number of common signatures and a long tail of rare signatures". A study reports presence of certain bacteria in the prostate and urine for aggressive forms of
prostate cancer, with
biomarker- and therapeutic potentials being unclear (18 Apr). • 25 April •
Novel foods such as under-development
cultured meat, existing
microbial foods and
ground-up insects are shown to have the potential to
reduce environmental impacts by over 80% in a study. • A
review about meat and
sustainability of food systems, animal welfare, and healthy nutrition concludes that its consumption has to be reduced substantially for
sustainable consumption and names broad potential measures such as "restrictions or fiscal mechanisms". • A new type of
cell death 'erebosis' is reported after copper-dependent cell death was first reported the previous month. • 26 April • Scientists report the detection of
purine and
pyrimidine nucleobases in several
meteorites, including
guanine,
adenine,
cytosine,
uracil and
thymine, and claim that such meteoritic nucleobases could serve as "building blocks of
DNA and
RNA on the
early Earth". •
The Global Carbon Budget 2021 concludes that fossil emissions rebounded by around +4.8% relative to 2020 emissions – returning to 2019 levels, identifies three major issues for improving reliable accuracy of monitoring, shows that China and India surpassed 2019 levels (by 5.7% and 3.2%) while the EU and the US stayed beneath 2019 levels (by 5.3% and 4.5%), quantifies various changes and trends, for the first time provides models' estimates that are linked to the official country
GHG inventories reporting, and shows that the remaining
carbon budget at 1. Jan 2022 for a 50% likelihood to
limit global warming to 1.5 °C is 120 GtC (420 Gt) – or 11 years of 2021 emissions levels. A study published one day earlier integrates "green water" along with "blue water" into an index to measure and project
water scarcity in
agriculture for climate change scenarios. • 27 April • A lineage of
H3N8 bird flu is found to infect humans for the first time, with a case reported in the
Henan province of China. Months earlier,
H5 strain bird flu viruses (HPAIv) have been detected in Canada and the US. • A study extends
global assessments of shares of species threatened by extinction with reptiles, which often play functional roles in their respective
ecosystems, indicating at least 21% are threatened
by extinction. One day later, scientists quantify global and local
mass extinction risks of marine life from climate change and
conservation potentials. • Researchers report routes for
recycling 200 industrial
waste chemicals into important drugs and agrochemicals using a software for
computer-aided chemical synthesis design, helping enable "circular chemistry" as a potential area of a
circular economy. • 28 April • A comprehensive
review reaffirms likely beneficial health effects with links to health/
life extension of cycles of
caloric restriction and
intermittent fasting as well as reducing
meat consumption in humans. It identifies issues with contemporary
nutrition research approaches, proposing a multi-pillar approach, and summarizes findings towards constructing – multi-system-considering and at least age-personalized dynamic – refined
longevity diets and proposes inclusion of such in standard
preventive healthcare. • A company reports results of a
phase 3 clinical trial, indicating that
tirzepatide could be used for substantial
weight loss – possibly larger than the, as of 2022 also
expensive, • Researchers publish projections for interspecies viral sharing, that can lead to
novel viral spillovers, due to ongoing
climate change-caused range-shifts of mammals (mostly bats) for use in efforts of
pandemic prevention.
May , black hole in the
Galactic Center of the Milky Way, revealed by the Event Horizon Telescope team • 1 May • A
preprint indicates
Omicron subvariants BA.4 and BA.5 can cause a large share of
reinfections, beyond the increase of reinfections caused by the Omicron lineage, even for people who
were infected by Omicron BA.1 due to increases in
immune evasion, especially for the
unvaccinated. On 18 May, a study shows that
immunity from an Omicron infection for unvaccinated and previously uninfected is weak "against non-Omicron
variants". • A
preprint suggests that SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in or transmitted through the air are an unrecognized mechanism by which, transferred,
passive immune protection occurs. However, if not sustained, protection from
passive herd immunity is thought to wane over the course of weeks to months. • 4 May • NASA reports the
sonification (converting astronomical data associated with
pressure waves into
sound) of the
black hole at the center of the
Perseus galaxy cluster. • A single
master gene that programs
ear hair cells into either outer or inner ones is discovered, overcoming a major hurdle that had prevented the development of these cells to reverse
hearing loss. • A study complements
life-cycle assessment studies, showing substantial
deforestation reduction (56%) and
climate change mitigation if only of per-capita beef
was replaced by
microbial protein by 2050. • A study suggests, using an epidemiological model, that by reducing the transferred
viral load,
face masks against COVID19 may be beneficial for
variolation whereby "smaller infectious doses tend to yield milder infections, yet ultimately
induce similar levels of immunity". • 5 May • The monthly average
carbon dioxide () level in Earth's atmosphere exceeds 420
parts per million (ppm) for the first time in
recorded history. • A new approach to reverse of
neuropathic pain is demonstrated in animals – a
gene therapy for local
transgenes encoding for (releasing)
GABA which is effective for months at a time. • A study demonstrates that a 30%
caloric restriction extended life spans of male
C57BL/6J mice by 10% but when combined with daily
intermittent fasting and eating during the most active time of the day it extended life span by 35%. of global climate goals. • 6 May • Scientists report the discovery of 830million-year-old
microorganisms in fluid inclusions within
halite that may,
potentially, still be alive. According to the researchers, "This study has implications for the search for life in both terrestrial and extraterrestrial chemical sedimentary rocks." • Low
butyrylcholinesterase specific activity is identified as a potential
biomarker for infants at risk for
sudden infant death syndrome in a small
crowd-funded study. • 8 May – The UK's
Met Office warns, with
WMO affirmation, that the probability of
global average temperatures reaching
1.5 °C above pre-industrial levels over the next five years is now almost 50:50 (48%). It also predicts a more than 90% chance that a new record high will occur in at least one year from 2022 to 2026. • 9 May • A study reports that declining numbers of the largest fish on Earth, the endangered
whale shark, may be linked to collisions
with large vessels in the global transport fleet. • News outlets report about the first global, interactive AI- and
satellite monitoring-based, map and analysis of
plastic waste sites to help
prevention of
plastic pollution, especially
ocean pollution. • 10 May – A sixth
mass bleaching event is recorded at the
Great Barrier Reef, with 91% of corals affected. cosmological models could each explain specific open problems
of physics or
cosmology. • 11 May • A logic gate for computation at
femtosecond timescales is demonstrated. • A study shows that infusing the nourishing
cerebrospinal fluid from around brain cells of young mice into
aged brains rejuvenates aspects of the brain, identifying
FGF17 as a key target for potential therapeutics such as
of anti-aging. • Scientists close a missing link in the potential
origin of life from a
RNA world – synergistic formation of
peptides and ever-longer
RNAs or peptide-decorated RNA, leading to a
protein world. • A study suggests that in
children at age 8–12 during two years, time
gaming or watching digital videos can be positively correlated with
measures intelligence, albeit correlations with overall
screen time (including social media, socializing and TV) were not investigated and 'time gaming' did not differentiate between categories of video games (e.g. shares of games' platform and
genre). • 12 May •
Sagittarius A*, the
supermassive black hole at the center of the
Milky Way galaxy, is imaged for the first time by the
Event Horizon Telescope team. • Researchers report that
lunar soil has been used to
grow plants for the first time. • Researchers identify the 425 biggest fossil fuel extraction projects globally, of which 40% as of 2020 are new projects that haven't yet started extraction. They conclude that "defusing" these "carbon bombs" – worked on by only "few actors" to date – would be necessary for
climate change mitigation of global climate goals. On 17 May, a separate study finds that "staying within a 1.5 °C
carbon budget (50% probability) implies leaving almost 40% of 'developed reserves' of
fossil fuels unextracted". On 26 May, a study calculates climate policies-induced future lost financial profits from global
stranded fossil-fuel assets. • 17 May • Isotopically pure
silicon-28 nanowires are shown to conduct heat 150% better than regular silicon, with potential for improved cooling of computer chips. • A review concludes that, like in 2015,
pollution ( from
air pollution) was responsible for
9 million premature deaths in 2019 (one in six deaths). It concludes that little real
progress against pollution can be identified and outlines needs for attention and action such as a "formal
science–
policy interface". • A
trial shows that
Urolithin A can improve muscle strength,
exercise performance, and
biomarkers of
mitochondrial health. • 18 May • NASA reports that the
Voyager 1 spacecraft, the farthest human-made object, is sending data that does not reflect what is happening on board with the antenna apparently remaining in its prescribed orientation to Earth. On 17 June, it was reported that NASA is preparing to power down the two Voyager spacecraft in the hope of using the remaining power to extend their operation to about 2030. • A study shows how a
Twin-world models cosmological model – already extensively studied to find out why gravity appears much weaker than other known forces – could explain the
Hubble constant (H0) tension via interactions between the two worlds. The "mirror world" would contain copies of all existing fundamental particles. On 2 May, another twin/pair-world or "bi-worlds"
cosmology is shown to theoretically be able to solve the
cosmological constant (Λ) problem, closely related to
dark energy: two interacting worlds with a large Λ each resulting in a small shared effective Λ. Previous similar models e.g. attempt to explain the baryon asymmetry – why there was more matter than antimatter at the beginning –
with a mirror anti-universe. • 19 May • Scientists report that
RNA was found to be formed spontaneously on prebiotic
basalt lava glass which is presumed to have been abundantly available on the
early Earth. • The
yellow-billed hornbill of
southern Africa, famous for its role in Disney's
The Lion King, is reported to be at risk of extinction due to rising temperatures in the region. •
Boeing starts the one-week
second uncrewed test flight of its
Starliner space capsule in advance of its
first crewed test flight later in 2022. • A study estimates losses of 61 metals to help the development of
circular economy strategies, showing that usespans of, often scarce,
tech-critical metals are short. • 20 May – Global warming is projected to substantially
erode sleep worldwide. outbreak in 12 non-endemic countries. • 21 May • The
WHO informs about the international
2022 monkeypox outbreak in non-endemic countries – an unprecedented number of cases detected outside of Africa after the first of these cases was detected on 6 May. On 24 May, the WHO states that the outbreak can be contained. The main method used for the
early containment is '
ring vaccination' – vaccinating close contacts of positive cases via existing vaccines. • 23 May • Researchers report that
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing has
been used to
boost vitamin D in
tomatoes. • A study shows why decarbonization must be accompanied by strategies to reduce the levels of
short-lived climate pollutants with near-term effects
for climate goals. • 24 May • Scientists report the first
3D-printed lab-grown wood. It is unclear if it could ever be used on a commercial scale (e.g. with sufficient production efficiency and quality). • A
CDC study based on
electronic health records shows that "one in five COVID-19 survivors aged 18–64 years and one in four survivors aged ≥65 years experienced at least one incident condition that might be attributable to previous COVID-19" or long COVID. On 18 May, an analysis of private healthcare claims shows that of 78,252 patients diagnosed with '
long COVID', 75.8% had not been hospitalized for COVID-19. • 25 May – The world's
smallest remote-controlled walking robot, measuring just half a millimetre wide, is demonstrated. Potential applications include the clearing of blocked
arteries. • 26 May – A
climate change study reveals that storms in the
Southern Hemisphere have already
reached intensity levels previously predicted to occur only in the year
2080. is confirmed as the world's first exascale supercomputer. • 27 May • A new compact
CRISPR gene editing tool better suited for therapeutic (temporary)
RNA editing than Cas13 is reported, Cas7-11, – of which an early version was used for
in vitro editing in 2021. •
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine:According to a news report academics in Russia are compiling or circulating a list of researchers who have supported Russia's invasion to prevent them from being elected to the
Russian Academy of Sciences. An editorial published in a journal notes that
remote surgery and
types of videoconferencing for sharing expertise (e.g.
ad hoc assistance) have been and could be used to support doctors in Ukraine (3 May). A forum contribution analyzes Russian users' reactions to the
Bucha massacre on social media – on nationalist
Telegram channels (9 May). The
FAO estimates that "at least 20 percent of Ukraine's winter crops" "
may not be harvested or planted" (13 May). A
preprint estimates potential impacts of the EU
embargoing fossil fuels from Russia, suggesting implementing such via a partial embargo with
tariffs may be beneficial (25 May). • 28 May – A new
direct air capture system using
isophorone diamine is demonstrated, able to remove
carbon dioxide with 99% efficiency and more than twice as fast as existing systems. • 30 May –
Frontier is announced by
Oak Ridge National Laboratory as the world's first exascale
supercomputer. • 31 May – Success of record-long (3 days rather than usually , that could preserve organs by the latter methods for much longer with substantially reduced damage.
June – clonal diversity loss of
hematopoietic stem cells – which could enable
healthy aging. • 1 June – A study shows the clonal diversity of
stem cells that
produce blood cells gets drastically reduced around age 70 , substantiating
a novel theory of ageing which could enable
healthy aging. • 2 June – First success of a clinical trial for a
3D bioprinted transplant, an
external ear to treat
microtia, that is made from the patient's own cells is reported. • 3 June – The
NOAA reports that the global concentration of
carbon dioxide in Earth's atmosphere is now 50% greater than in pre-industrial times, and is likely at a level last seen
4.1 to 4.5 million years ago, at 421 parts per million (ppm). • 5 June – Progress in the
treatment of cancer:A very small trial shows complete remission of a type of
colorectal cancer without surgery and radiation in all 12 patients. On the same day, results of a trial show that
trastuzumab deruxtecan therapy for
HER2-low metastatic
breast cancer exceeded results from
chemotherapy. The synthesis of ERX-41, a novel compound that has shown promise in eliminating
cancer cells, is reported (2 June). Researchers describe a new light-activated '
photoimmunotherapy' for
brain cancer in vitro. They believe it could join surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy and immunotherapy as a fifth major form of cancer treatment (16 June). • 6 June – Cats are added to the
list of animals that can get SARS-CoV-2 and spread it back to humans, albeit the transmission is considered uncommon and not to be a source of
variants of concern since the August 2021 detection. research finds the "presumably slow-evolving"
DNA virus has evolved roughly 6–12-fold more mutations than one would expect. – likely by a spent
rocket body – unintentionally
hit the lunar surface on 4 March. • 8 June • Observation of the , a
Higgs boson-like excitation in a
charge density wave material, is reported. It was incorrectly reported in some press releases as a
dark matter particle. • Scientists provide an overview of the capabilities of missions and observatories for detecting various alien
technosignatures. • 9 June • A study estimates the
air pollution impacts on climate change and the ozone layer from rocket launches and re-entry of reusable components and
debris in 2019 and from a theoretical future
space industry extrapolated from the "
billionaire space race". It concludes that substantial effects from routine
space tourism should "motivate
regulation". • Researchers report a robotic finger
covered in a type of manufactured living human skin. Researchers demonstrate an
electronic skin giving biological
skin-like
haptic sensations and touch/pain-sensitivity to a robotic hand (1 June). A system of an electronic skin and a human-machine interface is reported that can enable
remote sensed tactile perception, and
wearable or
robotic sensing of many hazardous substances and
pathogens (1 June). A multilayer
tactile sensor hydrogel-based robot skin is demonstrated (8 June). • 10 June – The core of the
globular cluster NGC 3201 is shown to harbor a sub-cluster of nearly a hundred
black holes. The same study also confirms that the globular cluster
NGC 6397 has ejected most of its original black hole population, and its inner mass excess is composed by hundreds of massive
white dwarfs. • 13 June –
Science and the
2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine:Groups of academics report how global
science community could help Ukraine via an action plan, including for helping organizing (re)vitalization of
Ukrainian science and reconstruction in the future. On the same day, a researcher outlined a number of possible major
policy-based actions that could mitigate the energy and resource crises caused or exacerbated by the war. Russian space agency
Roscosmos announces the intent to, unilaterally and hazardously, take over paused telescope
eROSITA, launched in collaboration with Germany (4 June). A science journalist outlines some of the
food system-related
environmental impacts of the war (21 June). A study reports a number of humanitarian,
economic, and financial impacts of the war (23 June). • 15 June • Astronomers identify
J1144 as the fastest-growing
black hole of the last nine billion years, consuming matter equivalent to one Earth every second, as well as being the most luminous quasi-stellar object of that period. • Researchers report
Lac-Phe as the most significantly induced circulating
metabolite in two animal models of
exercise which – including via chronic administration – reduces food intake and suppresses obesity. • 20 June • A study suggests global
food miles emissions are 3.5–7.5 times
higher than previously estimated, with transport accounting for about 19% of total food-system emissions, albeit shifting towards plant-based diets remains substantially more important. • Researchers demonstrate an
MRI-
ML-based approach that can
diagnose early Alzheimer's disease and may help identify unknown related changes in the brain. • 21 June – The inability to
stand on one leg for 10 seconds in mid to later life is linked to a near-doubling in the risk of death from any cause within the next 10 years. • 22 June • A study concludes that
the spread of
breast cancer accelerates during
sleep. •
Agilicious, an
open-source and
open-hardware versatile standardized
quadrotor drone, currently tailored toward agility,
is released. • The world's first
quantum computer integrated circuit is demonstrated. • 23 June • The
largest known
bacterium, and an organism that has encapsulated DNA despite being identified as a
prokaryote and not an
eukaryote, ,
T. magnifica is reported. • A review shows prevalence of
long COVID conditions – like mood symptoms,
fatigue and sleep disorders – in people age 0–18 years appears to be at ~25% overall. • Two studies about aging-related characteristics of
long-lived animals like turtles are published, identifying potentially causal protective traits and suggesting many of the species have "slow or negligible
senescence" (or aging). • Researchers report the controlled growth of diverse foods in the dark as a potential way to increase
energy efficiency of food production and reduce its environmental impacts. • 24 June • NASA publishes images showing an unexpected and unexplained double crater from what is thought to be the first time human
space debris – likely by a spent
rocket body – unintentionally
hit the lunar surface on 4 March. • Early
2022 monkeypox outbreak research:A study reports
phylogenomic characterization of the first monkeypox (MP) virus outbreak genome sequences, finding the "presumably slow-evolving"
DNA virus has evolved roughly 6–12-fold more mutations than one would expect and 15
SNP mutations since the beginning of the outbreak. The
WHO announces that MP is not yet a global public health emergency but
a cause for deep concern (25 June). Early overviews and reviews, including about current knowledge about MP prevention and treatment, are published. Scientists are investigating circulating lineages (and potential variants) of the MP virus and compare them to the African endemic lineages. A
preprint suggests that cases "where a small fraction of individuals have disproportionately large numbers of partners, can explain the sustained growth of monkeypox cases among the
MSM population" (13 June). The MP incubation period is estimated to be 8.5 days on average and up to 21 days (16 June). The
3D-folded structures of the whole
proteome of the current DNA virus
are predicted, which may be useful for the development of (better or updated) vaccines and drugs (28 June). A study indicates MP contaminated surfaces within hospitals and households could be infectious (30 June). • 25 June – A study indicates that the
Arctic is warming four times faster than global warming now, substantially faster than current
CMIP6 models could project. • 27 June • With of unknown bacteria, researchers suggest work on microbes soon to be released from
melting glaciers across the world to
identify and understand potential threats in advance and understand
extremophiles. • Progress in
climate change mitigation (CCM)
living review-like works:The
living document-like aggregation, assessment, integration and
review website
Project Drawdown adds 11 new CCM solutions to its organized set of mitigation techniques. The website's modeling framework is used in a study document to show that
metal recycling has significant potential for CCM (2 June). A revised or updated version of a major worldwide
100% renewable energy proposed plan and model is published (28 June). • 28 June • Physicists report that
interstellar quantum communication by other civilizations could be possible and may be advantageous, identifying some potential challenges and factors for detecting such. They may use, for example, X-ray photons for remotely established
channels and
quantum teleportation as the communication mode. • A
review elucidates the current state of
climate change extreme event attribution science, concluding probabilities and of links as well as identifying potential ways for its improvement. • 30 June •
Samsung announces the first mass production of computer chips using a
3 nm process. These feature a
gate-all-around transistor architecture that reduces power consumption by up to 45%, improves performance by 23% and reduces area by 16% compared to 5 nm. • Researchers, health organizations and regulators are discussing, and partly recommending
COVID-19 vaccine boosters that mix the original vaccine formulation with
Omicron-adjusted parts – such as
spike proteins of a specific Omicron subvariant – to better prepare the immune system to recognize a wide variety of
variants amid substantial and ongoing immune evasion by Omicron.
July alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported. : One of the first images to be released from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope. • 1 July • Scientists show why climate benefits from
nature restoration are "dwarfed by the scale of
ongoing fossil fuel emissions". • A new
CRISPR gene editing/repair tool alternative to fully active Cas9 is reported – Cas9-derived
nickases mediated
homologous chromosome-templated
repair, applicable to organisms whose matching chromosome has the desired gene/s, which to be more effective than Cas9 and cause fewer
off-target edits. • 4 July – Scientists report that
heatwaves
in western Europe are increasing "three-to-four times faster compared to the rest of over the past 42 years" and that can explain their increase. • 5 July – The
Large Hadron Collider commences its Run 3 physics season. The LHCb collaboration observes three never-before-seen particles: a new kind of "
pentaquark" and the first-ever pair of "
tetraquarks", which includes a new type of tetraquark. • 6 July – A study suggests that the marginal effectiveness of a fourth
COVID-19 vaccine dose (a second "booster") versus three doses can be 40% (24% to 52%) against severe disease outcomes. There is no scientific consensus about the efficacy and overall recommendabilities of a fourth dose. The
CDC recommended such in March only for "certain immunocompromised individuals and people over the age of 50". systems learn intuitive basic physics similar to infants and
any physics via potential variables-identification from
only visual data (of virtual 3D environments). • 7 July • The first
tandem perovskite-silicon solar cell to exceed 30% efficiency (31.25%) is independently certified by the
National Renewable Energy Laboratory. • A study into the effects of a
global nuclear war on the world's oceans is published, revealing a rapid drop in temperature, along with many longer-lasting impacts. • 8 July – Astronomers report the discovery of massive amounts of
prebiotic molecules, including precursors for
RNA, in the
Galactic Center of the
Milky Way Galaxy. • 9 July – Researchers report the development of an efficient, secure and convenient method to separate, purify, store and transport large amounts of
hydrogen for energy storage in renewables-based energy systems as powder using
ball milling. • 11 July • Researchers report the development of a
deep learning system that learns intuitive physics from visual data (of virtual 3D environments)
to some degree "from scratch" based on an
unpublished approach inspired by studies of visual cognition in infants. On 25 July, other researchers report the development of a
machine learning algorithm that could discover sets of basic variables
of various physical systems and predict the systems' future dynamics from video recordings of their behavior. • News outlets report about the development of
algae biopanels by a company for
sustainable energy generation with unclear viability after other researchers built the self-powered
house prototype in 2013. • 12 July –
NASA releases the first suite of images from the now fully operational
James Webb Space Telescope, a day after releasing the
Webb's First Deep Field, the image of
early universe with the highest resolution. On 14 July, NASA presents images of
Jupiter and related areas captured, for the first time, and including
infrared views, by the telescope. On 19 July, scientists report what could be the earliest and most distant galaxy ever discovered,
GLASS-z12. • 13 July • The discovery of
fast radio burst FRB 20191221A with an unusually long duration of three seconds is reported. • A study affirms (see
7 March) that
critical slowing down indicators suggest that tropical, arid and temperate forests are substantially losing resilience. On 4 July, Brazil's
INPE reports that the country's regions of the
Amazon rainforest have been deforested by a record amount in the first half of 2022. • A study shows that
blood cells' , reportedly affecting at least 40% of
70 years-old men to some degree, contributes to
fibrosis,
heart risks, and mortality in a causal way. • Researchers report the development of
semitransparent solar cells that are as large as windows, after team members achieved record efficiency with high transparency in 2020. On 4 July, researchers report the fabrication of solar cells with a record average visible transparency of 79%, being nearly invisible. reports that its
AlphaFold program has determined the likely
structure of nearly every protein known to science. • 18 July • A survey of more than 3,000 experts finds that the
extinction crisis could be worse than previously thought, and estimates that roughly 30% of species "have been globally threatened or driven extinct since the year 1500." • The first "dormant" black hole (meaning it does not emit high levels of
X-ray radiation) is identified outside the Milky Way. The object, with nine solar masses, orbits a rare
O-type star in a system called VFTS 243 within the
Large Magellanic Cloud. • A study shows that
climate change-related exceptional
marine heatwaves in the
Mediterranean Sea during 2015–2019 resulted in widespread mass sealife die-offs in five consecutive years. • 20 July – Scientists report that
SARS-CoV-2 builds
tunneling nanotubes from nose cells to gain access
to the brain. • 21 July • A potential
gene therapy cure for
haemophilia B, which corrects the genetic defect associated with the condition is announced with trial results by doctors. It caused a sustained increase in factor IX activity in 9 of 10 patients in the small trial. • Sunspot AR3060 explodes early in the morning. It releases a C-5 class
solar flare, and a "solar tsunami". The
NOAA predicts that a geomagnetic storm from this event will strike the Earth on 23 July, between 0000 UTC and 0400 UTC, as a G2 class storm, with a slight chance of a G3 storm.
Aurorae could be visible as far south as 50° N latitude. • Researchers report the development of
deep learning software that can
design proteins that contain prespecified functional sites. • 23 July – The
World Health Organization (WHO) declares the recent
monkeypox outbreak a
Public Health Emergency of International Concern, as the number of reported cases worldwide exceeds 17,000. In July, scientists reported that the window to be able to contain the outbreak is closing or has closed. On 5 July, a
preprint indicates there can be asymptomatic infections. On 27 July, an analysis of studies
by a journalist indicates that "about 10-to-15% of cases have been hospitalized, mostly for pain and bacterial infections that can occur as a result of monkeypox lesions". Studies published in August indicated hospitalizations of small cohorts of early patients were 8% and 13%. • 25 July • Researchers introduce and demonstrate it by
repurposing dead spiders as robotic grippers by activating their gripping arms via applying pressurized air. • Researchers
review the scientific literature on
100% renewable energy, addressing various issues, outlining open
research questions, and concluding there to be growing consensus, research and empirical evidence concerning its feasibility worldwide. • 26 July – Scientists analyse 2.8 million of the sequenced
SARS-CoV-2 genomes and use the results to compile a 'mutations blacklist' of virus weak spots, and a 'whitelist' of mutations that would make it more transmissible. • 27 July – Progress towards a
pan coronavirus vaccine is announced, following tests on mice. Antibodies targeting the S2 subunit of
SARS-CoV-2's
spike protein are found to neutralise multiple coronavirus variants. • 28 July •
DeepMind announces that its
AlphaFold program has uncovered the structures of more than 200 million
folded proteins, essentially all of those known to science. • Researchers report the development of a
wearable bioadhesive stretchable high-resolution
ultrasound imaging patch for days-long continuous
imaging of diverse organs which may enable novel diagnostic and monitoring tools. • First reported discovery of an
animal helping algae reproduce after
pollination in the sea was first reported in 2016. • Researchers report the development of nanoscale
brain-inspired artificial synapses, using
the ion proton (), for 'analog
deep learning'. • Scientists report the discovery of chemical reactions by potential
primordial soup components that produced
amino acids and may be part of
the origin of life on Earth. • 29 July • In a
preprint, scientists from
the Galileo Project describe a planned expedition to retrieve small fragments of interstellar meteor
CNEOS 2014-01-08, which "appears to be rare both in composition and in speed" and is not ruled out to be "extraterrestrial equipment", using a magnetic sled on the seafloor of the impact region. • A study, that reanalyzes data used in
a study by DeSilva et al. (2021), indicates that
human brain size did not decrease over the last three thousand years as suggested by this study nor within 300 ka as suggested by other studies. It concludes that "the samples need to be specific enough to test the hypothesis across different times and populations".
August of
climate change (indirectly) resulting in worldwide
societal collapse, or possibly eventual
human extinction, is a "dangerously underexplored"
global topic. • The discovery of a
super-Earth around the red dwarf star
Ross 508 is reported. Part of the planet's
elliptical orbit takes it within the
habitable zone. • Researchers report that
the risk of
climate change (indirectly) resulting in worldwide
societal collapse, or possibly eventual
human extinction, is a "dangerously underexplored"
global topic, despite
there being indications of such being possible as
worst-case scenarios and "
integrated catastrophe
assessment" missing. • Israeli researchers report of first stem-cell derived
synthetic embryos, which are "organ-filled" and were grown solely from mouse
embryonic stem cells, without sperm or eggs or a uterus,
with natural-like development and some surviving until day 8.5 where early
organogenesis, including
formation of foundations of a brain, occurs. They grew
in vitro and subsequently
ex utero in
an artificial womb devised in the year before by the same team. • 2 August • Scientists conclude that the overall transgressed (
see 18 January)
planetary boundary for "novel entities" (NEs) is a placeholder for multiple different boundaries for NEs that may emerge, reporting that
PFAS pollution is one such new boundary. They show that levels of these so-called "
forever chemicals" in
rainwater are ubiquitously, and often greatly, above guideline safe levels worldwide. There are moves to restrict and replace their use. is described. • A
preprint describes the
donations-funded plans of
The Galileo Project in detail: a systematic scientific research program
searching for (signs of) extraterrestrial technological civilizations (ETCs) on and near Earth. • 3 August – Scientists report an
organ perfusion system that can restore, i.e. on the cellular level, multiple vital (pig) organs one hour after death (during which the body had warm
ischaemia), after reporting a similar method/system for reviving (pig) brains hours after death in 2019. This could be used to preserve
donor organs or for revival in medical emergencies. • 8 August • Researchers provide a dataset of
standardized calculated detailed
environmental impacts of >57,000 circulating
food products, potentially e.g. informing consumers or
policy. • A study the large extent of
climate change impacts on infectious diseases. • The creation of
artificial neurons that can
receive and release dopamine (
chemical signals rather than electrical signals) and communicate with natural rat
muscle and
brain cells is reported, with potential for use in
BCIs/
prosthetics. • A
screening AI system for many cancer types that
integrates different types of data via
multimodal learning is reported. debuts in Germany. • 10 August –
2022 monkeypox outbreak: Evidence of
human-to-dog transmission is reported.On 4 August, a
preprint reports that early post-exposure
ring vaccination despite high efficacy "did not completely prevent
breakthrough infections".On 15 August, a
preprint suggests the virus has potential to infect .On 16 August, a
review recommends a '
living guideline' framework for needed clinical management research.On 19 August, a
CDC study summarizes current knowledge about the transmission of monkeypox.
Wastewater surveillance, which substantially expanded during the
COVID-19 pandemic is used to detect monkeypox, with one team of researchers describing their qualitative detection method on 31 August. • 11 August – A
bioengineered cornea made from pig's skin is shown to restore vision to blind people. It can be mass-produced and stored for up to two years, unlike donated human corneas that are scarce and must be used within two weeks. • 12 August — The
National Centers for Environmental Information publish , where they state an all-time record cold temperature occurred in Australia during the month. On October 7, 2022, Zack Labe, a climate scientist for the NOAA
GFDL releases a statement and a climate report from
Berkeley Earth denying the all-time record cold temperature occurred saying, "There are still no areas of record cold so far in 2022." Labe's statement also denies the record cold temperatures in
Brazil, reported by the
National Institute of Meteorology in May 2022, a month before the official start of winter, was also not record cold temperatures. • 13 August –
Rocket Lab describes its self-funded plans in detail, first announced in early 2020, to send a probe to Venus,
likely in 2023, to search for life in the planet's cloud layer, where other scientists reported
the potential detection of
biosignature-levels of
phosphine . • ~14 August – As
record-breaking heatwaves and
droughts affect water supplies, rivers (along with shipping and
nuclear reactor cooling), ecosystems, various global supply chains, health, and agriculture worldwide,
in Europe, Spain domestically restricts e.g.
air conditioning to defined temperature ranges,
in the U.S., entities are required to provide
plans to reduce their water usage, and
China experiences large
blackouts and experiments with
cloud seeding among other measures, despite experts stating it would be "marginally effective" and possibly exacerbate problems.
Several journalists of
online newspapers have put these
extreme weather events into
the context of
climate change adaptation (alongside highlighting of the importance of
climate change mitigation). • 15 August – A study on the food impacts of a
nuclear war is published. It finds that even a small-scale conflict between India and Pakistan would decrease global average
caloric production by 7%, while a full-scale U.S.-Russia nuclear conflict would result in a 90% loss, killing more than 5 billion people worldwide. of
rejuvenation they found in a
comparison of the newly presented genomes of the
biologically immortal T. dohrnii and a similar but non-rejuvenating
jellyfish. • 16 August – A university reports the
release of 'Quad-SDK' which may be the first
open source full-stack software for large
agile four-legged robots, compatible with the
ROS. • 17 August • A report by
Global Forest Watch, using new data, concludes that the amount of
tree cover being burned has nearly doubled in the past 20 years. • The
Nadir crater, likely the result of a second, smaller asteroid that struck , is identified and described by researchers. • Geologists warn that the world is "woefully
underprepared" for a
massive volcanic eruption. They estimate a one-in-six chance of a
magnitude seven explosion in the next one hundred years. • Researchers report the development of floating
artificial leaves for light-driven
hydrogen and
syngas fuel production. The lightweight, flexible devices are scalable and can float on water similar to
lotus leaves. • 18 August • A weak spot in the
spike protein of
SARS-CoV-2 is described by researchers, which an
antibody fragment called VH Ab6 can attach to, potentially neutralising all major
variants of the virus. On 11 August, researchers report a single antibody, SP1-77, that could potentially neutralize all known variants of the virus via a novel mechanism, not by not preventing the virus from binding to
ACE2 receptors but by blocking it from fusing with host cells'
membranes. • Multiple gene editing of
soybean is shown to improve
photosynthesis and
boost yields by 20%. • A researcher reports that the social media
app TikTok adds a
keylogger to its, on iOS essentially unavoidable, in-app
browser in
iOS, which allows its Chinese company to gather, for example, passwords, credit card details, and everything else that is typed into websites opened from taps on any external links within the app. Shortly after the report, the company claims such capabilities are only used for
debugging-types of purposes. To date, it has
largely not been investigated which and to which extent (other) apps have capacities for such or similar data-collection. • 20 August – A
GBD systematic analysis reports the (non)
progress on
cancer and its causes during the 2010-19 decade, with ~44% of all cancer deaths in
2019 – or ~4.5 M deaths or ~105 million lost
DALYs –
due to known clearly preventable risk factors (contributions), led by
smoking,
alcohol use and
high BMI. • 22 August • A university reports the development of a driver
isolation framework to protect operating system kernels, primarily the
monolithic Linux kernel which gets ~80,000
commits/year to its drivers, from
defects and
vulnerabilities in
device drivers, with the Mars Research Group developers describing this lack of isolation as one of the
main factors undermining
kernel security. • Scientists demonstrate that
tACS brain stimulation can, depending on the frequency, for one month improve (either)
short-term memory or
long-term memory in 65–88-years-old people. • Scientists report a so far unique and unknown feature of material
VO2 – it can "remember" previous external stimuli (via structural rather than electronic states), with potential for e.g. data storage. • A university reports the first successful
transplantation of an
organoid into a human, first announced on 7 July, with the underlying study being published in February. • 23 August • A study reports that
look-alike humans have genetic similarities, sharing
genes affecting not only the face but also some
phenotypes of physique and
behavior, also indicating that (their) differences in the
epigenome and
microbiome contribute
only modestly to
human variability in facial appearance. • Researchers introduce the concept of 'false social
reality' and substantiate it by showing that (a sample of)
Americans widely
underestimate general
public support for
climate change mitigation policies by a large margin. • A
genome-wide association study meta-analysis reports genetic factors of, the
so far uniquely human,
language-related skills, in particular factors of differences in skill-levels of five tested traits. It e.g. identified association with
neuroanatomy of a language-related brain area via
neuroimaging correlation. • 24 August • The
dugong is declared extinct in China. • The first rail line entirely run by
hydrogen-powered trains in Germany. • 25 August • The first clear evidence for
carbon dioxide in the atmosphere of an
exoplanet is revealed by the
James Webb Space Telescope. The planet,
WASP-39b, is a
hot Jupiter located ~700 light years from Earth. • Researchers report the development of a highly effective
CRISPR-Cas9 genome editing method
without expensive
viral vectors, enabling e.g. novel anti-cancer
CAR-T cell therapies. • 26 August – Researchers report the development of
greenhouses (or
solar modules) by a startup that generate electricity from a portion of the spectrum of sunlight, allowing spectra
that interior plants use to pass through. • 29 August • A study reports that in model animals, treatment with
rapamycin – which typically has negative side-effects – for a limited timespan
extended lifespan as much as life-long administration started at the same age and that it was most effective during early adulthood. • Scientists report
the key molecular mechanisms of
rejuvenation they found in a
comparison of the newly presented genomes of the
biologically immortal T. dohrnii and a similar but non-rejuvenating
jellyfish, involving e.g.
DNA replication and
repair, and stem cell renewal. • After establishment of the
Scientist Rebellion around March 2021, several researchers affiliated with the movement (six overall) argue for
civil disobedience by colleagues in a commentary behind a
paywall, hypothesizing that such may cause significant
pro-climate net changes of public opinion due to
"potential to cut through the myriad complexities and confusion" in the public, receiving substantial coverage by
online text-based news media. • 31 August • Scientists warn, in a
follow-up paper to their 2021 study, that a third of tree species are threatened with
extinction, showing how this will significantly
alter the world's
ecosystems, may negatively affect billions, and could get averted with "urgent actions". On 1 August, a study reports that over 60 years (1960–2019), "the global forest area
has declined by 81.7 million ha", concluding higher income nations need to reduce
imports of tropical forest-related products and help with
theoretically forest-related socioeconomic development and international policies. • News outlets report
artificial intelligence art has
won the first place in a
digital art competition. Such artistic imagery is generated using input consisting of text and sometimes images, usually including parameters such as
artistic style (
text-to-image generation). Around the time, an expert concludes that "AI art is everywhere right now", with even experts not knowing what it will mean, a news outlet establishes that "AI-generated art booms" and reports about issues of copyright and automation of professional artists, a news outlet investigates how
online communities (e.g. their rules) confronted with many such artworks react, a news outlet raised concerns over
deepfakes, a magazine highlights possibilities of enabling "new forms of
artistic expression", an editorial notes that it may be seen as a welcome . Moreover, additional functionalities – such as enabling the use of user-provided
concepts (like an object or a style) learned from few images for novel personalized art generated from the associated word/s (2 Aug) or expanding beyond the borders of artistic images in the same style (31 Aug) – are reported. On 22 August,
September • 1 September • The James Webb Space Telescope takes its first
direct images of a planet beyond the Solar System. The exoplanet,
HIP 65426 b, is revealed in different bands of infrared light. • Neuroscientists report the discovery of the axo-ciliary
synapse – communication between
serotonergic axons and antenna-like
primary cilia of
CA1 pyramidal neurons that . • Scientists elaborate a need for an
evidence-based reform of
regulation of
genetically modified crops (moving from regulation based on characteristics of the development-process
to characteristics of the product) in a
paywalled article. • 2 September – A first spatiotemporal map reveals key insights about
axolotl brain regeneration. • 5 September – Researchers report the development of
remote controlled cyborg cockroaches if moving to sunlight for recharging. • 6 September – The U.S. Department of Agriculture approves a new
purple tomato, genetically modified to alter its colour and enhance its nutritional quality. • 7 September – A new
malaria vaccine developed by the University of Oxford is shown to be ~80% effective at preventing the disease. • 8 September – A study adds to the accumulating research indicating postexposure antiviral
TIPs could be an effective countermeasure that reduces
COVID-19 transmission. In September, India and China approve first
nasal COVID-19 vaccines which may (as boosters) also reduce transmission (sterilizing immunity). • 9 September • A study describes how multiple
tipping points in the climate system could be triggered if global warming exceeds 1.5 °C. • Scientists report a change in gene
TKTL1 as a key
factor of recent brain evolution and difference of modern humans to (other) apes and Neanderthals, related to
neocortex-
neurogenesis. Some of the scientists reported a similar
ARHGAP11B mutation in 2016. • News outlets report about a study that describes a way by which
geothermal power plants within their reservoirs for
dispatch to (better) help
manage intermittency of solar and wind. • China reports the discovery of
Changesite–(Y), a new mineral from lunar samples containing
helium-3, widely seen as a potential fuel for
fusion reactors. • 12 September – A study investigates funding allocations for
public investment in energy
research, development and demonstration. It provides insights about , that may be relevant to
adjusting (or facilitating) "investment in
clean energy" "to come close to achieving meaningful
global decarbonization", suggesting advancement of impactful "". • 13 September • A study reports results indicating
COVID-19 may significantly
increase risk for
Alzheimer's disease, similar to prior studies about long-term impacts besides
long COVID on cardiovascular outcomes, diabetes, neurologic sequelae, mental health disorders, and general future mortality after COVID-19, including specific types of sequelae less commonly seen in other viral illnesses. • The United in Science 2022 report is published by the
WMO,
summarizing latest climate science-related updates and assessing recent
climate change mitigation progress as "going in the wrong direction". • 14 September • A new
deep learning technique
enables year-round measurements of
sea ice thickness in the Arctic. • A research report by
NewsGuard indicates there is of
online misinformation delivered – to a mainly young user base – with
TikTok, whose usage is increasing. • The
WHO joins health associations and scientists in calling for
a global fossil fuel non-proliferation treaty . system
T cells can be prevented or slowed down. • 15 September • A
geoengineering plan to refreeze the North and South Poles by spraying
sulphur dioxide into the atmosphere, using a fleet of 125 military air-to-air refuelling tankers, is proposed by scientists. • A study shows the
microbiome, on the level of strains, co-diversified in parallel to
phylogenies (heritability from
ancestry). The findings may be of relevance to microbiome interventions (such as
probiotics) and for
adjusting therapies to populations. • The second largest
cryptocurrency,
Ethereum, switches from the
proof-of-work (electricity consumption for validation) to the
proof-of-stake (staked holdings for validation)
algorithm, which cuts its large respective electricity consumption. • Researchers describe a way by which the aging of select
immune system
T cells can be prevented or is slowed down, with relevance to
life extension and making vaccines more durable. the discovery of a candidate fourth interstellar object,
CNEOS 2017-03-09. • 19 September • A study indicates a substantial decline in dinosaur
biodiversity millions of years before the
Cretaceous-Paleogene extinction event. • Scientists report geochemical modeling results that increase confidence for the ocean of Saturn's moon
Enceladus being habitable or meeting abiogenesis-requirements.
DART crashes into the asteroid
Dimorphos in a first test of potential
planetary defense. • 20 September – Scientists who reported the earliest known
interstellar object,
CNEOS 2014-01-08, and members of
The Galileo Project, report the discovery of an additional candidate interstellar meteor,
CNEOS 2017-03-09, in a
preprint using the same fireball catalog. They find that suggests that interstellar meteors "come from a population with material strength characteristically higher than meteors originating from within the solar system". • 21 September – Engineers report the development of autonomous 3D-printing
drones for construction and repair. • 22 September • Nanoengineers report the development of biocompatible
microalgae hybrid microrobots for
active drug-delivery in the lungs (22 Sep.) and the gastrointestinal tract (GT) (28 Sep.). The
microrobots are related to
medical nanobots and proved effective in tests with mice. A separate team reports the development of 'RoboCap', a robotic
drug delivery capsule that enhances drug absorption by tunneling through the
mucus layer in the GT (28 Sep.). • Around September, news outlets report about deployment, research and development of novel
military drone technology in the
Russo-Ukrainian War in 2022, including
demining drones, self-repurposed commercial/hobby drones (including via a
hackathon), reconnaissance microdrones,
kamikaze drones, bomb-dropping modified drones, and
countermeasures such as
electronic ones. • Scientists caution about potential
spillover of bat
sarbecovirus Khosta-2
resistant to
COVID-19 vaccines and also using
ACE2, suggesting it or something like it could
recombine with
SARS-CoV-2 as
a new threat. • 23 September – Astronomers report that GJ 1252b, an Earth-sized planet orbiting an
M-class red dwarf, appears to have no atmosphere, which may reduce the chances of
life emerging in such systems. • 26 September •
Jupiter makes its closest approach to
Earth since
1963. •
NASA's DART crashes into the asteroid
Dimorphos in a first test of potential
planetary defense. Success of path alteration is reported on 11 October. • A study invalidates the common
argument for high
medication costs that research and development investments are reflected in and necessitate the treatment costs, finding no correlation for
investments in drugs (for cases where transparency was sufficient) and their costs. • News outlets report, based on
CDC reports and health officials, that the
2022 monkeypox outbreak appears to be receding and/or while also reporting that its elimination within the U.S. and globally is unlikely (or the outbreak being "far from finished"). • 27 September – A study finds that drinking two to three cups of ground, instant, or decaffeinated
coffee each day
is associated with a
longer lifespan and lower risk of cardiovascular disease compared with avoiding coffee. • 28 September • A breakthrough in treating
Alzheimer's disease is reported by pharmaceutical companies
Eisai and
Biogen, using a drug called
lecanemab, which is designed to remove
beta-amyloid proteins from the brain. • A study indicates
cancer risk from chronic
circadian disruption is caused via body-temperature-related
heat shock factor 1. • Researchers report the discovery of
hemoglycin, the first
space polymer of
amino acids found in
meteorites. • 29 September • In two studies, scientists report a novel way of
cancer screening – detecting tumor-associated
mycobiomes. It could be used in synergy with other
biomarkers such as of
bacterial microbiomes. • A study estimates the
disproportionality of drivers of
climate change by wealth and concludes that to total emissions, investments of the global top 1% are far
more important than their consumption and that the pollution gap is larger within countries than between countries. • A study adds to the accumulating research showing that oil and gas industry
methane emissions are much larger than thought. • 30 September • The discovery of "super neurons" in the
entorhinal cortex of people
over age 80 who show exceptional episodic memory is reported. • Scientists caution about
potential future
spillover of
SHFV.
October suggests that the
Moon formed in just hours. • 1 October – A new simulation by NASA finds that the
Moon likely
formed within a matter of hours, as opposed to earlier theories that proposed a much longer period of months or years. • 4 October –
Edmonton Police Service reports the use of
DNA phenotyping to generate 3D
facial images of
crime suspects. • Scientists report the discovery of ongoing
transfer of mitochondrial DNA into DNA in the cell nucleus. Previously,
nuclear-mitochondrial segments (NUMT) were thought to have arisen . 66 thousand
whole-genome sequences indicate this currently occurs as frequent as once in every ~4,000 human births. • Researchers outline the large potentials and benefits of
marine algae-based aquaculture for the development of a future
healthy and
sustainable food system. • Scientists demonstrate the use of
organoids for the
study of brain development, identifying and investigating genetic switches that have a significant impact on it using single-cell
transcriptome readouts. for the development of a future
healthy and
sustainable food system. • 6 October • An
open source platform to match genomically profiled cancer patients to
precision medicine drug
trials is reported. • Neuroscientists report
PFC-
Hb connectivity white matter impairment in both
cocaine and
heroin addiction. • 7 October • News outlets report about a study published on 28 September theorizing that the
supercontinent Amasia will form within 300 million years when the
Pacific Ocean closes. • Neuroscientists report experimental
MRI results that so far appear to imply nuclear proton
spins of 'brain water' in the
brain were
entangled, suggesting
brain functions that operate non-classically which may support
quantum mechanisms being involved in
consciousness as the signal pattern declined when human participants fell asleep. • 8 October – Researchers report recommendations concerning
potential geopolitical implications of potential future
information about or from
extraterrestrial intelligence. negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in
headlines across written popular
news media since 2000 is reported. • 12 October • Researchers report successful transplantation of
human brain tissue organoids into baby rats. Such research could eventually
controversially raise
ethical issues relating to
(non-)human intelligence/consciousness/welfare and be used to model
human brain development and, as demonstrated, to investigate diseases (and their potential therapies). Unlike in other recent studies, the tissues appeared to be highly functional, to mature and to integrate with the rat brain. • A study reports that in a
cohort of symptomatically infected, 46% had only partially recovered after 12 months, that
asymptomatic infection was not associated with adverse outcomes of
long COVID and that
vaccination was associated with reduced risk of seven long-term symptoms. A
meta-analysis published on the same day reports substantial
exercise intolerance more than 3 months after infection in long COVID-19 patients. It notes that
post-exertional malaise has been reported in long COVID-19 similar to
CFS. • 13 October • A novel
synthetic biology-based process for
recycling of plastics mixtures is presented. • Scientists report that in some cases, some apparently
senescent cells – which are targeted by anti-aging
senolytics – are required for regeneration. • 14 October – Scientists from
Boston University publish unauthorized (but legal) research on
SARS-CoV-2 BA.1 Omicron via creation of a
recombinant virus as a
preprint, described by "many" but not all as "irresponsible
gain-of-function" research. • 18 October – A study indicates there has been a substantial increase of
sentiment negativity and decrease of emotional neutrality in
headlines across written popular
news media since 2000. • 19 October – A novel type of effective
hydrogen storage using readily available salts is reported. • 20 October • A study of
PNMN, the world's largest
no-fishing zone, finds a "spillover benefit" for migratory species like
bigeye and
yellowfin tuna. • The first data transmission to exceed 1
petabit per second (Pbit/s) using only a single laser and a single optical chip is demonstrated by European researchers. • 21 October – News outlets report about a novel
agricultural robot for viable
weed control using lasers or "laserweeding". There are similar
precision agriculture machines that have been reported before, also e.g. applying low amounts of herbicides and fertilizers with precision while
mapping plant locations, in some cases autonomously. Their benefits may include "healthier crops and
soil,
decreased herbicide use, and reduced chemical and labor costs". • "Hybrid viral particles (HVPs)" are reported,
combining IAV and
RSV in vitro. • 25 October – A comprehensive annually scheduled study finds
climate change is "
undermining every dimension of
global health monitored" and reports dire conclusions from
tracking of impact indicators. • 26 October • In two studies, scientists report findings about
the role of
epigenetics – which is – in
colorectal cancer, including that it is a major component of how an individual tumor varies and findings about its influences on the accumulation of DNA mutations and cancer
phenotypes. • At the 30th anniversary of the
World Scientists' Warning to Humanity, scientists conclude that "We are now at '
code red' on planet Earth", facing a
climate emergency, warning citizens and world leaders to take necessary actions with information about
tracked "recent climate-related disasters, assess[ed] planetary vital signs, and [...]
policy recommendations". • A study concludes that
cosmic radiation events in the
tree-ring radiocarbon record called "
Miyake events", don't appear to be caused by the
solar cycle (i.e.
solar flares) as thought previously and have extended durations. They occurred every ~1,000 years on average and may threaten global technologies this century. • A magnetical guidance system with
engineered bacterial microbots for 'precision targeting' is demonstrated to be effective for fighting
cancer in mice. • 31 October • Multiple traces
of monkeypox are
detected in non-sewered wastewater with sparse sampling from a densely populated metropolitan area in Asia. • A new record for the longest-
frozen embryos to ever result in a live birth is reported in the United States, with twins born after storage for 30 years.
November system, containing a Sun-like star and the closest known black hole to Earth. in
sperm counts is found to have occurred since the early 1970s. • 1 November – A
pooled analysis indicates that
globally over half of all preschool-aged children and over two-thirds of all nonpregnant women of reproductive age are
deficient in at least one of three micronutrients each. The study notes required
data is scarce and such deficiencies
can constrain physical and (
neurocognitive) development and
compromise health. • 2 November – Scientists show that cells move faster in thicker (higher
viscosity) fluids. Cancer cells can form memory of extracellular fluid, helping them to form distant cancerous colonies more efficiently when exposed to fluids of higher viscosities. • 3 November – Astronomers using the
IXPE space observatory report that
4U 0142+61, a
magnetar found 13,000 light-years from Earth, likely has a solid surface with no atmosphere. • 4 November – The discovery of
Gaia BH1, a binary system containing what is likely the
closest known black hole to Earth, is reported by astronomers in the U.S. • 6–18 November – The
2022 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP27) on
climate change mitigation takes place in
Sharm el-Sheikh, Egypt. • 7 November • The first clinical trial of
laboratory-grown red blood cells transfused into people begins. • Scientists
warn about summarized
effects of climate change on insects, among other novel stressors, which may "drastically reduce our ability to build a sustainable future based on healthy, functional
ecosystems", providing several recommended mitigation options. • The development of organic
artificial neurons that function
in and with biological systems, partly
mimicking neurons' communication, is reported. • 9 November •
IBM unveils its 433-
qubit 'Osprey' quantum processor, the successor to its
Eagle system. • A study shows that 50+ aged users of the dietary program
SNAP "had about 2 fewer years of
cognitive aging over a 10-year period compared with non-users" despite it having nearly no conditions for the
sustainability and
healthiness of the food products purchased with the
coupons (or coupon-credits). • 10 November • A study describes how one may eventually be able to detect (distinguish)
wormholes, suggesting they may have never been observed because they appear very similar to
black holes. • Notable
software developments: • After domain seizures of
Z-Library by
copyright law enforcement and moves toward
dark web and
IPFS technologies by its content providers, the
open source shadow library UI Anna's Archive – which also provides access to a full copy of Z-Library content and scientific articles – is established by a team of
archivists, essentially providing the largest human book and literature
library. • News outlets report about the development of a post-editing model using
GPT-3 that improves
machine translations after
identification of current translation problems (8 Nov/25 Oct). • The largest global inventory and interactive map of
greenhouse gas emission sources is released by
Climate TRACE (9 Nov). • Around the
acquisition of Twitter by Elon Musk (27 Oct), interest in alternatives to the site – described as "one of the world's most high-profile information ecosystems", a contemporary suboptimal
public square, and as heavily used by many journalists and
news media – increases substantially. However, no alternative such as
Mastodon,
Reddit or the
Bluesky protocol was found to match such as ease of use to date, in terms of being able to substitute the site. • Two studies demonstrate platform-built-in as well
browser-integrated
misinformation mitigation (11 Nov). • Researchers develop
falsity scores for over 800 contemporary
elites on Twitter and associated exposure scores (21 Nov). • News outlets report about the first fully self-supervised
anti–money laundering AI software using contemporary suboptimal datasets, LaundroGraph (24 Nov/26 Oct). • 11 November – The
Global Carbon Project reports that carbon emissions in 2022 remain at record levels, with no sign of the decrease that is needed to limit
global warming to 1.5 °C. At the current rate, the
carbon that can still be emitted while still meeting the 1.5 °C
global goal will likely (at a 50% chance) be emitted within only around nine years. • 12 November – Astronomers, using the
Hubble Space Telescope, report the discovery of one of the most
metal-poor galaxies known. This nearby
dwarf galaxy, 20 million light-years away and 1,200 light-years across, is named
HIPASS J1131–31 (nicknamed the
"Peekaboo" galaxy). • 14 November • Archaeologists report the oldest likely evidence (via heated fish teeth from a deep cave) of
controlled use of fire to
cook food
by archaic humans ~780,000 years ago. • After being linked to risks for obesity, mental disorders, and potentially other health issues, a study finds a likely association between (contemporary types of) outdoor
artificial light at night and
diabetes. • 15 November • A
scientific review finds that human
sperm counts fell
by 62% in the last 50 years and are decreasing at an accelerating rate, likely a result of factors such as
poor diets,
endocrine disruptors in prevalent products, unhealthy lifestyles and toxic
forever chemicals in air and water. • Scientists report
leprosy-causing bacteria viably
regenerate and rejuvenate the liver in its
armadillos hosts, which may enable novel human therapies. • 16 November • NASA conducts the
first uncrewed flight of its
Space Launch System (SLS), the largest rocket in history. The onboard
Orion capsule will orbit the
Moon before returning to Earth, as a demonstration of planned human missions. • A satellite-free
GPS-alternative higher-resolution
positioning system using existing telecommunications networks is demonstrated, SuperGPS. in
witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between
nations and is still a widespread element in
worldviews globally. A commentary notes that academic rankings don't consider where (country and institute) the respective researchers were trained (1 Dec). • 19 November – Researchers report determinants of
alertness after
waking up. • 21 November • Scientists in
Papua New Guinea record the
black-naped pheasant pigeon for the first time in 140 years. • A
GBD study reports the first
global estimates of death rates from (33)
bacterial pathogens, finding such infections are
contributing to one in 8 deaths (or ~7.7 million deaths), which the second largest cause of death globally in 2019. • A pulsed electric field-based
shark and
ray bycatch mitigation device is reported, SharkGuard. • 22 November • The
International Bureau of Weights and Measures announces it will phase out the
leap second by 2035. •
Photochemistry is confirmed on an exoplanet for the first time, as the
James Webb Space Telescope detects a range of signatures including
sulfur dioxide in the atmosphere of
WASP-39b. • A
cohort study indicates
dietary intakes of total
flavonols – and at least
kaempferol- and
quercetin-containing foods in specific – may substantially decrease decline in multiple
cognitive abilities with older age, showing a difference of "0.4
units per decade" between 5 mg and 15 mg intakes. • 23 November • Acoustic Nanoscale Separation via Wave-pillar Excitation Resonance (ANSWER) is demonstrated as a way of separating
nanoparticles, especially small
extracellular vesicles, from biofluids in under 10 minutes. • A study reports
phages have a large variety of CRISPR-Cas systems. They possibly may use them to edit hosts' genes and for competitive advantages, e.g. against rival phages. These systems could be useful for
CRISPR-Cas gene editing. • A study reports estimated contemporary prevalence and associations with
belief in
witchcraft around the world, which (in their data) varied between 9% and 90% between
nations and is still a widespread element in
worldviews globally. It also shows associations such as with low "innovative activity", lower
life expectancy and high
religiosity. • Geneticists report that the fastest-evolved regions of the
human genome, they call , "rapidly diverged in an episodic burst" of
positive selection prior to the human-
Neanderthal split and identify over 1,500 such
HAQERs that substantially distinguish humans from related other apes via datasets such as of and experiments that use embryonic mouse brains. • 24 November • Promising results of therapeutic
candidates are reported:a
universal flu mRNA vaccine, a
phase 3 trialed RSV vaccine (1 Nov), phase 3 trialed antibiotic
gepotidacin against
UTIs (3 Nov), phase I trialed new
antibiotic for
gram-negative bacteria QPX9003 (20 Oct/9 Nov), phase 2 trialed antibody CIS43LS against
malaria (17 Nov), phase 2 trialed
acoziborole against
African sleeping sickness parasites (29 Nov), and phase 3 trialed
lecanemab against
Alzheimer's disease (29 Nov). • A new
CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing tool for large edits without problematic double-stranded breaks is demonstrated, . • 29 November • Canadian mineralogists discover two ,
Elkinstantonite and
Elaliite, on the 15-tonne
El Ali meteorite that grounded in Somalia. • A study
maps common disease combinations or
multimorbidity patterns, a "growing public health problem
worldwide". • 30 November • An
electrolysis system for viable
hydrogen production from seawater without requiring a pre-
desalination process, which could make it less flexible and more costly, is reported. • A study deploying protein imaging of adult mice suggests
adult brains contain, at the tips of
filopodia, many (~30% of all dendritic protrusions) "
silent synapses" that are inactive
until recruited as part of
neural plasticity and flexible
learning or
memories, previously thought to be present mainly in the developing pre-adult brain and to die off with time. • Scientists develop a quantum experiment allowing the observation of a kind of theoretical
wormhole in a
SYK "baby" physical model which some, but not all, consider potentially useful for the development of
quantum gravity theories.
December • 1 December • Astronomers using the
James Webb Space Telescope report viewing clouds, likely made of
methane, moving across
Saturn's moon
Titan. • Genomic epidemiologists report results from a global survey of
antimicrobial resistance (AMR) via genomic
wastewater-based epidemiology, finding large regional variations, providing maps, and suggesting resistance genes are also
passed on between microbial species that are not closely related. On 9 December, the
WHO's fifth report summarizes 2020 data on inter-national AMR, including various new features and an interactive dashboard. • Scientists report the measurement of the highest
toughness ever recorded, of any material, while investigating a metallic
alloy made of
chromium,
cobalt, and
nickel. • 4 December – Chemical engineers report a method to substantially increase conversion efficiency and reduce material costs of
green hydrogen production by using sound waves during
electrolysis. • 5 December • Construction begins on the
Square Kilometer Array, the largest telescope in history. • A
review summarizes current scientific data about
cardiovascular health effects of a large number of
dietary supplements and
micronutrients, including with a heat map visualizing evidence quality and . •
Health/
eco-economics: • A study projects the costs of inaction on
physical inactivity in terms of number of cases of
preventable major
NCDs and
healthcare system finances. • Results of a trial investigating financial incentives for health, in particular for
weight loss, are reported (5 Dec). • Researchers provide first estimates of global costs of
inadequate pollination (14 Dec). • Results of a trial on effects of climate change impact menu
labels on
fast food ordering choices (27 Dec). study comprehensively estimates
excess deaths from the
COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021, concluding ~14.8 million excess early deaths occurred • Impossible Metals announces its first
underwater robotic vehicle, 'Eureka 1', has completed its first trial of selectively harvesting
polymetallic nodule rocks from the seabed nearly without harming the environment (as with other
seabed mining) to help address the
rising global need for
metals for
renewable energy system components, mainly batteries. • Researchers propose "significantly increasing freshwater through the
capture of humid air over oceans" to address present and, especially, future
water scarcity/
insecurity. •
Emulate researchers assess advantages of using
liver-chips predicting
drug-induced liver injury which could reduce the high costs and time needed in
drug development workflows/
pipelines, sometimes described as the
pharmaceutical industry's "productivity crisis". • 7 December • Scientists report that two-million years old
genetic material was found in
Greenland, and is currently considered the
oldest DNA discovered so far. • Scientists propose a new
supergroup of
eukaryotes, termed
Provora –
predators of other microorganisms which have been overlooked due to numerical rarity. • 8 December • Astronomers report in a
preprint the possible detection of the earliest first stars, technically referred to as
Population III stars. • In a
paywalled article, American scientists propose
policy-based measures to reduce large
risks from life sciences research – such as
pandemics through accident or misapplication.
Risk management measures may include novel
international guidelines, effective oversight, improvement of US policies to influence policies globally, and identification of gaps in
biosecurity policies along with potential approaches to address them. • 9 December • Researchers report the development of a
blood test, , for
Alzheimer's screening via levels of toxic
amyloid beta oligomers with
sensitivity and specificity of apparently 99%. On 27 December, a separate study reports another well-performing blood test to detect Alzheimer's disease via
biomarker brain-derived
tau. •
Anti-aging research: • A study indicates that
aging shifts activity toward short genes or shorter transcript length and that this can be countered by interventions. • A
paywalled study reports higher percentage of
daily energy consumption of
ultra-processed foods, such as white bread or instant noodles, was associated
with faster cognitive decline in aging. Differences can be as large or larger than a 28% faster rate of global
cognitive decline (5 Dec). • Scientists report that
sphingolipids accumulate in muscle
during aging whose genetic inhibition or
ceramide-blockers such as
myriocin could counteract, reducing associated
muscle loss (16 Dec). • By stimulating (or charging) genetically engineered
roundworm mitochondria
with light, researchers show that halting the decline in
mitochondrial
membrane potential can slow aging (30 Dec). • Researchers report the development of 3D-printed
flexible paper-thin organic photovoltaics. • 12 December – Scientists describe a new method to break up so-called "
forever chemicals" by infusing contaminated water with hydrogen, then blasting it with high-energy, short-wavelength ultraviolet light. • 13 December • The Newborn Genomes Programme is announced by the UK government. It will conduct
whole genome sequencing of 100,000 newborns, the largest study of its kind in the world, to aid research into the diagnosis and treatment of rare genetic conditions. • In a major milestone for the field, scientists at the
National Ignition Facility report a net energy gain in the development of
fusion power. •
COVID-19 pandemic: A study finds that the
BQ and
XBB subvariants of
SARS-CoV-2 are "barely susceptible to neutralization" by
vaccines, including the new
Omicron boosters. Key antibody drugs,
Evusheld and
bebtelovimab, are "completely inactive" against the new subvariants. This could result in a surge of
breakthrough infections and reinfections, according to the study team, although the vaccines hold up against severe disease. • A study systematically assesses
advice given by professional
general practitioners, typically in the form of verbal-only
consultation, for
weight-loss to
obese patients. They found it rarely included effective methods, was mostly generic, and was rarely tailored to patients' existing knowledge and behaviours. • 14 December • A
WHO study comprehensively estimates
excess deaths from the
COVID-19 pandemic during 2020 and 2021, concluding ~14.8 million excess early deaths occurred, reaffirming their prior calculations from May as well as updating them, addressing criticisms. These numbers do not include measures like
years of potential life lost, far exceed the 5.42 million officially reported deaths, may make COVID-19 2021's
leading cause of death, and are similar to the ~18 million estimated by another study . •
Microbiome research: • Researchers report the discovery of a gut–brain connection in mice that regulates
motivation for exercise and can enhance performance by augmenting
dopamine signalling
during physical activity. • A
microbiome-wide association study associates thirteen microbial taxa with
depressive symptoms (6 Dec). • Scientists report that and how – including
transfer of
mobile genetic elements and infant diet – the maternal microbiome shapes offspring gut microbiomes as
fetus and infant (22 Dec). • A first global
review summarizes scarce data on a likely largely declining "
experience of nature" and
nature-disconnection which prior studies suggest have impacts on health and proenvironmental behavior. • A university reports on the first study (25 Oct) of the new
privacy-intrusion
Web tracking technique of "
UID smuggling" by the
ad industry, which finds it to be prevalent and largely not mitigated by latest protection tools – such as
Firefox's tracking protection and
uBlock Origin – and contributes to countermeasures. • 15 December • Astronomers find that a pair of exoplanets orbiting the red dwarf star
Kepler-138 are likely to be
water worlds. • News reports about the development (22 Oct) in China of an edible, plant-based ink derived from food waste, which could be used in
3D printing of scaffolds to reduce the cost of
cultured meat. • Promising results of therapeutic
candidates are reported:
phase 2-trialed talquetamab against
multiple myeloma (10&15 Dec), a phase 1-trialed
HIV vaccine (2 Dec), mice-tested Pillar[6]MaxQ against
meth and
fentanyl drug overdoses (15 Dec), first approval of a trialed
honeybee vaccine against
American foulbrood (29 Dec), a mice-tested triple
combination therapy against
pancreatic cancer of
immunotherapy medications undergoing trials as
monotherapies (30 Dec). • 19 December – A new world record
solar cell efficiency for a silicon-perovskite
tandem solar cell is achieved, with scientists in Germany converting 32.5% of sunlight into electrical energy. • 20 December –
OpenAI releases Point-E, a machine learning system that can
generate 3D models from text prompts (
text-to-3D), similar to previously released GET3D and Magic3D by Nvidia and DreamFusion by Google. • In a
paywalled article, scientists provide 3D imaging and model analysis to reveal main causes, mechanics, and potential mitigations of the problematic prevalent
lithium-ion battery degradation over charge cycles. • 26 December – Bio- and electrical engineers prove for the first time that human
cerebral organoids transplanted
into mice functionally integrate with their visual cortex. • 27 December – Scientists report that a species of
Halteria, a single-celled
protozoan, is the first known organism for which "
a virus-only diet ... is enough to fuel the physiological growth and even population growth". ==Awards==