Pacific •
1830 –
John Williams brings
Protestant Christianity to
Samoa. •
July 30,
1836 – The first
English language newspaper is published in
Hawaii. •
1838 – The
Pitcairn Islands become a
Crown colony of the United Kingdom; and women there are the first in the world to be granted, and maintain,
women's suffrage.
East Asia China supervising the destruction of opium in 1839 China was ruled by the
Daoguang Emperor of the
Qing dynasty during the 1830s. The decade witnessed a rapid rise in the sale of opium in China, A turning point came in 1834, with the end of the monopoly of the
East India Company, leaving trade in the hands of private entrepreneurs. By 1838, opium sales climbed to 40,000 chests. In 1839, newly appointed imperial commissioner
Lin Zexu banned the sale of opium and imposed several restrictions on all foreign traders. Lin also closed the channel to
Guangzhou (Canton), leading to the seizure and destruction of 20,000 chests of opium. The British retaliated, seizing
Hong Kong on
August 23 of that year, starting what would be known as the
First Opium War. It would end three years later with the signing of the
Treaty of Nanking in 1842, signed by
Keying and
Yilibu on behalf of the Daoguang Emperor, and
Henry Pottinger on behalf of
Queen Victoria. The Treaty was based heavily on the earlier
Convention of Chuenpi, signed by
Qishan and
Charles Elliot Japan • July
1837 –
Charles W. King sets sail on the American merchant ship
Morrison. In the
Morrison incident, he is turned away from
Japanese ports with cannon fire.
South-eastern Asia •
March 28,
1830 – The
Java War ends. •
1833 – H.R.H. Prince
Mongkut of
Siam founds the
Dhammayut Buddhist reform movement.
Dutch East Indies The
Padri War was fought from 1803 until 1837 in
West Sumatra between the
Padris and the
Adats. The latter asked for the help of the
Dutch, who intervened from 1821 and helped the Adats defeat the Padri faction. The conflict intensified in the 1830s, as the war soon centered on Bonjol, the fortified last stronghold of the Padris. It finally fell in 1837 after being besieged for three years, and along with the exile of Padri leader
Tuanku Imam Bonjol, the conflict died out.
Vietnam •
1831–
1834 –
Siamese–Vietnamese War for
Cambodia and
Southern Vietnam. •
1839 – The Emperor
Minh Mạng renames
Việt Nam to Đại Nam.
Brunei and Sarawak •
1836 – The
Sarawak Uprising of 1836 began.
Australia and New Zealand •
August 15,
1834 – The
South Australia Act allows for the creation of a colony there. •
June 8,
1835 – The
Australian city of
Melbourne is founded by
John Batman and
John Pascoe Fawkner. •
October 28,
1835 –
United Tribes of New Zealand founded at
Waitangi with the
Declaration of the Independence of New Zealand. •
November 19,
1835 – A force of 500
Māori people invade, massacre, eat and enslave the
Moriori people of the
Chatham Islands. •
July 27,
1836 –
Adelaide, is founded. •
December 26,
1836 – The
Colony of South Australia, founded by Captain
John Hindmarsh, is officially proclaimed (now celebrated in the state of
South Australia as
Proclamation Day). •
June 10,
1838 – 28
Indigenous Australians are killed in the
Myall Creek massacre.
Southern Asia • December
1838 –
First Anglo-Afghan War:
British and
Presidency armies set out from
Punjab in support of
Shah Shujah Durrani's claim to the throne of
Afghanistan.
India The British government appointed a series of administrative heads of British India in the 1830s ("
Governor-General of India" starting in 1833):
Lord William Bentinck (1828–1835),
Sir Charles Metcalfe, Bt (1835–1836), and
The Lord Auckland (1836–1842). The
Government of India Act 1833 was enacted to remove the
East India Company's remaining trade monopolies and divested it of all its commercial functions, renewing the company's political and administrative authority for another twenty years. It invested the Board of Control with full power and authority over the company. The
English Education Act by the Council of India in 1835 reallocated funds from the East India Company to spend on education and literature in India. In 1837, the British East India company
replaced Persian with local vernacular in various provinces as the official and court language. However, in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent,
Urdu instead of Hindi was chosen to replace Persian. In 1835,
William Henry Sleeman captured "Feringhea" in his efforts to suppress the
Thuggee secret society. Sleeman's work led to his appointment as General Superintendent of the operations for the Suppression of Thuggee. In February 1839, he assumed charge of the office of
Commissioner for the Suppression of Thuggee and Dacoity. During these operations, more than 1400 Thugs were hanged or
transported for life.
Western Asia •
1831 –
Muhammad Ali of Egypt's French-trained forces occupy
Syria. •
May 10,
1832 – The
Egyptians, aided by
Maronites, seize
Acre from the
Ottoman Empire after a 7-month
siege. •
December 21,
1832 –
Battle of Konya: The
Egyptians defeat the main
Ottoman army in central
Anatolia. •
September 1,
1836 – Rebuilding begins at the
Hurva Synagogue in
Jerusalem. •
January 19,
1839 – The
East India Company captures
Aden. •
July 23,
1839 –
First Anglo-Afghan War,
Battle of Ghazni: British forces capture the fortress city of
Ghazni,
Afghanistan.
Eastern Europe Poland •
November 29,
1830 – The
November Uprising begins in Warsaw against Russian rule. •
February 20,
1831 –
Battle of Olszynka Grochowska:
Polish rebel forces divide a
Russian army. •
May 26,
1831 –
Battle of Ostrołęka: The
Poles fight another indecisive battle. •
September 6 –
September 8,
1831 –
Battle of Warsaw: The
Russians take the
Polish capital and crush resistance.
Northern Europe United Kingdom Royalty :
Queen Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom (1837–1901). In 1830,
William IV succeeded his brother
George IV as King of the
United Kingdom. Upon his death in 1837, his 18-year-old niece,
Princess Victoria. Under
Salic law, the
Kingdom of Hanover passed to William's brother,
Ernest Augustus, Duke of Cumberland, ending the
personal union of Britain and Hanover which had existed since
1714.
Queen Victoria took up residence in
Buckingham Palace, the first reigning British monarch to make this, rather than
St James's Palace, her London home.
Politics and law Britain had four
prime ministers during the 1830s. As the decade began, Tory
Arthur Wellesley, 1st Duke of Wellington led parliament. Wellington's government fell in late 1830, failing to react to calls for reform. The Whigs selected
Charles Grey, 2nd Earl Grey to succeed him, who led passage of many reforms, including the
Reform Act 1832, the
Slavery Abolition Act 1833 (abolishing slavery throughout the
British Empire), and the
Factory Acts (limiting
child labour). In 1834 Grey retired from public life, leaving
Lord Melbourne as his successor. Reforms continued under Lord Melbourne, with the
Poor Law Amendment Act in 1834, which stated that no able-bodied British man could receive assistance unless he entered a
workhouse. King
William IV's opposition to the Whigs' reforming ways led him to dismiss Melbourne in November and then appoint Sir
Robert Peel to form a Tory government. Peel's failure to win a House of Commons majority in the resulting
general election (January 1835) made it impossible for him to govern, and the Whigs returned to power under Melbourne in April 1835. The
Marriage Act 1836 established
civil marriage and registration systems that permit marriages in
nonconformist chapels, and a
Registrar General of Births, Marriages, and Deaths. There were protests and significant unrest during the decade. In May and June 1831 in Wales, coal miners and others rioted for improved working conditions in what was known as the
Merthyr Rising.
William Howley Archbishop of Canterbury has his coach attacked by an angry mob on his first official visit to
Canterbury in 1832. In 1834,
Robert Owen organized the
Grand National Consolidated Trades Union, an early attempt to form a national
union confederation. In May
1838, the
People's Charter was drawn up in the
United Kingdom, demanding
universal suffrage. Chartism continued to gain popularity, leading to the
Newport Rising in 1839, the last large-scale armed rebellion against authority in mainland Britain. In 1835,
James Pratt and John Smith were
hanged outside
Newgate Prison in London after a conviction of
sodomy, the last deadly victims of the judicial
persecution of
homosexual men in England.
Western Europe Germany •
May 30,
1832 – Germany:
Hambacher Festival, a demonstration for
civil liberties and national unity, ends with no result. •
December 14,
1833 –
Kaspar Hauser, a mysterious German youth, is stabbed, dying three days later on
December 17. •
January 1,
1834 –
Zollverein:
Customs charges are abolished at borders within
Germany. •
October 13,
1836 –
Theodor Fliedner, a
Lutheran minister, and Friederike, his wife, open the
Deaconess Home and Hospital at
Kaiserswerth,
Germany, as an institute to train women in
nursing. •
1837 – The 5th century BC
Berlin Foundry Cup is acquired for the
Antikensammlung Berlin in Germany.
Austria •
March 2,
1835 –
Ferdinand becomes Emperor of
Austria.
Switzerland • October, 1830 – Start of the
Regeneration in Switzerland: more liberal constitutions adopted in most
cantons. •
August 3,
1833 – In
Switzerland, troops of the
city of Basel march on rebels in
Liestal, but are beaten back at the Battle of Hülftenschanz. •
August 26,
1833 – The
Canton of Basel is partitioned by the
Swiss Tagsatzung, to create the two
half-cantons of
Basel-City and
Basel-Country.
Belgium •
August 25,
1830 – The
Belgian Revolution begins. •
September 27,
1830 – The
Belgian Revolution ends by liberating Brussels from the United Kingdom of the Netherlands. •
October 4,
1830 – The Provisional Government in Brussels
declares the creation of the independent state of
Belgium, in revolt against the
United Kingdom of the Netherlands. •
December 20,
1830 – The independence of
Belgium is recognized by the
Great Powers. •
July 21,
1831 –
Leopold I of Belgium is inaugurated as first king of the
Belgians. •
August 2,
1831 – The Dutch
ten days' campaign in
Belgium is halted by a
French army. •
December 4,
1832 – Battle of Antwerp: The last remaining
Dutch enforcement, the
citadel, is under
French attack. •
December 23,
1832 – The Battle of Antwerp ends with the
Netherlands losing the city. •
1839 – Half of the
Limburg province of
Belgium is added to the
Netherlands (since 1839 there is a
Belgian Limburg and
Dutch Limburg). •
April 19,
1839 – The
Treaty of London establishes
Belgium as a
kingdom.
France French Revolution of 1830 The French Revolution of 1830 was also known as the
July Revolution, Second French Revolution or in French. It saw the overthrow of King
Charles X, the French
Bourbon monarch, and the ascent of his brother
Louis, Duke of Orléans (who would in turn be overthrown in 1848). The revolution ended the
Bourbon Restoration, shifting power to the
July Monarchy (rule by the
House of Orléans).
Duc de Broglie briefly served as
State Minister, with many successors over the course of 2 years.
Canut revolts The first two
Canut revolts occurred in the 1830s. They were among the first well-defined worker uprisings of the
Industrial Revolution. The word
Canut was a common term to describe to all Lyonnais silk workers. The First Canut revolt in 1831 was provoked by a drop in workers' wages caused by a drop in silk prices. After a bloody battle with the military causing 600 casualties, rebellious silk workers seize
Lyon, France. The government sent Marshal
Jean-de-Dieu Soult, a veteran of the
Napoleonic Wars, at the head of an army of 20,000 to restore order. Soult was able to retake the town without any bloodshed, and without making any compromises with the workers. The Second Canut revolt in 1834 occurred when owners attempted to impose a wage decrease. The government crushed the rebellion in a bloody battle, and deported or imprisoned 10,000 insurgents.
Other events •
June 5 –
6,
1832 –
France:
June Rebellion, anti-
monarchist riots, chiefly by students, in
Paris. •
1835 – The
French word for their language changes to
français, from
françois.
Southern Europe Ottoman Empire (Balkans) •
March 29,
1831 – The
Great Bosnian uprising against the
Ottoman Empire breaks out. • April, 1839 – Sultan
Mahmud II of the
Ottoman Empire dies. •
July 1,
1839 –
Abdülmecid I (1839–
1861) succeeds
Mahmud II (
1808–1839) as
Ottoman Emperor. •
1839 – The
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, backed by the
Russian Empire and the
Austrian Empire, compels
July Monarchy France to abandon
Muhammad Ali of Egypt, and it forces him to return
Syria and
Arabia to the
Ottoman Empire. • November 3,
1839 –
Tanzimat starts in the
Ottoman Empire.
Greece •
February 3,
1830 –
Greece is liberated from the
Ottoman forces as the final result of the
Greek War of Independence. •
July 20,
1830 –
Greece grants citizenship to
Jews. •
May 7,
1832 – The
Treaty of London creates an independent
Kingdom of
Greece.
Otto of Wittelsbach, Prince of Bavaria, is chosen
King. Thus begins the
history of modern Greece. •
May 11,
1832 –
Greece is recognized as a sovereign nation; the
Treaty of Constantinople ends the
Greek War of Independence in July. •
1833 – Greece recaptures the
Acropolis. •
June 7,
1834 –
Greek independence:
General Theodoros Kolokotronis is sentenced to death for
treason for resisting the rule of
Otto of Greece (he is released next year). •
1834 –
Athens becomes
Greece's capital city.
Italian Peninsula •
November 8,
1830 –
Ferdinand II becomes King of the
Two Sicilies. • February–March
1831 – Revolts in
Modena,
Parma and the
Papal States are put down by
Austrian troops. •
April 27,
1831 –
Charles Albert becomes king of
Sardinia after the death of King
Charles Felix. •
1834 – A pro-
republic uprising fails in
Piedmont; one of the activists is
Giuseppe Garibaldi. •
October 3,
1839 – In the
Kingdom of the Two Sicilies, a railway between
Naples and
Portici (7.4 km length) is inaugurated by H.M. King
Ferdinand II of
Bourbon (the first railway in the Italian peninsula).
Spain •
September 29,
1833 – Three-year-old
Isabella II becomes Queen of Spain, under the regency of her mother,
Maria Cristina of Bourbon-Two Sicilies. Her uncle
Don Carlos, Conde de Molina challenges her claim, beginning the
First Carlist War. •
July 15,
1834 – The
Spanish Inquisition, which began in the 15th century, is suppressed by royal decree. •
September 19,
1837 –
Battle of Aranzueque: Liberal victory for the forces loyal to Queen
Isabella II of Spain, end of the Carlist campaign known as the
Expedición Real – The
First Carlist War. •
October 1,
1838 – Supporters of
Infante Carlos, Count of Molina, are victorious in the
Battle of Maella during the
First Carlist War. •
August 31,
1839 – The
First Carlist War (
Spain) ends with the Convenio de Vergara, also known as the Abrazo de Vergara ("the embrace in Vergara"; Bergara in Basque), between liberal general
Baldomero Espartero, Count of Luchana and Carlist General Rafael Maroto.
Portugal •
July 5,
1833 –
Liberal Wars,
Battle of Cape St. Vincent: The forces of Queen
Maria II of Portugal win decisively. •
July 24,
1834 – The
Liberal Wars end in
Portugal. •
January 26,
1835 – Queen
Maria II of Portugal marries
Auguste, Duke of Leuchtenberg, in Lisbon; he dies only two months later. •
January 1,
1836 – Queen
Maria II of Portugal marries
Prince Ferdinand Augustus Francis Anthony of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha.
Africa •
Egba refugees fleeing the
Yoruba Civil Wars found the city of
Abeokuta in south-west
Nigeria. •
February 14,
1831 –
Battle of Debre Abbay:
Ras Marye of Yejju marches into
Tigray and defeats and kills the warlord
Sabagadis. •
1831 –
Rifa'a at-Tahtawi returns from study in
Paris to
Egypt. •
December 11,
1834 – The
Sixth Xhosa War is characterized by severe clashes between white settlers and
Bantu peoples in
Cape Colony;
Dutch-speaking settlers colonize the area north of
Orange River. •
February 1,
1835 –
Slavery is
abolished in
Mauritius. •
October 10 –
October 13,
1837 – The French army
besieges and captures Constantine in
French Algeria. •
December 16,
1838 – The
Boers win a decisive victory over the
Zulus in the
Battle of Blood River.
French conquest of Algeria In 1830,
France invaded and quickly seized
Ottoman Regency of Algiers, and rapidly took control of other coastal communities. Fighting would continue throughout the decade, with the French pitted against forces under
Ahmed Bey at
Constantine, primarily in the east, and nationalist forces in
Kabylia and the west. The French made treaties with the nationalists under
'Abd al-Qādir, enabling them to capture Constantine in 1837. Al-Qādir continued to give stiff resistance in the west, which lasted throughout the decade (and well into the
1840s, with Al-Qādir surrendering in 1847).
North America Canada •
May 30,
1832 – Canada: The
Rideau Canal in eastern
Ontario is opened. •
March 6,
1834 –
York, Upper Canada, is incorporated as
Toronto. • November–December
1837 – In
the Canadas,
William Lyon Mackenzie leads the
Upper Canada Rebellion and
Louis-Joseph Papineau leads the
Lower Canada Rebellion. • May
1838 – Lord Durham and his entourage arrive in Upper Canada to investigate the cause of the 1837 rebellion in that province. This leads to Durham submitting the
Durham Report to Britain.
United States Slavery •
January 1,
1831 –
William Lloyd Garrison begins publishing
The Liberator, an antislavery newspaper, in
Boston,
Massachusetts. •
August 21,
1831 –
USA:
Nat Turner's Rebellion breaks out in
Southampton County, Virginia. •
September 19,
1835 –
William Lloyd Garrison publishes
Angelina Grimké's anti-slavery letter in
The Liberator. •
May 13,
1837 –
Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia) burned by mob hostile to slavery. •
November 7,
1837 – American
abolitionist and newspaper editor
Elijah Lovejoy is killed by a pro-
slavery mob, at his warehouse in Alton, Illinois. •
July 1,
1839 – Slaves aboard the
Amistad rebel and capture the ship off the coast of
Cuba. Under direction to sail the ship to Africa, the crew sailed the ship to
Long Island, New York, where the slaves were taken into custody by the
U.S. Navy. The slaves would later win the right to return to Africa in
United States v. The Amistad.
Settlement •
February 9,
1832 – The
Florida Legislative Council grants a city charter for
Jacksonville, Florida. •
July 10,
1832 – U.S.
Survey of the Coast revived (with
US Department of Treasury). •
August 12,
1833 – The city of
Chicago is established at the
estuary of the
Chicago River by 350 settlers. •
March 11,
1834 – U.S. Survey of the
Coast transferred to the
Department of the Navy. •
March 27,
1836 – United States Survey of the Coast returned to
U.S. Treasury Department; renamed
U.S. Coast Survey. •
April 20,
1836 – The
Wisconsin Territory is created. •
June 15,
1836 –
Arkansas is the 25th state admitted into the United States. •
January 26,
1837 –
Michigan becomes the 26th state admitted to the United States.
Native Americans •
May 28,
1830 – The
United States Congress passes the
Indian Removal Act. •
April 6,
1832 – The
Black Hawk War begins. •
July 9,
1832 –
Commissioner of Indian Affairs post created within the
War Department. •
August 2,
1832 –
Battle of Bad Axe ends the last major Native American rebellion east of the Mississippi in the U.S. •
1832 –
George Catlin starts to live among the
Sioux in the
Dakota Territory. •
1832 – The federal government establishes a
smallpox vaccination program for Native Americans (
The Indian Vaccination Act of 1832). •
July 29,
1834 –
Office of Indian Affairs organized in the United States. •
December 28,
1835 – The
Second Seminole War breaks out in
Florida. •
December 29,
1835 – The
Treaty of New Echota is signed between the United States Government and members of the
Cherokee Nation. •
1835 –
Fort Cass is established, the military headquarters and site of the largest internment camps during the 1838
Trail of Tears. •
May 19,
1836 –
Fort Parker massacre: Among those captured by
Native Americans is nine-year-old
Cynthia Ann Parker; she later gives birth to a son named
Quanah, who becomes the last
chief of the
Comanche. •
1836 –
George Catlin ends his 6-year tour of 50 tribes in the
Dakota Territory. •
February 4,
1837 –
Seminoles attack
Fort Foster in
Florida. •
May 26,
1838 –
USA: The people of the
Cherokee Nation are forcibly relocated during the
Trail of Tears.
Presidents •
December 3,
1832 –
U.S. presidential election, 1832:
Andrew Jackson is re-elected president. •
March 4,
1833 –
Andrew Jackson is sworn in for his second term as
President of the United States. •
May 6,
1833 – In
Alexandria, Virginia, the first public physical attack on an
American President, with
Andrew Jackson struck by a disgruntled
Robert B. Randolph, who was dismissed from the navy by Jackson for embezzlement. Though the assailant was immediately apprehended, Jackson decided not to press charges. •
March 27,
1834 –
Andrew Jackson is censured by the Congress of the United States (expunged in 1837). •
January 30,
1835 – An
assassination is attempted against President
Andrew Jackson in the
United States Capitol (the first assassination attempt against a
President of the United States). •
December 7,
1835 – Future U.S. President
James K. Polk becomes
Speaker of the House •
December 4,
1836 –
Whig Party holds its first national convention, in
Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. •
December 7,
1836 –
1836 United States presidential election:
Martin Van Buren defeats
William Henry Harrison. •
March 4,
1837 –
Martin Van Buren succeeds
Andrew Jackson as
President of the United States.
Supreme Court •
January 12 –
January 27,
1830 –
Robert Y. Hayne of
South Carolina debates the question of states' rights vs. federal authority with
Daniel Webster of
Massachusetts in the
United States Congress. •
March 12,
1830 –
Craig v. Missouri: The
United States Supreme Court rules that state loan certificates are unconstitutional because they were bills of credit emitted by a state in violation of Article I, Section 10 of the Constitution. •
February 16,
1833 –
Barron v. Baltimore: The United States Supreme Court rules that the Bill of Right only applies to the federal government, and not the state government. •
March 28,
1836 –
Roger B. Taney becomes the 5th
Chief Supreme Court Justice, succeeding
John Marshal, and beginning the 28 year
Taney Court.
Other •
November 14,
1832 –
Charles Carroll, the last surviving signer of the
Declaration of Independence dies at his home in Maryland at age 95. •
April 14,
1834 – The
Whig Party is officially named by
United States Senator Henry Clay. •
August 11 –
August 12,
1834 –
Ursuline Convent riots: A convent of Ursuline nuns is burned near
Boston. •
January 8,
1835 – The
United States public debt contracts to $0 for the only time in history. •
1835 –
Edward Strutt Abdy publishes his
Journal of a Residence and Tour in the United States of North America: From April, 1833, to October 1834. •
May 10,
1837 – The
Panic of 1837 begins in
New York City. •
June 11,
1837 – The
Broad Street Riot occurs in
Boston,
Massachusetts, fueled by ethnic tensions between the Irish and the Yankees. •
1839 – the first state law permitting women to own property is passed in
Jackson, Mississippi.
Texas War of Independence (Texas Revolution) •
October 2,
1835 –
Province of Tejas, Northern Mexico, –
Battle of Gonzales: Under orders from Mexican President-turned dictator, General
Antonio López de Santa Anna,
Mexican soldiers attempt to capture a cannon that the Mexican government had earlier provided to the settlers of
Gonzales, Texas for protection against hostile Indians, but encounter stiff resistance from a hastily assembled militia. This became known as the "Come-and-Take-it" skirmish. •
December 9,
1835 – Texian "army" volunteers, under General Burleson, capture the town of
San Antonio de Bejar from the Mexican forces occupying the town under General Martin Perfecto de Cos. •
December 20,
1835 – A
Texas Declaration of Independence is first signed at
Goliad, Texas. •
January 5,
1836 –
David Crockett arrives in
Texas. •
February 23,
1836 – The
Siege of the Alamo begins, with a Texian army under the command of Lt Colonel
Willam B. Travis and volunteers under Colonel
James Bowie, hastily fortifying and defending the Alamo against the Mexican Army under
Santa Anna. •
March 1,
1836 –
Convention of 1836: Delegates from several Texian settlements gather in
Washington-on-the-Brazos, Texas, to deliberate and vote on independence from
Mexico. •
March 2 –
Convention of 1836: The
Texas Declaration of Independence is signed by 60 delegates and the
Republic of Texas is declared. Sam Houston is elected as Commanding General of the Texian "Army". •
March 6,
1836 – The
Battle of the Alamo ends the 13-day siege; approximately 200 defenders (Anglo settlers & Tejano townsfolk) die in a fierce struggle with approximately 5,000 Mexican soldiers. •
March 17,
1836 –
Convention of 1836: Delegates adopt the
Constitution of the Republic of Texas, modeled after the
United States Constitution. It allows slavery, requires
free blacks to petition Congress to live in the country, but prohibits import of slaves from anywhere but the United States. •
March 27,
1836 – On Palm Sunday, 342 Texian prisoners captured a week earlier are shot and killed in the
Goliad Massacre along with Texian Colonel
James Walker Fannin by Mexican troops in
Goliad near the
Presidio La Bahia during the
Texas Revolution. •
April 21,
1836 –
Battle of San Jacinto:
Mexican forces under
General Santa Anna are defeated in a battle lasting 18 minutes by the
San Jacinto River, Texas. (General Houston is wounded during the battle, and is later relieved of command by interim President David G. Burnet. This action enables Houston to recover from his wounds.) •
April 22,
1836 – Forces under Texian General
Sam Houston capture
Mexican General Antonio López de Santa Anna who had attempted to escape during the chaos of the battle the previous day. Capturing Santa Anna guarantees Texas independence from Mexico.
Republic of Texas •
January 3,
1834 – The government of
Mexico imprisons
Stephen F. Austin in
Mexico City. •
August 30,
1836 – The city of
Houston, Texas is founded. •
September 5,
1836 –
Sam Houston is elected as the first
President of the Republic of Texas. •
October 22,
1836 – Sam Houston is inaugurated as first elected President of the
Republic of Texas. •
June 5,
1837 – The city of
Houston, is incorporated by the
Republic of Texas. •
December 10,
1838 –
Mirabeau B. Lamar is inaugurated as second elected President of the
Republic of Texas.
Mexico The 1830s for Mexico saw the end of the
First Mexican Republic and saw General Santa Anna move in and out of the presidency in a 30-year span now known as the "Age of Santa Anna". In 1834, President
Antonio López de Santa Anna dissolved Congress, forming a new government. That government instituted the
Centralist Republic of Mexico by approving a new centralist constitution ("
Siete Leyes"). From its formation in 1835 until its dissolution in 1846, the Centralist Republic was governed by eleven
presidents (none of which finished their term). It called for the state militias to disarm, but many states resisted, including
Mexican Texas, which declared independence in the
Texas Revolution of 1836. During the
1840s, other provinces separated. The
Republic of the Rio Grande in 1840, and the
Republic of Yucatán declared independence in 1841. •
May 23,
1835 – The Mexican
State of Aguascalientes is formed by decree of
President Santa Anna. •
December 28,
1836 –
Spain recognizes the independence of
Mexico. • May
1838 – An insurrection breaks out in
Tizimín, beginning the campaign for the independence of
Yucatan from
Mexico. • November 1838 – The
Pastry War (also known as the
First French intervention in Mexico) began with the naval blockade of some Mexican ports and the capture of the fortress of
San Juan de Ulúa in Veracruz by French forces sent by
King Louis-Philippe. The intervention followed many claims by French nationals of losses due to unrest in Mexico City, as well as the failure of Mexico to pay a large debt to France. • March 1839 – The
Pastry War ends with a British-brokered peace.
Nicaragua •
April 30,
1838 –
Nicaragua declares independence from the
Federal Republic of Central America (
see Nicaragua's early history).
Costa Rica •
May 5,
1835 –
Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as
Head of State of Costa Rica. •
May 28,
1838 –
Braulio Carrillo is sworn in as
Head of State of Costa Rica, thus beginning his second term in office.
Puerto Rico •
May 7,
1836 – The settlement of
Mayagüez, Puerto Rico, is elevated to the royal status of
villa by the government of
Spain.
Honduras •
November 5,
1838 – The
Second Central American Civil War begins with
Honduras' separation from the
Central American Federation.
The Caribbean Jamaica •
27 December,
1831 –
Sam Sharpe leads a major slave rebellion, also known as the
Baptist War. The slave uprising lasted for 10 days and spread throughout the entire island, mobilizing as many as 60,000 of Jamaica's enslaved population. The British colonial government used the armed Jamaican military forces and warriors from the towns of the Jamaican
Maroons to put down the rebellion, suppressing it within two weeks. Some 14 whites were killed by armed slave battalions, but more than 200 slaves were killed by troops.
South America Brazil •
April 7,
1831 –
Pedro I abdicates as
emperor of Brazil in favor of his 5-year-old son
Pedro II, who will reign for almost 59 years. •
November 7,
1831 – Slave trading is forbidden in
Brazil. •
1834 – In the
Empire of Brazil, the Additional Act provides: • Establishment of the Provincial Legislative Assembly • Extinction of the State Council • Replacement of the Regency Trina • Introduction of a direct and secret ballot. •
January 24,
1835 - a major
slave rebellion known as the
Malê revolt takes place in
Salvador, Bahia.
Riograndense Republic •
September 20,
1835 –
Ragamuffin War begins in
Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. •
September 11,
1836 –
Riograndense Republic is proclaimed in
South America.
Uruguay •
July 18,
1830 –
Uruguay adopts its first
constitution. •
1835 – Civil war erupts in
Uruguay between supporters of
Blanco and
Colorado parties.
Argentina •
1835 –
Juan Manuel de Rosas becomes
Caudillo of
Argentina.
Falkland Islands •
January 3,
1833 –
Britain retakes the Falkland Islands in the
South Atlantic.
Peru •
January 20,
1839 –
Battle of Yungay:
Chile defeats the
Peru–Bolivian Confederation, leading to the restoration of an independent Peru.
Ecuador •
May 13,
1830 –
Ecuador separates from
Gran Colombia. •
February 12,
1832 –
Ecuador annexes the
Galápagos Islands.
Chile •
May 25,
1833 – The
Chilean Constitution of 1833 is promulgated. == Science and technology ==