Fascist Italy and Nazi Germany had two mean of operations to extend its
Sphere of influence outside Europe, consisting on intergovernmental diplomacy from the
Foreign Ministries of each country with their
Consulates, while also developing propaganda and subversive through unofficial agencies linked to Axis Powers, like the
Fascist League of North America or the
Ausland-Organization (foreign organisations) branch of the Nazi Party. Serving to establish the political and economic hegemony of the Axis Powers in selected countries, using them to expand Axis Powers influence through their
Continents.
Plans for Africa Hitler's geopolitical thoughts about Africa always occupied a secondary position to his expansionist aims in Europe itself. His public announcements prior to outbreak of the war that Germany's
former colonies be returned to it served primarily as bargaining chips to further territorial goals in Europe itself. Africa was nevertheless expected to fall under German control in some way or another after Germany had first achieved supremacy over its own continent. However, Hitler's interest in African colonies were mostly for reasons of international prestige by pressure from the German elites, but he himself was indifferent and was even opposed to the creation a German colonial policy in Africa because it did not fulfill the goal of
Drang nach Osten (a colonial policy over Eastern Europe), being convinced that African affairs would be a distraction from Germany's real socio-economic goal of achieving
Lebensraum, railing against
Wilhelmine Germany for its lack of long-term vision in wanting to imitate the
thalassocratic nature of the British Empire as he believed that the German Reich was determined by history and geography to practice a
Continentalist-oriented geopolitics (praising the imperialist vision of
Otto Von Bismarck and
Frederick the Great, both opposed to the development of
overseas empires and closer to the "authentic Germanic imperial character" that existed in the
Holy Roman Empire under the
Hohenstaufens and
Ottonians, or in the
Germanic invasions) unlike
Western European states that were conditioned to cross the
Atlantic Ocean. Also, wanting to prevent the British Empire and Germany from conspiring at the expense of the
French Empire in the projected New Order,
Vichy France developed plans to forge closer political ties with the Reich for the expected evolution of the conflict to an intercontinental phase between the Axis and
United States after a British defeat, proposing that they would use his
African empire and colonial fleet to protect
Nazi occupied Europe from the American menace, as well as participating in a projected
European customs union (see
European Confederation project), thus allowing Axis Europe to benefit from its colonial empire. Those plans under
François Darlan went so far that in the
Paris Protocols (1941) were given air and naval bases with extraterritorial to Nazi Germany in
Dakar (
Senegal),
Bizerte (
Tunisia) and
Aleppo (
Syria). However, Hitler's distrust of France ruled out any possibility of France allying with Germany as an equal overseas partner in the long term (being expected to become a minor
colonial power in the New Order). It is theorised that was complementary to the
Plan Z of the
Kriegsmarine and its efforts to be a fleet worthy of a world power, alike
British Royal Navy. In the short-term, Nazi Germany wanted to gain international prestige, satisfy the nationalists demands of the
Kolonialrevisionismus movement, the economic needs of an expansive
bourgeoisie, and the political ones of former German colonial classes, which included both German ex-colonial rulers and former
Afro-Germans subjects that maintained his loyalty to the Reich (Nazis desired to return them to Africa, so that they would not contaminate German culture and racial purity, while also achieving a propaganda effect of the benevolence of Nazi racial policies toward Black peoples). March 1935 was the first time that the return of former German colonies were put into official negotiations by Nazi Germany to the representatives of the British government, and so the "colonial question" remained a constant (while relatively minor) topic of negotiation between the German and British governments. On February 4, 1936, Hitler publicly demanded the cession of two colonies in exchange for continued "active German friendship" with Great Britain. Great Britain urged Germany to "come to terms" first with parts of the
Belgian,
Portuguese and
Dutch colonial empires, trying to avoid the claims. After pressures, England would only agree to the return of the colonies to Germany if they were declared
mandates of the League of Nations (avoiding arming the natives) and with economic compensation. However, Hitler wanted the return of the colonies without compensation of any kind, because the German colonies had also been expropriated from Germany without compensation. On March 3, 1938, British ambassador
Nevile Henderson presented Adolf Hitler a colonial offer on behalf of his Prime Minister
Neville Chamberlain, consisting in the redistribution of all of
Central Africa (below the 5° parallel and above the
Zambezi) in an international administration of Africa on the basis of common economic and humanitarian principles. British offered that, in addition to some of its former colonies, Germany was also to receive part of Portuguese and Belgian colonial possessions, compensating also the loss of other colonies. However, Nazi Germany was not interested in a shared domain and much less in confirming the loss of its original colonies that still had
German volkisch, Hitler personally asked whether it would not be easier to return to Germany its former colonies rather than making Belgium and Portugal believe that Germany was eager for other people's property. Nazi Germany was content to give the Italian Empire primacy on North Africa as well as the complete control of East Africa (except former German East Africa), to allow a contiguous empire from
Tunisia to
Greater Somalia, fulfilling
Mussolini's imperial ambitions. This was due to an old German-Italian exchange on colonial projects in Africa, provocating that German military plans during the Nazi era were more oriented towards Italian Africa than towards the former German Africa. Moreover, Mussolini codiciated to gain control over
Spanish Morocco,
Ceuta and the
Balearic Islands, without having opposition from Nazi Germany. and its goals of conquering an
Spazio vitale in Africa after the New Order. During the early years of the war, several staff of the
Italian Foreign Ministry, at the
Ministry for Italian Africa and at the
Royal Army's Ufficio Operazioni, were developing maps for a new
Scramble of the
Middle East and North Africa.
Serafino Mazzolini (former Italian Minister in
Cairo) and
Corrado Baldoni (former First Secretary at the
Italian consulate in Cairo) created by 29 July 1940 a monograph on what should become of Egypt after the Axis victory, such monograph would then be delivered to
Gino Buti (Director General of European and Mediterranean affairs in the
Foreign Ministry). They conceived to restore the independence of
Egypt from
British rule instead of being turned into an Italian colony (although the
Sinai Peninsula and
Anglo-Egyptian Sudan were to be turned into a joint Italian-Egyptian
condominium), wanting to avoid a bad propaganda for
Fascist Italy among
Muslims and
Arab nationalists and instead wanting to be seen as
Protector of Islam, and so having their cooperation against
British Palestine and
French Syria in future expansionist movements, and also leaving the defense of the
Suez Canal to Egyptians to save costs (considering them as having trustworthy political institutions and a strong
nationalism). However, the Ministry for Italian Africa (more focused on economic matters than diplomatic affairs) wanted a total conquest of the Sinai (to
‘exercise decisive influence’ over the
Near East and
Red Sea as well as to intervene militarily in Suez) and Sudan (to link
Italian Libya with
Italian East Africa without the nuisance from
Egyptians), arguing that they would accept the losses in return for full independence for Egypt itself as well as some territorial compensations in the
Arabian Peninsula (probably
Muhammad Ali's former conquests in
Hejaz). Mazzolini and the Foreign Ministry disliked those separate plans, fearing the creation of internal problems, disliking their being contrary to totalitarian doctrines of fascism requiring a unified bureaucracy, and not wanting to harass potential Arab collaborators in the region, fearing that hostility from Egyptians would cause negative repercussions for Italy across the Middle East as well as inside Italy's colonies. The total annexation of Suez was only considered in the possibility that
Francoist Spain conquered
Gibraltar and turned into an Italian rival in the
Indo-Mediterranean. Concerning
Italian Ethiopia, its territory would increase by annexing
British Somaliland and
French Somaliland, and restoring the
Aksum Empire under Italian patronage to conquer
South Arabia. The
Italian Empire wasn't conceived as a purely economic end, but a cultural and psychological means to transform the Italians themselves to erase the image of the Italian as "mandolinist", "peaceful" or "soft", and instead form a
new fascist man of "warrior" and virile Italians who would be hardened through the exercise of brutality, "curing" modern Italians of its inferiority complex in relation to
France and
Great Britain by declaring that they had ceased to be a "proletarian nation" and had become a dominant race. Moreover, there would be a turning point between
assimilationism to
segregationism in the colonial policy (before the alliance with the Nazis, Italian fascism sometimes permitted a degree of
miscegenation or limited cultural
syncretism), as the "New Order" would impose strict racial segregation in the Italian colonies by German pressure. Sexual and interracial relations (madamato) would be prohibited to preserve the "prestige of the race", as well as utilitarian
genocide practised as an administrative policy to cleanse territories from punished nations (like
Ethiopians and
Libyans) and assert the hierarchy of the "master" over the "subject", giving privileges to others (like
Eritreans or
Somalis) who accepted
Italianization. On the division of French African colonies, between the Spanish and Italian governments, Hitler refused to provide any official promises during the war, fearful of losing the support of
Vichy France. However, the cession of
French Tunisia and
French Djibouti to the Italians was considered inevitable in the future. Also, in the
Meeting at Hendaye, Hitler personally and secretly promised to
Francisco Franco that Spanish Empire in Africa would gain territories over the remnants of
French West Africa, only in the condition of
Spain entry in World War 2, but showing his displeasure with the exaggerated demands of the
Spanish Africanists (Spain wanted
Morocco,
North West Algeria,
Mauritania and
Cameroon) and trying to be the most ambiguous possible in the hypothetical compromises over Spain to avoid infuriate Mussolini and
Pétain's ambition over
North Africa (Germans even believed that Vichy France was better able to defend itself from a British attack than
Francoist Spain), and also maintaining in secret that Nazi Germany wanted to expel Spaniards from
Equatorial Guinea or the
Canary Islands, as Hitler wanted to conquer both for Germany in a future Atlantic Policy against
North America after winning the War (considering to compensate Spain with
British Sierra Leone, West
British Nigeria or pro-Allies Liberia). However, Hitler recognised Spain's Moroccan ambitions and considered to give
French Morocco to
Spanish Morocco in the
Operation Felix, as legally France was not the owner of Morocco according to
Treaty of Fes, which recognised the nominal sovereignty of the
Moroccan sultan (who granted powers to the French occupiers by his concession). That eventuality was considered only if Spain was militarily competent in the
Mediterranean Theatre to deserve be awarded by Germany, and also if Spain gave privileges to Germans for military bases on
Agadir and
Mogador Similar cases happened later in
French Tunis and
French Senegal when Nazi Germany's economic colonialist policy demanded military privileges for them on
Dakar,
Bizerte and
rail transport in Tunisia at the
Paris Protocols, which was protested by
Maxime Weygand and his fears that were steps for a future German conquest. Although the German despise for Spain in the plans of New Order,
Vichy France made important concessions to Spain and made efforts to maintain cordial relations with Madrid to prevent Germany from changing its mind and dismantling the French colonial empire in order to incorporate Francoist Spain into the Axis and then partition the rest of French Oversea territories with Italy. Similar plots to
conspire against French Algeria were done by
Fascist Italy to instigate rebellions in
Constantinois to annex it and
French Tunis, as well as by
Nazi Germany broadcasting radio programs in Arabic (like the one presided by
Younis Bahri) with promises that the Reich would bring freedom to Algerians while also trying to establish contact with the
Algerian People's Party and its leader
Messali Hadj (who declined the offer, so the pro-German faction founded the
North African Revolutionary Action Committee). The Italian Consul in Algiers in 1942 revealed that there were no plans from
Axis Powers to help the Algerians for the purpose of emancipation in the New Order, but that the partition of the country was being considered between Oran (to Spain),
Algiers (to Germany) eastern Constantinois (to Italy) and western Constantinois (still under France), only offering support on their terms and without any operational freedom.
Plans for Central Africa In 1940 the
General Staff of the
Kriegsmarine (navy) produced a much more detailed plan accompanied by a map showing a proposed German colonial empire delineated in blue (the traditional color used in German cartography to indicate the German sphere of influence as opposed to the red or pink that represented the British Empire) in
sub-Saharan Africa, extending from the
Atlantic Ocean to the
Indian Ocean. Those plans were inspired by the publications of the Nazi jurist
Wilhelm Crohne in the "Deutscher Colonial Service" (based on the
Mittelafrika expansionist goals of the
Second Reich), in which he also warned of the dangers of "racial mixing" that occurred under the influence of the Christian churches in the colonies. The proposed domain was supposed to fulfill the long-sought territorial German goal of
Mittelafrika, and even further beyond. It would provide a base from which Germany would achieve a pre-eminent position on the African continent just as the conquest of Eastern Europe was to achieve a similar status over the continent of Europe. This Nazi Germany "Kolonialreich nach Plänen" consists of establishing a
sphere of influence in a territory from the Atlantic to the
Indian Ocean,
Ghana (
Gold Coast),
Benin (
Dahomey),
Togo, western Nigeria, southern
Niger,
Cameroon,
Democratic Republic of the Congo,
Rwanda,
Urundi,
Chad,
Central African Republic,
Uganda, southern Kenya,
Tanzania,
Zambia,
Malawi and
Namibia. However, Nazi Germany also wanted to develop a
paternalist strategy towards the African inhabitants, trying to transform them in "loyal pupils" by a cultural
Germanization and economically developing them to the extent that it was useful to the white Germans, based in the threatment that
Afro-Germans had in the
German Africa Show (a
Nazi Propaganda program that emphasise the connection between the former African neighborhoods and the German colonial rulers while at the same time their inferiority). For example, Nazis praised the African
askari soldiers who had fought for Germany in the
World War I, which deserved to be awarded according to his contribution to the Reich (providing colonial immigrants, who were declared stateless, a solution to their difficulty in finding work), while also being without basic rights and living on a "strictly closed community" that was part of a
human zoo system (in which they could still practise their native customs while serving also as a spectacle for the
Aryans by witnessing folklore festivals of
subhumans), and also being punished for inter-racial marriages and sexual relationships with White Germans. The main goal was to give Black people, which would be
apatrid and without legal protection, the opportunity to climb socially and earn money while at the same time keep them under state control, forcing the Africans to serve Nazi Germany if they wanted to be treated in a civilised manner by their Aryan masters, or be disposable and be expelled out of Western civilization, to return to live in the uncivilised natural condition of their race, as
Nazi Philosophers thought that
urbanization was against the nomadic nature of black race and that explained the apparent lack of
African civilizations in Sub-Saharan Africa. Nazi Thinkers believed that if Germany could fight against
Anti-German prejudices of colonial
despotism in the former German Africa by proving to be capable of managing colonies and its natives (considering that it would be an act of philanthropy and mercy of the white man to inferior peoples whom should be living in their natural
barbarist tribalism on the African jungle, instead of being included in white
urbanism) without contradicting its
racial theories, while also gaining
human capital for the Reich from inferior races, instead of just expel them and not take advantage of their workforce, with a strict control against
Miscegenation or
Cultural exchange to avoid a cultural contamination of undesirable black elements among the ideal Germans. Unlike the
Generalplan Ost, Nazi Germany wanted Africa to be a
Stützpunktkolonien (a colony for economical exploitation from a few and strategic German
urban areas), not
Siedlungskolonien (a colony for complete national occupation and German settlement) like the
Lebensraum, so Black People were not needed to be extinguished and expelled from their lands unlike the
East Slavs or the European Jews. The area included all pre-1914
German colonial territories in Africa (at the time,
British Tanganyika,
Belgian Ruanda-Urundi,
British South West Africa), as well as additional parts of the French, Belgian and British colonial holdings in Africa. These included the
French and
Belgian Congos,
Northern and
Southern Rhodesia (the latter going perhaps to South Africa),
Nyasaland, southern
Kenya with
Nairobi (northern Kenya was to be given to Italy),
Uganda,
Gabon,
Ubangui-Chari,
Nigeria,
Dahomey, the
Gold Coast,
Zanzibar, nearly all of Niger and Chad, as well as the naval bases of
Dakar and
Bathurst. A second part of the plan entailed the construction of a huge string of fortified naval and air bases for future operations against the Western hemisphere, spanning much of the Atlantic coastline of Europe and Africa from
Trondheim in Norway all the way down to the Belgian Congo, as well as many off-lying islands such as
Cape Verde and the
Azores. A less extensive but similar initiative was intended for the east coast of Africa.
Bernhard Ruberg got the mission to prepare the transfer of sovereignty of
French Cameroon to Germany (with plans of projecting future expansion over
French Equatorial Africa and
British Nigeria), while
Philipp Bouhler was responsible for the one in
Tanganyika Territory (projecting future expansion over
Belgian Congo), while by July 1942, preliminary organizational plans had been completed for German economic control of Cameroon, Nigeria, French Equatorial Africa, the Belgian Congo and Tanganyika, in addition to examining applicants for these colonial administrations on a technical basis.
Plans for Southern Africa Even before
Adolf Hitler's rise to power, many German nationalist organizations in the
Union of South Africa attracted a large number of
German Namibians, developing numerous offices in
South West Africa. The Nazi organizations there had a comparatively similar number of followers among Namibians of German ancestry and started to conquer those German Nationalists institutions, like the
Union of German Scouts in South West Africa (which in 1934 became part of the
Hitler Youth). This expansion of the
Nazi Foreign Organization among Namibians forced the South African state to ban them as early as 1934, because of the fear that they would serve for a future German reconquest of
Namibia. It is known that in November 1940 the
foreign organization of the NSDAP was commissioned by the Reich to make all preparations for the (re-establishment) of party organizations in the former African colonies. South Africa was to be compensated by the territorial acquisitions of the
British protectorates of Swaziland,
Basutoland and
Bechuanaland and the colony of
Southern Rhodesia.
Yōsuke Matsuoka supported such project and believed that the world in the New Order should be divided into four blocks in which each one would be represented by a "leading nation" (Western-Central Europe by
Nazi Germany, East Asia by
Imperial Japan, America by the
USA, and Eastern Europe-Central Asia by the
USSR), with the expectation that by dividing countries into continental blocs, they would transcend nationalism and eventually become a
world state through cooperation with the other leading nations of each bloc (and competition for
World domination). However, there were some conflict of interests, like a Soviet-Japanese one concerning
Sakhalin,
Eastern India,
Chinese Xinjiang (occupied by the Soviets) and
Mongolia-
Manchukuo (due to
Soviet–Japanese border conflicts on
North China); and a Soviet-German one concerning the destiny over
Turkey and its role in controlling
Bosporus Straits for entry into the Black Sea (and also other disagreements concerning European
Bulgaria,
Romania and
Finland) that frustrated Hitler and intensified his anti-Russian sentiments, which lead to the restoration of
Operation Barbarossa and the exclusion of the Soviets in Partitioning Asia in the New Order. in
Siberia was the agreed division point of
Eurasia between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan. In 1942, a secret diplomatic conference was held between Nazi Germany and Imperial Japan in which they agreed to divide
Asia along a line that followed the
Yenisey River to the border of China, and then along the border of China and the Soviet Union, the northern and western borders of
Afghanistan, and the border between
Iran and
British India (which included what is now
Pakistan). Hitler, however, found the treaty acceptable, leading to its signing on 18 January 1942. The Germans vigorously maintained watch on the demarcation line and objected to any Japanese incursion to the "German sphere" of the Axis-divided world. However, initially there were some projects to restore the property of
German Samoa, like the one from
Alfred Matthes by establishing in 1934 a
Samoan branch of the Nazi Party with a large-scale goal to re-annex it, even developing plans to seize control of Samoa and make radio broadcasts across the Pacific during
Sudetenland crisis, but the Nazi leadership decline his help due to being ironically strongest the support of German nationalism among mixed-race settlers of German descent with
Polynesians Samoans (as they see Nazi Germany as a possible liberator against New Zealand and British Commonwealth's colonialism), The Samoan Nazis, having the only recorded non-Eurasian Nazi party members, make a lot of effort to convince
Nazi racial theorist to classify the
Polynesian people as members of the Aryan race, but they were rejected by the German Consul,
Walter Hellenthal. Moreover, some Samoan people of German descent were recruited to fight in the European theatre of World War II. Concerning the other
Europeans territories in Oceania, like Australia and New Zealand were designated as future Japanese territories, although Hitler lamented his belief that the Aryan race would disappear from those regions. He nevertheless made it clear to his officials that "the descendants of the
convicts in Australia" were not Germany's concern and that their lands would be colonised by Japanese settlers in the immediate future, an opinion also shared by Joseph Goebbels, who expressed his conviction in
his diary that the Japanese had always desired "the fifth continent" for emigration purposes. Hitler loathed New Zealanders as a "lower form of human being". At a speech given on 15 July 1925 – his only recorded lengthy discussion on New Zealand – he argued that New Zealanders lived in trees and "clambered around on all fours" having not yet learned to walk upright. The speech was later reprinted as a pamphlet.
Plans for the Far East Nazi Germany policy towards the Far East was based in the Nazi party's use of German communities in
China,
Japan,
India,
Australia, and the
Dutch East Indies as pawns of German Asiatic policy (starting first by removing anti-Nazi representatives in those communities). The leadership of the party's members in China and East Asia was given to
Franz Hasenöhrl, who tried to exploit the
Anti-communist and
Anti-Russian sentiments among Chinese (however, Hitler initially ordered him to avoid provoking the
Soviet Union). Also the Nazi Branch of the Far East defended the possibility of marriage of Germans between Eurasians, Siamese or Japanese due to their "superior culture". However, the
Nazi racial theories accommodated the German Foreign Ministry due to damage its efforts at diplomacy in Asia (the
Nazi leaders answered by hating that institution and his highly educated, sophisticated, and cautious officials). So the cooperation from
Weimar Germany with China was continued after
Nazi accession to power, and the Nazi politics initially desired to conciliate Chinese and Japanese nationalists with the common enemy of the
Communists and Russian expansionism in the
Far East, believing that Germany had a mission to mediate between both Asian
great powers as a demonstration of the superiority of the "Aryan Race" over the "Yellow Race" and their lack of long-term vision and barbarism. Nazi Germans initially were favourable for
Chinese irredentist claims over
Outer Manchuria as that would block
Soviet Far East and also
Japanese Manchukuo (initially unrecognised by Nazi Germany), Although, Nazi's did not want to support
Chinese nationalist's goals to restore
Greater China, and they did not want to end the
Unequal treaties from Western Powers, just an economical and industrial cooperation that
Hans von Seeckt and the Hapro created in 1933–34 (even sending military advisers such as
Alexander von Falkenhausen), but only temporal and until it was no longer military useful to German plans, which envisioned the continuation of European dominance in Asia against the
Yellow Peril, but without British colonial leadership nor any presence of the Russians. Also
Joachim von Ribbentrop, sponsored by Hitler, started to develop a different approachment that strongly preferred an alliance with Japan due to its economic superiority, something that was taken advantage of by
Kintomo Mushanokōji and
Hiroshi Ōshima to offer the
Anti-Comintern Pact (which started Nazi shift away from China and towards Japan). However, the Germans considered themselves betrayed by China after the
Second Sino-Japanese War, which showed the weakness of the
Chinese National Army, which paved the way for the
Second United Front (an alliance of the Kuomintang and the
Chinese Communist Party), and then the
Sino-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact. The Kuomintang's intermingling with the communists infuriated the Nazi leaders, whom began to replace the
Sino-German cooperation with an empowerment of the
German-Japanese Pact, believing that Japan was demonstrating greater economic and military superiority (not racial), and had gained their right in the New Order by proving their will to impose and concretise their interests. With the replacement of Neurath by Ribbentrop as German Foreign Minister in 1938, the approachments with Imperial Japan intensified regardless off the protests of the
Nazi Foreign Organization in China represented by
Segfried Lahrmann. even with Japanese offers to purchase those territories, but Nazi Germany stayed conservative about the matter (showing a colonial conflict of interests for the long-term).
Japanese sphere in Southeast Asia and the Sinic world Being secured their interests in the New Order with the
Tripartite Pact,
Fascist Japanese propaganda developed plans for establishing a
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere from an
East Asia League where
Japan,
Manchukuo, and
China would cooperate to unify the rest of
Eastern world (mainly
Confucian,
Dharmic and
Taoist nations under a common
Eastern spirituality against
Western-
Abrahamic world) in which Japan should lead by
moral example (the "Kingly Way") to take up the "
Yellow Man's Burden". Although the Japanese theoretically would respect existing local organizations and customs, in practise the Japanese reserved their right to use brute force against what they perceived as
uncivilized Asian people (like the "physically large but spiritually weak"
Chinese people) to discipline and perfect them. This Japanese
Pan-Asianist supremacy (influenced by
Kōdōha fascist ideologies, as well as
State Shinto and
Nichiren Buddhism of the
Kyoto School) was based in the argument that, if the
Emperor descended from the Sun Goddess
Amaterasu in an "unbroken line for ages eternal" (
Bansei Ikkei), then rebellion against his authorities is never justified and people should obey to the Japanese Monarchy as embodiment of the Confucian
Sage King, perceived as a superior system unlike the unstable one of other
Asian monarchies (based in
dynastic cycles of rise and fall) and that the "New Order in East Asia" would be stable because it would be anchored by the
permanent Japanese Emperor under an eternal
Ius sanguinis as guarantee, so other Asian nations were strictly ranked below him in a Confucian-style family hierarchy of "proper place" (
meibun), with Japan's
Yamato people as the "father and nucleous" while the others as "children" or "younger brothers" (classifying Chineses and
Koreans in an "Inner Circle", which was superior to the "Outer Circle", in which were
Indians,
Austroasiatic and
Austronesians) in contraposition to the "Periphery" (the
Europeans and other
Barbarians). For that end, Japanese claimed that they were liberating
Asian peoples from the "feudal
warlords" (who
ruled by force, like
Western imperialists and
Chinese Warlords, instead of
ruling by virtue, like Japanese Kingship), being a crusade with enemies indistinguishable from their races and instead based on clashes of
Imperial ideology (in which the
Soviet empire was perceived as the most dangerous menace due to their
Marxist materialism, but also
Chinese nationalists and
Pan-Mongolists). Then Japan would establish a Pan-Asiatic state based on reinterpretations of Confucian morality (even installing the last
Qing Emperor,
Puyi in Manchukuo, to legitimize this "
Confucian revival") and claiming that Japan was now the actual repository of "Oriental" (Confucian) virtue. Therefore, for civilization to survive, Japan, the expected new center, had to lead China, the rotting periphery; believing that "
China" as the center of civilization had effectively died after the fall of the
Song Dynasty (due to
Mongol,
Manchu and
European "barbarian" invasions) and had lost any possibility of revival of its own after it completely collapsed under
Western humiliation, unlike Japan, which have never been conquered by "barbarians" and have successfully modernized while keeping its traditions based on
Tang/Song
culture as true preserver of East Asian traditions, and so having become the rightful heir of the
Chinese civilization (as also its right to be the center of the
Tributary system to vassalize all the
Known world, justifying the
Pacific War as a legitimate claim of the sovereign rights of the
Chinese empire that viewed the rest of
Asia-Pacific as
Tributary states), wishing that the
House of Yamato will be recognised as legitimate
emperors of China through the doctrine of
Shinako (Shifting of the Center, which stated that China "to be saved" had to be led by the cultural heir that was Japan) and allowing Japanese to perceive the
Chinese invasion not as a conquest, but as a "restoration" of order, and the other
South-East Asian theatres of the
Nanshin-ron as an intervention in the name of the
Celestial Empire's
Suzerainty. Concerning
Soviet Union territories, it wasn't seen as a civilization to be integrated, but as a threat to be neutralized and a resource base to be seized by purely geostrategic reasons of the
Hokushin-ron, in which the territories from
Chukotka and
Primorye to
Lake Baikal were to be annexed directly into the Japanese Empire to secure the
Sea of Japan and to gain sympathy of
Chinese irredentists (giving
Outer Manchuria to
Manchukuo), while
Eastern Siberia (at the east of
Baikal to
Yenisey) and
Soviet Central Asia were to be turned into a separate non-communist buffer state and protectorate of the
Russian Far East leaded by the
Russian Fascist Party (and probably other named
Turkestan if
Pan-Turanian movements were strong), while giving
Tuva and
Buryatia to a Japanese Mongolian puppet state ruled by
local princes. Concerning
Mongol heartland, Japan viewed it according to the concept of
Man-Mo —the idea that Manchuria and Mongolia were a single, indivisible strategic unit that was the "lifeline" of Japan— and so, presented itself as the "Protector of the
Steppe" against the Soviet destruction of nomadic
traditionalism under the
Stalinist Purges of
Lamas for
forced collectivization, and claimed that the Japanese and Mongols were racially linked (the
Dōbun Dōshu theory—"Same Script, Same Race"), but also Japanese consistently blocked
Prince De Wang's requests for a unified
Pan-Mongol state from
Mengjiang (not wanting an inner conflict between them and
Manchu nationalist over the control of
Hsingan, mantaining a policy of
Divide and Rule with the nomadic peoples), keeping him dependent and geographically limited to
Inner Mongolia while also making propanda in which their Emperor was portrayed as the modern guarantor of the
Mongol heritage as a
Dharmapala solely to legitimize their presence in
Inner Asia, offering no concrete plan for unification with
Outer Mongolia until the total collapse of China and Russia (due to the fears of having a Pan-Nomadic
Turco-Mongol state that could defy Japanese aspirations), expecting that in the long term the
Mongolian shamanists would recognise
Hirohito as true successor of
Genghis Khan's spirit as also to put pressure over
Mongol Buddhist Lamaist clergy to declare
Hirohito as a
Wisdom King and that Japan was the "
Shambhala" destined to help the Mongols defeat the Slavic invaders (even wanting to put a pro-Japanese boy as the new
Bogd Gegeen, probably
Diluwa Khutuktu, to unify
Gelug Tibetan Buddhists and turn them into
Theocratic Clients), even rebuilding Lamaist Schools destroyed by
Communist Chineses to train a new generation of pro-Japanese monks that would see Puyi and Hirohito as
Chakravartin (
Universal Ruler). Only then it would be considered the possibility of restore the
Mongolian Empire under total leadership of Japanese for an
Eurasianist policy. If not, Japan would mantain the division of the
Mongolian (between Hsingan, Inner and Outer Mongolia) as Fragmented Buffer Zones, based in the
Five Races Under One Union, to start
Japanese colonization without collaborative Mongolian nationalism (instead planning to destroy their
National identity through
Sedentarist colonies, with help of
Japanizated Chinese and
Koreans, until reaching a quiet frontier without Nomads). The final goal of Japan, after "liberating" Asia from the
white race and consolidating an Asiatic
Monroe Doctrine, was to prepare Asia for a coming apocalyptic "Final War" between the East (championing
spiritual civilization) and the West (championing
materialist civilization) to liberate the World from
Western modernism and reach
World domination, in which
Human race would reach the state of
Kindai no Chokoku (
overcoming Modernity) and will be created a new global civilization that transcended soulless
Modern world under the guide of Japanese emperor as a
Universal monarchy, expecting to impose the
Kokutai belief that the
Japanese state and Emperor are a singular and divine entity destined to rule the universe to fulfill the
Hakkō ichiu (and so demonstrating their claims as true
Son of Heaven against Chinese
Mandate of Heaven). Japanese New Order had no natural geographic limit, it would expand as far as Japan's power could reach until Japanese Imperial principles (
Kodo) would become the universal standard for human civilization.
Plans for Tibet and Indosphere Another example of those German interests in the assigned Japanese Sphere of Influence in China was the
Operation Tibet, developed by the
SS-Sturmbannführe Ernst Schäfer, which consisted to instigate an anti-British rebellion within the Tibetan people after a hypothetical German occupation of
Eurasian Steppe and the
Greater Middle East (the success of
Operation Barbarossa or at least the success of
Fall Blau in which the collapse of the Soviet war machine was assumed, and also the simultaneous execution of
Operation Orient and
Operation Amanullah) to undermine Allied influence over the
Himalayas, being part of a large-scale plan to invade the
Akhand Bharat territories (Greater India and Afghanistan) before Japan, so ensuring White Man's dominance in the
Hindustan region for a long time, although the total collapse of the British Empire (and even succeeding the British Empire in India or Russian Empire in Central Asia with neutered desires to conquer
Tibet), while also avoiding Japanese expansion over Central Asia from Tibet and
Xinjiang. The German interest in Tibet was not only for the establishment of military bases and instigation of Guerrilla warfare against the British and Communists, it had an ideological content, as Nazi racial theories proposed that a group of pure-blooded Aryans had settled in
Ancient Tibet and was responsible for giving the
Tibetan culture to barbaric
Mongoloids [native Tibetan]. A key figure on Nazi plans over Tibet was the employer of the
Kempeitai and
Black Dragon Society,
Ignaz Trebitsch-Lincoln (a Hungarian scammer and former Orthodox Jew that converted to
Buddhism and developed his own monastery in
Shanghai), as he was proposed to be a pro-Axis
Dalai Lama, after the death of the
13th Dalai Lama [Thubten Gyatso]. He joined the
Abwehr and proposed to the
SS Colonel
Josef Meisinger (chief of the
Gestapo in the
Far East) that he could raise up all the Buddhists of Asia against any remaining Western influence in the area (specifically the British from India and Soviets from
Mongolia) while also helping the Japanese war effort against China and India by generating a new war front on the
Tibetan Plateau, being accompanied by German agents (like
Franz Huber and
Frederick Anton Wiehl) to protect the projected Tibetan puppet state from being a Japanese colony. He also tried to convince the
Nazi occultists that he received
Divine revelation's predicting the ascension of an
Indo-Aryan Civilization with a
Superhuman clergy that will have
Mystical powers and would make the Allied military efforts useless, claiming that Hitler was an instrument of the
Devas for a new age of prosperity (this was interesting for
Heinrich Himmler and convinced him to give his support). However, the political and religious leaders of the
Tibetan state recognised the
14th Dalai Lama as Tenzin Gyatso, frustrating the scheme which needed the support of the
Tibetan Buddhists. Another impediment was the lack of interest of Ribbentrop (as he did not trust a project from a Jew) arrest of
Rudolf Hess (someone interest in the plan) and finally being canceled by the death of Trebitsch-Lincoln in October 1943. The Japanese plans with
Tibet in the other hand, thogh the
Tibet Operations of Kikuchi &
Nomoto, aimed at drawing the universally recognised 14th Dalai Lama into their sphere of influence, expecting to use
Tibetan Buddhism as a mean to expand it's
Sphere of influence towards
Buddhists on
Central Asia and
North India or at least having a
Buffer state between the
Indosphere and
Sinosphere. Japanese agents from the
Gen'yōsha disguised as monks (such as
Hisao Kimura and
Nishikawa Kazumi) and infiltrated
Lhasa to establish contact with the
Tibetan government to join forces by convincing the
Tibetan elite that Japan was the "champion of Buddhism" against the
British in India and the
Chinese/
Soviets, offering supply arms and advisors.
Aoki Bunkyo, a Japanese priest and
theologian in Tibet, advocated for a Pan-Buddhist Alliance where the
Dalai Lama would be the spiritual head of the
Dharmic West (
Inner Asia) while the
Japanese Emperor the spiritual head of the
Confucian East, within the
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere under secular dominance of the
Japanese empire. The main goal of Japan's New Order was to establish a
"Federation of Holy States"—from
Manchukuo to Tibet and
Xinjiang—that would look to the Japanese Emperor as the ultimate
Chakravartin (Universal
Wheel-Turning Monarch), expecting that the Mongolian Bogd leader,
Diluwa Khutuktu, and the Tibetan Dailai Lama,
Tenzin Gyatso, to use their spiritual authority to declare a "Holy War" against the
Allies, rallying Tibetan Budhists from
Buryatia to
Kalmykia in a
Counter-revolutionary war against
Marxism–Leninism as also for
Decolonization against
British Empire. The Japanese Foreign Ministry maintained a "Tibet Department" that drafted plans for a "Independent Theocratic State of Tibet" that would be a vassal of the Empire (serving as the spiritual link between Japan and India). There
Tanaka Tadao promoted the idea that Japan was the legendary "Kingdom of
Shambhala" destined to destroy the barbarians (identified with Soviets
atheists and European
christians) and usher in a
golden age of Buddhism. It was planned to complement the pan-Budhist state with a Japanese backing of the muslim
Uyghur warlord,
Ma Zhongying, who received aid from
Onidera Makoto in exchange of establishing an Islamic state in
Turkestan (envisioning Xinjiang as a Muslim Manchukuo) aligned with Japan and Budhists against
Christians in China and
Russia, with the ultimate goal of re-stablishing the
Caliphate as a
Client of Japan and joining the
Federation of Holy States, becoming it a Budhist-Muslim
Dual Theocracy, similar to the Religious policy on Manchukuo, in which the Japanese enthroned
Puyi not just as an Emperor, but as a
Buddhist Kingship and a
Confucian Sage to ensure a
Multiconfessional state (and projects to do
Religious syncretism according to
State Shinto beliefs), with the ultimate goal of becoming the "
Vatican of Asia".
Plans for the Indian Subcontinent Hitler's views on India were generally disparaging, and his plans for the region were heavily influenced by his racial views, especially related to India's subdued status under British rule. Though many
Indian nationalists looked to Nazi Germany as a potential ally in their struggle against
British colonial rule, Hitler "made no secret of his contempt for
anticolonial movements." Seven years later in 1937, Hitler informed
British Foreign Secretary Lord Halifax that the British should "shoot
Gandhi, and if this doesn't suffice to reduce them to submission, shoot a dozen leading members of
the Congress, and if that doesn't suffice shoot 200, and so on, as you make it clear that you mean business." Nazi theorist
Alfred Rosenberg, who shared Hitler's racial and political views on India, claimed that although
Vedic culture was Aryan in origin, any Nordic blood in India had long since dissipated due to racial miscegenation. After the
German invasion of Soviet Union, Hitler ordered on 17 February 1941 to prepare a military study for a post-Barbarossa operation in Afghanistan against India. The goal of this operation was not so much to conquer the subcontinent, but to threaten British military positions there to force the British to come to terms. A week later the Afghanistan operation was the subject of a discussion between head of the
Army General Staff Franz Halder,
Oberbefehlshaber des Heeres Walter von Brauchitsch and chief of the
Operationsabteilung OKH
Adolf Heusinger. In an assessment produced on 7 April 1941, Halder estimated that the operation would require 17 divisions and one separate regiment. Bose eventually met with Hitler on 29 May 1942. During the discussion, which mostly consisted of Hitler monologuing to Bose, Although India wasn't considered in the early designs for the
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere in 1940, the Japanese developed plans based in
pan-Asianists experts in
Indology like
Okawa Shumei, who argued that India was the "
source" of
Asian spirituality and
Metaphysics which made Asia distinctively
Asian (giving their
systems of logic and
epistemology in opposition to
Western philosophy), so Japan was to be the "shield" of such
Orientalist spiritual order against the
Abrahamic world. This great steem to India was complemented in the fact that the historical inspiration for
Japanese artistic expressions was traced to India's spiritual ideals as the birthplace of
The Buddha, which was enough fundament to believe in a debt of the
Japanese people to the
Indic civilisation (which was viewed with a level of respect not afforded to Western nations). Therefore, in the
Greater East Asia Joint Declaration of 1943, India (represented by
Bose's provisional government) was treated as an independent ally, not a subordinate puppet state like
Manchukuo, and so was expected to be a friendly and independent partner in the New Order, not a colonial subject of the
Japanese Empire (which would en in the
Indo-Burma border), but an
Empire of its own in the
Greater India, with an equal status and under an stratecig alliance based in
Buddhist kingship (although still Japan having a preeminence, wanting to have a relationship with India like the one between Italy and Germany). In the long term such Indo-Japanese alliance would expel the British from their remnants colonies in Asia by cutting off the
British naval supremacy in the Western
Indian Ocean and meeting up with Italo-Germans in the
Middle East (with the potential help of
Arab nationalists and
Pahlavi Iran) to finally crush
Western imperialism in Asia after the hypothetical success of the
Kuroshima Western Strategy and Nazi
Operation Orient.
Plans for the Islamic World , the
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem, and
Adolf Hitler, 28 November 1941 After the projected fall of the Soviet Union, Hitler planned to intensify the
war in the Mediterranean. The
OKW produced studies concerning an attack against the
Suez Canal through Turkey, an offensive towards Baghdad-Basra from the
Caucasus (most of which was already under German occupation as a result of
Fall Blau) in support of
revolting Arab nationalists, and operations in Afghanistan and
Iran directed against British India. Specifically Nazi Germany was planning to foment Islamic uprisings from North Africa to the
Fertile Crescent region to ensure the domain of the
Islamic world, taking advantage of
anti-Western colonialism,
anti-Marxism and anti-Jewish sentiments among
Arab nationalists. The Axis plans to support Arab nationalists in the
Kingdom of Iraq were considered a priority after the
Führer Directive No. 30, and
Vichy France with the
Paris Protocols was interested to expand the territory (or at least the influence) of
French Syria-Lebanon, while Germany was interested in empower
Pahlavi Iran and transforming
Greater Persia into a pro-German client state to counter Soviet and British influence in the region. Hitler did not envision German colonization of the region (unlike the
2nd Reich with the
Intelligence Bureau for the East), and was willing to allow Italian dominance at least over the
Levant, South Arabia and
Bahrain. The
Jews of the Middle East were to be murdered, as Hitler had promised to the
Grand Mufti of Jerusalem in November 1941 (see
Einsatzgruppe Egypt). In the other hand, the
Empire of Japan had its own agenda about extending influence into Central Asia through the
Kaikyō Seisaku (Islamic Policy) by supporting Pan-Turkic and
Pan-Islamic independence movements, mainly exiled Central Asian nationalists (such as the
Tatars and
Uyghurs) who sought independence from the
USSR,
China and
British Raj, expecting to create puppet states from
Xinjiang to
Tatarstan and
Afghanistan after igniting a "
Jihad" against the
Allies and a chain reaction of rebellions from
Finland to
Mongolia that would disintegrate them, expanding the
Greater Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere to the limits of
Eurasia and claiming that they were restoring former
Tang China's
Protectorate of the Western Regions and the
Mongolian Golden Horde, wishing to lay the foundations for a
Turanian Neo-
Mongol Empire under the
House of Yamato (the most
Romantic nationalists desired to include in the project the
Uralic nations like
Hungarians and
Sámi people, as also
Turkish and
Azerbaijanis, to reach
Eastern Europe). For that means, the
Imperial Japanese Army, through institutions like the
Black Dragon Society and agents like
Abdurreshid Ibrahim, sponsored with propaganda the development of a
Dai Nihon Kaikyō Kyōkai (Greater Japan Muslim League) to promote "friendship" and project Japan as a protector of
Islam, portraying Muslims as Asian brothers that were victims of
Western imperialism in Asia and
Bolshevization, needing to be liberated alike
Pagans in an spiritual alliance against western
materialism and soviet
atheism. Also people related to the
Turanian Society spread
Racial theories about a brothership between
Japan,
Korea,
Manchuria,
Mongolia,
Xinjiang,
Turkestan,
Caucasus,
Turkey and even parts of Europe (
Northern Russia,
Hungary,
Finland and
Sápmi) as a single racial block destined to unite against the "
Aryan" West and the "
Slavic"
Russia. Japanese promised that their victory would lead to the liberation of Xinjiang from
Chinese rule and Turkestan from
Russian rule, expecting to turn those Central Asian
puppet states into sister Turanian states (with
Manchukuo,
Mongolia and maybe
Tibet in a possible
Confederation under a "
Turan Gikai" or
Diet with strict Japanese influence) and
Buffers against the
Germans in Russia to counter the
Lebensraum aspirations beyond the
Eurasian Steppe. Those Central Asians states would become basis for a future restoration of the Mongolian Empire (making propaganda that
Hirohito was "Grandson of
Genghis Khan", claiming that the
Great Khans descended from
Minamoto no Yoshitsune, so the
House of Ögedei and all it's legacy was Japanese) and the inevitable clash with
Nazi Europe in the name of
Pan-Asianism against
Western world, as also to contain the menace from an unified
Muslim world and their
Jihads against
Eastern religions (giving more political participation to
Buddhists and
Tengrists in detriment of
Muslims).
Asia Minor Turkey was favored as a potential ally by Hitler because of its important
strategic location on the boundaries of Europe, Asia, and Africa, as well as
its extensive history as a state hostile to the
Russian Empire and the later Soviet Union. During 1941 and 1942,
Franz von Papen (as
Ambassador to Turkey) reunited with retired pro-German Turkish generals of WWI (like
Nuri Killigil,
Hüseyin Hüsnü Emir Erkilet and
Ali Fuad Erden) to negotiate the entry of Turkey in the Axis Powers by pushing on Turkish political affairs, holding parties at the German embassy which should attract leading Turkish politicians, even considering to use "special funds" to bribe Turks into following a pro-Axis alignment. To assure them that Germany wanted to cooperate with them on a long-range basis, the Turks were guaranteed an equal status in the German-dominated order, and were promised a
number of territories which they might desire for reasons of security. These encompassed
Edirne (Adrianople) and an expansion of Turkish frontiers at the expense of Greece, the creation of
buffer states in the Caucasus under Turkish
influence, a revision of the Turkish-Syrian frontier (the
Baghdad Railway and the
State of Aleppo) and the Turkish-Iraqi frontier (the
Mosul region), as well as a settlement of "the
Aegean question" to provide Turkey with suitable protection against encroachments from Italy. was also to be conceded to Turkey as part of its sphere of influence, for this would negate the need of stationing a German navy in the region to replace the
Soviet Black Sea Fleet. However, according to documents found in the
Reich Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories, Nazis saw
pan-Turkism as a threat to the control of Asia between Aryans against Non Aryans (like Turkic peoples), and there were plans, like
Gertrude operations, that considered the split of Turkey (between Bulgaria, Greece, Vichy France, Iraq and the proposed puppet states of Great Armenia and Georgia) if they did not cooperate with the Axis new order and their goals of control
Anatolia and support to the
Iraqi coup d'état. Turkey would be reduced to a similar territory like in the
Treaty of Sèvres in that consequence of events if Turkey went against the
German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship or even joined the Allies. Some Nazi leaders were convinced of the necessity of restoring
Armenia as an independent country (with German protection) against the menace of the Soviet Union, so the
Armenian Legion was promised the restoration of
Greater Armenia. This project could have been a balancing idea against Turkish aspirations in the Caucasus about an unification with
Azerbaijan under the name of "Büyük Turan" [Great
Turan], which would pose a threat to Germany and their aspirations. However, Hitler did not trust the Armenian aspirations, considering it a very risky formation of purely Caucasian battalions or making these kinds of promises to the
Ostlegionen, preferring instead to support Muslims. Beside, Franz Von Papen menaced Turkey to send them economic sanctions and disarm the country if they were not collaborative with the New Order, while supporting at the same time the
Bulgarian claims to Thrace and the possibility of an Axis destruction of
Istanbul and
Izmir with
Bombardments, which ended in the
German–Turkish Treaty of Friendship. Also make efforts to place Turkey in the German economic sphere of influence instead of the Italian one. with some
Islamofascist movements like the
Syrian Social Nationalist Party and the
Futuwwa Al-Muthanna Club of Iraq (although not having unanimous support from the leadership) to fascistizate the
Arab Nationalist Movement and later the
Pan-Islamist one. These plans included an independent
Syria as a
Republic (giving autonomy to the
Jabal Druze and
Alawites) under Italian
Protectorate, an Italian
Mandate over
Lebanon (having their own
legislature), and a perpetual Italian military force in the
Suez Canal and the
Lebanon–Syria border to avoid conflicts between
Syrians and
Lebanese, as also to check the surrounding
Arab states (like
Egypt or the
Arab states of the Persian Gulf) and also the potential
Arab–Israeli conflict in the
Holy Land, whose future was not yet defined in this memorandum. Another proposal from the
Royal Army's Ufficio Operazioni envisioned an Italian mandate over a
‘Swiss-type’ federated
Levant state comprising the territories of modern Syria, Lebanon,
Palestine,
Transjordan and the
Sinai (with Jerusalem as capital), in which all the local
Cantons should be
Ethnically homogenous (securing cantons in the
Holy Land for the
Israeli Jews, the
Muslims in Israel and the
Christians in Palestine). In both plans, the Fascists would force all the remaining states in the region to recognise Italy as the Protector of the
Christians in the Middle East (similar to
French Protectorate of Latin Christians and
Russian one over Orthodox in the
Ottoman Empire) for future projects of expansionism under the pretext of protecting
Armenians,
Assyrians,
Antiochian Greeks,
Iranian Christians, etc. while also securing a monopoly of European
Evangelisation in the region and forcing the
Papacy to be more dependent of the
Fascist state (which would take the property of the
Holy Sepulchre and also promote a
Caesaropapist,
Gallicanist and neo-
Ghibbeline clergy) in its relation with the
Eastern Catholic Churches, justifying that the ‘sacred orient’ (where succeeded the
Ministry of Jesus and
Catholicity was
revealed to humanity) was also the place in which one could understand what it meant to be Italian due to the Roman legacy in
Syria Palaestina. In the long term was to be reached the
Italianization of the local people through granting special status to the Italian culture in the local educative systems, teaching
Mediterraneanist ideologies to the young
Levantine Arabs about the old
‘spiritual bonds’ that tied Levantines with the Italian Peninsula since Ancient
Roman colonization, medieval
Maritime republics and the
Spread of Christianity through
Latin Church in the Middle East. , who were considered to be Jewish allies of the
Axis Powers in
Middle East to stablish the New Order. Ironically, although having an antisemitic position, and with the main goal to make Germany
judenrein (free of Jews), Hitler initially was not opposed to establish a Jewish state in the
Holy Land and even supported
Zionist since the
Haavara Agreement until Invasion of Poland, considering to locate the Jews there as a lesser evil solution to the Jewish question, being preferable to expel them rather than having
Jews in Europe and still being vulnerable to their influence (like in the
1933 anti-Nazi boycott), while also was economically easier to instigate
voluntary emigration than spend resources in persecute, exile or
killing them. In a large-scale, Nazis like
Leopold von Mildenstein and
Werner Otto von Hentig believed that foreign diplomatic policy and containment of the Jews would become simpler if they were concentrated in a specific territory rather than a
diaspora, while also avoiding the menace of
Jewish assimilation in the German nation. Even in 1940,
Lehi representative
Naftali Lubenchik went to the German embassy at
Beirut and proposed an anti-British alliance with Nazi Germany, in exchange for a fascist Jewish state with Axis patronage. Moreover,
Fascist Italy, having the
Levant in their sphere of influence in the New Order, was interested in bringing support to
Revisionist Zionism, specially those
Revisionist Maximalism factions, like former
Brit HaBirionim or the actives
Lehi and
Irgun, that wanted to develop a Jewish fascism and were admirers of
Benito Mussolini (some of them, like
Ze'ev Jabotinsky or
Abba Ahimeir, believed that Italian Empire would be their only ally against the oppression on British Palestine). Fascist Italy through
Count Quinto Mazzolini, elder brother of
Serafino Mazzolini and former Italian representative in
Jerusalem, developed plans to restore the
Kingdom of Jerusalem (based in the historical claims of the
House of Savoy in the
Crusader states), whose territory would be a confederation of
Transjordan and
Palestine, ruled in a
Personal union with
Victor Emmanuel III (like
Italian Albania), or as a nominal independent state
‘with Italian influence like the type England has had in Egypt and Iraq' under
local royal houses (like the
Hashemites or
Al-Husayni), with political participation of
Arab Christians and
Sephardic Jews with a pro-Italian attitude. Although the ‘undesirable’ elements of the Jewish population (mainly the illegal immigrants and unemployed
Jews, but also the
Ashkenazi, who Fascists italians believed that
‘provoked’ the Germans into passing
antisemitic laws) would have to emigrate from the
Holy Land under Italian rule, being planned to be replaced by
Arab diaspora of
Latin America, encouraging them to return and so counteracting the
Aliyah (while also dismantling
Jewish Agency to de-Zionized the local
Jewish identity from the
World Zionist Organization influence, hostile to
Axis Powers). The Italians considered that the grave problem of the
Jewish diaspora should not be solved at the expense of the Arabs, as they planned to turn
Islamofascist and
Christian nationalist Arabs into allies alike
fascist Jews, believing the Italians that they had a
civilizational mission to teach the
Semites how to live in peace despite their religious and cultural differences, wanting to emulate
Roman Empire successes of
Multiculturalism under
Latin supremacy. After the Nazis adopted the
Final Solution and radicalised its antisemitism, the Axis Powers developed an
anti-Zionist foreign policy and started to support
Palestinian nationalism. Nazi Germany preferred to support
Amin al-Husseini and the
Palestine Arab Party, planning to establish the
Al-Husayni family in the government of a pro-Axis puppet Palestinian state. After Fascist Italy, which had the Eastern Mediterranean in their Sphere of Influence, and Vichy France were defeated, Nazi Germany intensified its support for anti-colonial movements among
Palestinians, developing
Operation Atlas in 1944 to instigate an Islamic insurgency in
British Palestine in an effort to devastate Allied forces on the
Western Front while simultaneously sabotaging the
Jewish insurgency in Mandatory Palestine. In the long-term, the plan was for
Palestinian Germans to supervise the operations to ensure Muslims remained loyal due to possible conflicts among
Arab tribes, which had a strong control of the German interests in the region.
Arabian Peninsula Italian imperialism under fascism foresaw much of Africa and parts of the Middle East coming under Italian control, without the opposition of Nazi Germany. Italy expected to project power over the
Arab world through a
protectorate over Egypt and a colony in the
Sinai Peninsula (assuming an
Sphere of influence over the
Suez Canal in military matters), stablishing contact with the
Islamofascist Young Egypt Party to have a proxy collaborationist in the future. On 17 February 1945 in particular he explained to his entourage his regrets that Germany's
prior alliance with its southern neighbor had prevented her from pursuing a more revolutionary policy towards the Arab world, which would have facilitated the exit of the British and French spheres of influence in the area: and found genuine cooperation between Aryans and Arabs to be implausible since he saw the latter as racially inferior:
Persian Sphere . These "Aryan" expansionist goals were considered justified and supported by the Nazi plans of New Order. The Imperial State of Iran (under Allied occupation since August 1941) was to be drawn into the Axis camp, possibly by the means of an uprising. The possibility of Iran as an anti-Soviet bulwark was already considered in the 1930s, and coincided with Hitler's declaration of Iran as an "
Aryan country" (the name
Iran literally means "homeland of the Aryans" in
Persian). The changing of Persia's name to Iran in 1935 was done by the Shah at the suggestion of the German ambassador to Iran as an act of "Aryan solidarity". However the Iranians had always called their country "Iran", a name that predated the rise of Nazi Germany by more than a thousand years. In 1936, the Hitler cabinet declared Iranians to be immune to the Nuremberg Laws, as they were considered to be "pure Aryans". On the eve of World War II Germany was already Iran's single-biggest trading partner, followed by the Soviet Union, United Kingdom, and the United States. In the New Order, Nazi Germany considered that Iran should have its own empire like the
Safavid Iran, and by so offered
British Iraq to be part of Iranian sphere of influence, and suggested that Iran should annex territory until the
Karbala Governorate, promising that Iranians needed to have the
Imam Husayn Shrine (the largest Shi'ite sanctuary) on its
sovereign, The Aryan sense of friendship also assisted in political rapprochement between Iran and Germany, and Nazi leaders viewed Iran as unique society with ample parallels between them and Germans (making analogies that Iran, as an isolate
Shi'ite country with its own peculiarities, is similar to the Nazi conception of the story about Germany as an isolate
Positive Christian country with its own peculiarities). Hitler personally respected
Reza Shah as an admirable leader, whose anti-liberal and anti-socialist ideals were in accordance with the fascist beliefs of a
Third Position against British capitalists and Soviet communists (and also have admiration for the establishment of Iranian well-organised police apparatuses to silence the
republican and
anarchist opposition to the Monarchy). Through broadcasters like
Berliner Rundfunk, Nazi propaganda made use of the Islamic
Mysticism to spread pro-Hitler sentiment, stating that there was a kinship between
Allah with the "
Germanic God", or that Hitler was considering to convert to
Islam or even that he was the precursor of the
twelfth hidden Imam that will make a new order of peace and prosperity in the
Islamic world (the Nazi desired that the Iranian popular classes received the message that Iranian social problems would be solved through the global leadership of Germany). Despite Nazi propaganda, the Iranian clergy and government did not receive well the
religious aspects of Nazism (being considered
heresy) and persecuted them. They were also skeptical of German suggestions to implement reforms in the
Pahlavi Monarchy according to fascism. But, due to
Operation Fire Eater being discovered by the Afghan government in July 1941 (arresting some key figures of the Abwehr), the German planifications concerning Central Asia were renewed in the
Operation Tiger, which now had direct participation of the
German Foreign Ministry in a recently developed sub-section specifically for the Nazi interests in India (entrusted that subsection to
Adam von Trott zu Solz, and supervised by
Wilhelm Keppler) while also included the participation of perceived pro-Axis
Indian nationalists agents of
Subhas Chandra Bose, like
Bhagat Ram Talwar (who actually was a spy of the
Comintern, in contact with the head of the Soviet foreign intelligence station,
Mikhail Andreevich Allahverdov). The new objectives were lesser about intervention in Afghan intern politic, trying to avoid provocations against their government, and more about to develop a German intelligence network for the
Gestapo in South Asia (naming it "Kirti Group") to instigate Anti-British revolts between the Pashtuns (specially among the
Mohmand and
Afridi), like the
1939 Waziristan campaign, with long-term plans to create a pro-Axis Pashtun state in
Waziristan, waiting for an intervention by Germany after a hypothetical
conquest of the Caucasus. However, also Nazi Germany wanted to overthrow the neutral Afghan government first, menacing them to start a Civil War or
Balkanizate Afghan state between Iran, a puppet Indian state and a residual Pashtun state, if they were reluctant to co-operation. So, despite the NSDAP Foreign Office's good relations with the Afghan government, the Foreign Ministry under Ribbentrop favored overthrowing the current government under
Mohammad Zahir Shah and restoration of the rule of
Amanullah Khan, who had been living in exile since 1929. Hitler eventually came to support Rosenberg's office on this issue, and so started the
Operation Amanullah in 1942, in which the
Abwehr in Afghanistan had the mission to instigate a pro-Axis
Pashtun and
Turkic insurrection in Central Asia (inspired in the
Basmachi movement), waiting for a German invasion of
Afghanistan (through Soviet occupied territory of the planned
Reichskommissariat Turkestan) to form an Afghan puppet state headed by
Amanullah Khan, preparing the conditions for the main goal of invade British India after an hyphotetical Soviet Union total collapse in
Eurasia.
Plans for the Americas Plans for North America Before completing the expected German conquest of Europe, the Nazi leadership hoped to keep the United States out of the war. In an interview with
Life in the spring of 1941, Hitler stated that a German invasion of the Western Hemisphere was as fantastic as an invasion of the moon, and he said he was convinced that the idea was being promoted by men who mistakenly thought that war would be good for business. U.S. pro-Nazi movements such as the
Friends of the New Germany and the
German-American Bund played no role in Hitler's plans for the country, and received no financial or verbal support from Germany after 1935. However, certain
Native American advocate groups, such as the fascist-leaning
American Indian Federation, were to be used to undermine the Roosevelt administration from within by means of propaganda. Fictitious reports about Berlin declaring the
Sioux as Aryans were circulated by the German-American Bund with the aim of increasing tensions between Native Americans and the government of the United States, impelling Native Americans to resist being drafted or registered by the Bureau of Indian Affairs, Nazi propagandists went as far as declaring that Germany would return expropriated land to the Indians or even create a Native American independent country like
Tecumseh's confederacy or
Indian barrier state plans, while
Goebbels predicted they possessed little loyalty to America and would rather rebel than to fight against Germany; such rumors were reported by
John Collier, commissioner of Indian Affairs, to the Congress as true, thus not merely spreading them further but also legitimating them in the eyes of many. As a boy, Hitler had been an enthusiastic reader of
Karl May westerns The influence of Karl May's writing in Hitler Youth and German society generated the belief that native people somehow possessed a
quasi-Aryan nature in its
Volk. Nazis pragmatically utilised popular tropes of Indian imagery (
Indianthusiasm) to use against the US. Also, in the late 1930s, Nazis even attempted to enlist American Indian support, mostly from Sioux and Lakota peoples, for Nazi Germany, The Nazis had hoped to incite an uprising by the "hemispheric Indian" against their brutal treatment, creating allies and instability to undermine American arguments for the moral superiority of democracy. Approximately nine months before the United States joined the Allies, U.S. President
Franklin D. Roosevelt made a reference to the New Order in a speech he gave on March 15, 1941, recognizing Hitler's hostility towards the United States and the destructive potential it represented, about which Roosevelt was quite acutely aware: Hitler held U.S. society in contempt, stating that the United States (which he consistently referred to as the "American Union") was "half Judaised, and the other half Negrified" and that "in so far as there are any decent people in America, they are all of
German origin". Already in his 1928 book
Zweites Buch, he had maintained that Nazi Germany must prepare for the ultimate struggle against the U.S. for hegemony. In mid-late 1941, as Hitler became overconfident of an Axis victory in Europe against the UK and the Soviet Union, he began planning
an enormous extension of the
Kriegsmarine, projected to include 25 battleships, 8 aircraft carriers, 50 cruisers, 400 submarines and 150 destroyers, far exceeding the naval expansion that had already been decided on in 1939's
Plan Z. Historian
Gerhard L. Weinberg stated that this super-fleet was intended against the Western Hemisphere. Hitler desired to use the islands to "deploy long-range bombers against American cities from the Azores", via a plan that actually arrived on
Hermann Göring's
RLM office desks in the spring of 1942 for
the design competition concerning such an aircraft. Due to their location of those Spanish and Portuguese islands in the Atlantic, Hitler seemed to think that a Luftwaffe airbase located on the Portuguese Azores islands were Germany's "only possibility of carrying out aerial attacks from a land base against the United States", in a period about a year before the May 1942 emergence of the
Amerika Bomber trans-oceanic range strategic bomber design competition. In July 1941, Hitler approached Japanese ambassador Ōshima with an offer to wage a joint struggle against the U.S.—Japan's own
Project Z aircraft design program was one possible manner in which such a goal could be accomplished, all during the timeframe that the
USAAC had itself, on April 11, 1941, first proposed a competition for airframe designs for the same sort of missions against the Axis forces, the
Northrop XB-35 and the
Convair B-36, flying directly from North American soil to attack Nazi Germany. In this final battle for world domination, Hitler expected the defeated British to eventually support the Axis forces with
its large navy. and "I shall no longer be there to see it, but I rejoice on behalf of the German people at the idea that one day we will see England and Germany marching together against America". The actual physical conquest of the United States was unlikely, however, and the future disposition of U.S. territories remained cloudy in Hitler's mind. He perceived the anticipated battle with that country, at least under his own rule, to be a sort of "battle of the continents"—possibly along the lines of then-contemporary U.S. thought, such as
the opening text from the second film in Frank Capra's
Why We Fight series, illustrating one U.S. viewpoint of what Hitler could have thought on such matters while viewing the crowds at the 1934
Nuremberg rally—with a Nazi-dominated
Old World fighting for global dominance against the
New World, in which Germany would attain
leadership of the world rather than establish direct control over it. Further decisions down the line were left up to future generations of German rulers.
Canada featured fairly little in Nazi conceptions of the post-war world. Because Hitler's political objectives were primarily focused on Eastern Europe before and during the war—in contrast to
his own opinions towards the United States from 1928 in his unpublished volume,
Zweites Buch—Hitler considered the United States a negligible political factor in the world, while Canada interested him even less. He politically grouped the country together with the United States in a U.S.-dominated North America, and considered it equally as "materialistic, racially bastardised, and decadent" as its southern neighbor. and that the Canadians would be quick to welcome such a move. As a result, the country's political system was also considered mechanical and non-organic, and that Ottawa did not constitute "the heart of the nation". Because of both these factors the Canadians were deemed incapable of comprehending "true culture", and German immigration in Canada was considered a mistake because they would be forced to live in an "empty civilization". Despite Nazi Germany's lack of interest in Canada,
Vichy France was very interested in gaining a hegemony over
Québécois people as a means of developing a sphere of influence in North America that would be comparable to
New France. The main goal was to export the
Révolution nationale to
Quebec through a system of propaganda developed in the
French Embassy in the United States, taking advantage of anti-
Gaullist sentiments in
Franco-Canadians (due to the strong influence of
Ultramontanism in their society, seeing
Free France and the former
French Third Republic as a bad representation of the
French political traditions). However, Quebécois people were ambivalent in their opinions about fascism (although there was more sympathy for Vichy France due to its
conservative tendencies rather than any desire for an Axis victory) and even the
Catholic Church in Quebec (that had a lot of social influence before the
Quiet Revolution) tried to purge the most "ardently Vichyist" elements in the society, while at the same time criticizing the
French liberal tendencies of Free France (although
Charles de Gaulle had support among the
Université de Montréal due to distrust of the German invader). In addition, there were some Franco-Canadian fascist
secret societies around the Université de Montréal that had minor contact with Nazi Germany and Vichy France (although it was an initiative of their own) that were planning to start a fascist revolution, based on
Clerical fascism and the
Frères chasseurs, against the
Canadian Confederation and its
parliamentarist party-based democracy with "Jewish"
capitalist plutocracy, having the main goal to proclaim the
independence of Quebec (taking advantage of the
Conscription Crisis of 1944) and hoping to get Axis Powers help in the future in case the Allies, or at least the
Commonwealth from UK, intervened to restore
Liberalism and
British Canadian supremacy.
Plans for Central America and Caribbean Both, Nazi German (
Operation Pelikan) and Japanese Empire had plans to conquer
Panama Canal. However, there was not much planning from the Germans for the administration of an occupied
Panama, nor plans for
Social engineering concerning the
Mestizo elements within
Hispanic and
Indigenous Americans (probably due to the lack of interest from Nazi Germany in
Latin America). From the Japanese, there were some plans, mostly in an early ideation stage, to develop a
Government-General of Central America (consisting mostly in the former
Captaincy General of Guatemala,
Spanish Main and the totality of the
Greater Antilles) to defy the
Monroe Doctrine and also expand Japanese sphere of influence over the
Pacific Rim (menacing
Mexico,
Peru and
Chile to give
Territorial concession in strategical ports, like
Foreign concessions in China, and then being turned into client states), transforming the Pacific Ocean into a Japanese Lake and controlling the United States of America's 'backyard' (humiliating USA by blocking their control of Caribbean and Mexican gulf). However, the
Leeward Islands,
Trinidad and
The Guianas were considered to be ceded to
Italian colonial empire or a possible new German colonialism, as Japan wanted to avoid a conflict of interest in the Atlantic Ocean with its Axis allies or
Brazil. German Foreign Policy never opposed, nor approved these Japanese ambitions, but in the case of victory, the most probable answer would be total indifference (like all the related to
Ibero-America) while German interests in
ABC countries (
Operation Bolívar) and possible
German interest in the Caribbean were not menaced. in which there were several possibilities of a falangist revolt against the
American rule), and constituted a challenge to USA hegemony in the area. Even
Francis Biddle denounced the existence of an Anti-American subversive conspiration between Francoist Spain, the
National Synarchist Union in Mexico and the
United Officers' Group in Argentina to instigate a pro-Axis New Order against
Americans. Similar plans of falangist-Nazi cooperation to make a fascist
Coup d'état in
Colombia (with the help of dissidents among the
Conservative Party and
Bolivarianists from
Venezuela and
Ecuador) were denounced during 1940s by American intelligence and
Eric Rath's reports from the
Black Front, although
Franklin D. Roosevelt considered those informs too exaggerated and with a bit of sensationalism, but feared the real possibility that such operations could menace the
Panama Canal.
Plans for the economic domination of South America Fascist Italy had a special esteem for
Latin American due to having the inheritancy from
Roman culture in their
Local culture through the
Hispanidad,
Lusofonia and
Francophonie determinating their
National identities, as also for having relevant communities of the
Italian diaspora in their societies (specially the political and economical relevance of
Italian Argentines and
Italian Brazilians in those countries), expecting that in the New Order the
Latin Axis could expand their memberships to all the states of
Latin America to consolidate Italian claims of
Succession of the Roman Empire by unifying all the Latin World under the Italian leadership, and also to join forces between
Pan-Latin Nationalists against the potential menace of the
Greater Germanic Reich or the
Anglosphere after the end of the War (predicting a possible
Cold War against a
Pan-Germanist/
Nordicist global bloc that would probably ally to the remnants of
British Empire and the
United States). To reach such goals
Italian foreign policy tried to compete to Anglo-American liberal
Think tanks by giving patronage to
Catholic Nationalists and
Illiberalist thinkers sympathizers of
Maurrassisme and
Falangism (in the line of
José de la Riva-Agüero y Osma,
Jordán Bruno Genta,
Osvaldo Lira,
José Vasconcelos, etc.) until they manage to appropriate of
Catholic Integralist and
Traditionalism movements to eliminate them as competitors in the
Criticism of United States foreign policy (as those more Orthodox Catholicists were critical of both
liberalism and
socialism as well as
fascism and
nationalism, seeing the last ones as
Political heresy according to
Non abbiamo bisogno's condemns to
Italian fascism by the Church, as also the Catholic
Counter-Enlightenment criticism to
Italian nationalism), taking advantage that the boundaries between the many ideas of
Political catholicism had not yet clearly distinguished themselves among the Common population and were easy to manipulate
Christian conservatives (fascinated by very superficial aspects of fascism like the
Corporatism and
Political stability, stripped of its
Totalitarian and
Secularist character) in the region to turn them into Clients in the New Order. Another strategy was to associate with
Latin American dictatorships, as their
Developmentalist and
Authoritarian conservatist tendencies made them candidates to fascistize like already was being done to
Francoist Spain regime (in which were purged
Carlists and
Integrists that criticised the usurpation of the
Spanish Counter-Revolutionary movement by
National-Catholics Clerical fascists that were not in line with
Catholic social teaching and were subservient to the interests of Axis powers instead of Spain and
Catholicity). However, Hitler nor any other major Nazi leader showed much interest towards
South America, except as a warning example of "
racial mixing". Despite, the
Dutch collaborator,
Anton Mussert, proposed the
Guayanaplan in which South American colonies of
British Guiana,
French Guiana, and
Dutch Surinam could become a country where Jews expelled from Europe could forcibly settled in the New Order (during the time
Madagascar Plan was considered before the
Final Solution) in exchange of receiving parts of
Portuguese Mozambique (
Maputo Bay) for a new
Dutch colonialism in Africa, although Nazi Germany showed little interest. However, the
NSDAP/AO was active in various South American countries, notably among
German Brazilians and
German Argentines, and trade relations between Germany and the South American countries were seen as of great importance, specially the
ABC countries (due to having bigger
German communities, its strategical position near Europe from the
South Atlantic, and being the most economically powerful at the time), but without developing strategic designs on the region. Between 1933 and 1941, the Nazi aim in South America was to achieve economic hegemony by expanding trade at the expense of the Western Powers. Hitler also believed that German-dominated Europe would displace the United States as the principal trading partner of the continent. In the Short-term, the main goal of the Reich was to Nazify German South-Americans (usually with help of
Lutheran churches) and try to turn them into an extension of the German state based in the
Blood and soil principle (not necessarily annexing them, the Reich was conformed to develop a "
state within a state" to menace those countries in the future), while also developing Spy Networks against the Allies during WWII. Long-term Nazi hopes for political penetration of the region were placed on the local fascist movements, such as the
Integralists in Brazil, the
National Socialist Movement of Chile and fascists in
Peronist Argentina, combined with the political activation of the German immigrant communities. Even some local
Third Position parties (hostile to
American imperialism and
French philosophy legacy in the political elites) tried to approach to the Axis Powers and co-operate in the New Order, like the
Bolivian government of
Germán Busch solicitating German political advisers (proposing to the Nazi representative,
Ernst Wendler, the development of a Latin American branch of the
Anti-Comintern Pact between Bolivia,
Argentina,
Paraguay and
Peru that would also expand an
Anti-American revolution in the region against the
Liberal democracy ineffective model). Also there were some plans from some Nazis (although without direct support from Nazi leaders) to instigate
Coup d'état from the German communities on South American small territories to conquer them and
germanise them later, like
The Fuhrmann Plan (Uruguay), or the
Guayana-Projekt (military takeover of French Guiana)
. Reports of possible coups, allegedly orchestrated and attributed to local Nazi parties, were common in
Argentina,
Brazil,
Chile, and
Bolivia. Despite being occasionally suspicious of the South American Germans of adopting a "South attitude towards life", top Nazis believed that their experience working in underdeveloped areas would make them ideal settlers for the annexed eastern territories. On 27 October 1941 Roosevelt stated in a speech "I have in my possession a secret map, made in Germany by Hitler's government, by planners of the new world order. It is a map of South America and part of Central America as Hitler proposes to organise it" into five countries under German domination. The speech amazed both the United States and Germany; the latter claimed the map was a forgery. While
British Security Coordination indeed forged the map and arranged for discovery by the Federal Bureau of Investigation, it likely was based in part on a real, public map of boundary changes German agents used to persuade South American countries to join the New Order. Similar case happened when the
Government of Argentina denounced in April 1939 that existed Nazi espionage networks since 1937 (leaded by
Alfred Müller, leader of the
Nazi Party in Argentina) developing plans to conquer the
Patagonia with a meticulous plan to sent German immigrants to settle in southern Argentina and provoke a separatist revolution which would waith for the Reich intervention (through a German invasion of near-uninhabited land south of
Río Negro Province, declaring it
Res nullius and legit its annexation to the Reich under
International law) that would strengthen the claims for a
Nazi Antarctic territory through controlling the
Magellan Strait, and also bringing valuable resources and the possibility to defy the
Monroe Doctrine from a place very remote from USA influence (and an alternative to
Panama Canal route to connect the Pacific and Atlantic), expecting to then overthrow the president
Roberto Marcelino Ortiz and establish a fascist regime in Argentina supported from Europe. Despite that later was concluded that it was a forgery from Anti-Fascist germans like
Heinrich Jürges who were Nazi renegades related to
Otto Strasser's
Black Front (and working for British and American espionage) and even Hitler personally denied the plan by saying ''"It's ridiculous what the American Jewish press attributes to me, for example, that I want to conquer Canada and occupy Patagonia!"'', later
Otto Skorzeny mentioned in his memoirs that Hitler's denial of foreign interventions was a protocol excuse for all members of the
Nazi Party and that there might have been real but not formalized plans yet that were leaked through oral means. The
Chilean Government also denounced in 1940 that that Nazi spies were being trained in
southern Chile to develop a paramilitary group with close ties to the German Embassy and with the aim of carrying out subversive activities on a territory between
Valdivia to the
Argentina-Uruguay border. Even speculations by informs made by
Kurt D. Singer (to the
Allies) and
Marcial Martínez Prieto (to
Chile) mentioned the existence of a group linked to a
Fifth column that sought to trigger a putsch to turn Chile in a Protectorate of the Third Reich under
Walter Bottger leadership, simultaneously to another putsch from the
Bolivian Socialist Falange to turn
Bolivia into an Axis puppet state ruled by
Elías Belmonte Pabón (although the last claim was debunked as a fabrication by the British intelligence service), due to being founded boxes containing propaganda, weapons, flags, plans and maps after some raids on communities where lived
German Chileans (related to Nazis and the
Operation Bolívar) while
Völkisch ideology was taught to the younger and contacts with the
Chilean Army were made through
Arturo Ahumada for a possible
Coup d'état. Another accusations, about Nazi Germany's possible plans for border changes in South America, came from the diplomat
Sergio Corrêa da Costa, who claimed that he has proof that Brazilian Nazis were planning to separate Southern Brazil in a new
Riograndense Republic, with the main goal the establishment of a "New Germany" colony (based on previous projects from
Second German Empire of partitioning Latin America, like the one proposed by Otto Richard Tannenberg), mentioning that he had a quote of Hitler himself saying:
"We will create a new Germany in Brazil. There we will find everything we need". In the large place, that "New Germany" would try to expand its territory, with help of pro-Axis
Gauchos of white skills, among
Uruguay,
Paraguay and
North-East Argentina, trying to conquer the temperate zones of the
Río de la Plata Basin (which offered a colonisation space very similar to the geography of Germany) and displacing Portuguese and Spanish in favor of German as
National language. However, another historians are skeptical about the existence of those territorial plans for the New Order, saying that there isn't sufficient documentation and were mostly part of the
Collective hysteria of Brazil in World War II, while also mentioning that
Getúlio Vargas was initially a pro-Axis (as his
Estado Novo was inspired in fascist ideology) and that it was nominated by Nazi Germany to be an Axis Partner in South America in equal conditions, mentioning the fact that Nazi Party in Brazil had no interest in participating in the elections or in registering the party with the Electoral Court of Brazil, so being politically inoffensive. However, after Brazil joined the Allies and also started the
Nationalization campaign against German culture, there were rumors that Nazi Germany was trying to use
Brazilian Integralist to depose Vargas and establish a pro-Axis puppet state and start a campaign against
Mestiço and
Black elements. But those claims were negated by both,
Plínio Salgado (Integralist leader) and
Hans von Cossel (leader of the
NSDAP in Brazil), even some Nazi Germans claimed that Integralists as
Brazilian nationalists were also a threat against
Germanism, while also despised its defense of
Catholic social teaching about
cultural pluralism or
assimilationism in an "inferior people [the
Brazilians]" because of its mixed race character (preferring to practice a clear hierarchy that separated native Germans from Brazilians of German descent: only the former could join the NSDAP, while the others were inferior to native Germans because being excessively Brazilian). Beside all, there were concrete plans to indoctrinate German children in Brazil and to expand German schools in America on the model of Hitler Youth.
Plans for Antarctica Nazi Germany envisioned to establish a colonial domain, named
New Swabia, in the region between 20 ° West and 20 ° East of
Antarctic territory, in modern
Queen Maud Land (on Norwegian
Territorial claims in Antarctica), causing Norway to formally annex it 5 days before the arrival of the
1st German expedition in the
MS Schwabenland. There were plans for a 2nd and 3rd expeditions, probably to the other side of Antarctica (in the Pacific sector), but all Antarctic activities were cancelled due to the outbreak of World War II. The main goal of this project was to establish some whaling stations in the continent, which would extract
whale oil to secure margarine and other goods, reducing the Reich's dependence on
Foreign exchange reserves for the import of industrial oils, fats and dietary fats. In the short-term, the plan was to develop a whaling fleet and aerial bases with the acquisition of fishing grounds, using it as a means of improving the international prestige of Germany through propaganda. In the long-term, the plan was to start a German occupation of the territory, with the objective to compete against Britain, France, and the United States in terms of global reach.
Alfred Ritscher and Heinrich Himmler were interested in the total annexation of the hypothetical German Occupied Antarctic territories, starting with the "
Schirmacher See" due to these lands having some vegetation and hot springs near a lake. Himmler and Rudolf Hess were interested in reaching a caste of white-skinned bringers of civilization, theorised by
occultist societies, and so New Swabia was supposed to serve for
Nazi esotericist investigations (with one of the options being to develop the colony only with members of the
Ahnenerbe that were interested to discover "
superhumans"). ==Plans for future wars against Asia==