Europe: Balkans Albania •
People's Socialist Republic of Albania :*First Secretaries (
complete list) – ::*
Enver Hoxha, First Secretary (1941–1985):
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*
Ramiz Alia, First Secretary (1985–1991) :*Chairman (
complete list) – ::*
Omer Nishani, Chairman (1944–1953):
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*
Haxhi Lleshi, Chairman (1953–1982) ::*
Ramiz Alia, Chairman (1982–1991) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Enver Hoxha, Prime minister (1944–1954):
Democratic Government of Albania (1944–1946) ::*
Mehmet Shehu, Prime minister (1954–1981) ::*
Adil Çarçani, Prime minister (1981–1991) • Republic of
Albania :*
President (
complete list) – ::*
Ramiz Alia, President (1991–1992) ::*
Kastriot Islami, Acting President (1992) ::*
Arbnori, Acting President (1992) ::*
Berisha, President (1992–1997) ::*
Gjinushi, Acting President (1997) ::*
Rexhep Meidani, President (1997–2002) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Fatos Nano, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Ylli Bufi, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Vilson Ahmeti, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Aleksandër Meksi, Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*
Bashkim Fino, Prime minister (1997) ::*
Fatos Nano, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*
Pandeli Majko, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Ilir Meta, Prime minister (1999–2002)
Bulgaria •
People's Republic of Bulgaria :*General Secretary (
complete list) – ::*
Valko Chervenkov, General Secretary (1949–1954) ::*
Todor Zhivkov, General Secretary (1954–1989) ::*
Petar Mladenov, General Secretary (1989–1990) :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Georgi Damyanov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1950–1958) ::*
Dimitar Ganev, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1958–1964) ::*
Georgi Traykov, Chairman of the Presidium of the National Assembly (1964–1971) ::*
Todor Zhivkov, Chairman of the State Council (1971–1990), president (1990) ::*
Petar Mladenov, President (1990) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vulko Chervenkov, Prime minister (1950–1956) ::*
Anton Yugov, Prime minister (1956–1962) ::*
Todor Zhivkov, Prime minister (1962–1971) ::*
Stanko Todorov, Prime minister (1971–1981) ::*
Grisha Filipov, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*
Georgi Atanasov, Prime minister (1986–1990) ::*
Andrey Lukanov, Prime minister (1990) • Republic of
Bulgaria :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Zhelyu Zhelev, Chairman (1990–1992), President (1992–1997) ::*
Petar Stoyanov, President (1997–2002) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Andrey Lukanov, Prime minister (1990) ::*
Dimitar Iliev Popov, Prime minister (1990) ::*
Philip Dimitrov, Prime minister (1990–1992) ::*
Lyuben Berov, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*
Reneta Indzhova, Interim Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Zhan Videnov, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*
Stefan Sofiyanski, Interim Prime minister (1997) ::*
Ivan Yordanov Kostov, Prime minister (1997–2001)
Greece •
Kingdom of Greece:
4th of August Regime :*
Monarchy (
complete list) – ::*
Paul, King (1947–1964) ::*
Constantine II, King (1964–1973) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Sofoklis Venizelos, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*
Nikolaos Plastiras, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*
Dimitrios Kiousopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1952) ::*
Alexander Papagos, Prime minister (1952–1955) ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1955–1958) ::*
Konstantinos Georgakopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1958) ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*
Konstantinos Dovas, Prime minister (1961) ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1961–1963) ::*
Panagiotis Pipinelis, Prime minister (1963) ::*
Stylianos Mavromichalis, caretaker Prime minister (1963) ::*
Georgios Papandreou, prime minister (1963) ::*
Ioannis Paraskevopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*
Georgios Papandreou, Prime minister (1964–1965) ::*
Georgios Athanasiadis-Novas, Prime minister (1965) ::*
Ilias Tsirimokos, Prime minister (1965) ::*
Stefanos Stefanopoulos, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*
Ioannis Paraskevopoulos, Interim Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*
Panagiotis Kanellopoulos, caretaker Prime minister (1967) •
Military junta of Greece (1967–1974) :*Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Georgios Zoitakis, Regent (1967–1972) ::*
Georgios Papadopoulos, Regent (1972–1973), President (1973) ::*
Phaedon Gizikis, President (1973–1974) :*Heads of government (
complete list) – ::*
Konstantinos Kollias, Prime minister (1967) ::*
Georgios Papadopoulos, Prime minister (1967–1973) ::*
Spyros Markezinis, Prime minister (1973) ::*
Adamantios Androutsopoulos, Prime minister (1973–1974) •
Greece:
Third Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Michail Stasinopoulos, President (1974–1975) ::*
Konstantinos Tsatsos, President (1975–1980) ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, President (1980–1985) ::*
Ioannis Alevras, Acting President (1985) ::*
Christos Sartzetakis, President (1985–1990) ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, President (1990–1995) ::*
Konstantinos Stephanopoulos, President (1995–2005) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Konstantinos Karamanlis, Prime minister (1974–1980) ::*
Georgios Rallis, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*
Andreas Papandreou, Prime minister (1981–1989) ::*
Tzannis Tzannetakis, Prime minister (1989) ::*
Ioannis Grivas, caretaker Prime minister (1989) ::*
Xenophon Zolotas, caretaker Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*
Konstantinos Mitsotakis, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*
Andreas Papandreou, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*
Costas Simitis, Prime minister (1996–2004)
Kosovo •
Republic of Kosova :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Ibrahim Rugova, President (1992–1999) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Jusuf Zejnullahu, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*
Bujar Bukoshi, Prime minister (1991–2000) ::*
Hashim Thaçi, Interim Prime minister (1999–2000)
Yugoslavia: Serbia & Yugoslavia •
Yugoslavia:
Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia :*General Secretary (
complete list) – ::*
Josip Broz Tito, General Secretary (1945–1964), President of the Presidium (1964–1980) ::*
Stevan Doronjski, President of the Presidium (1980) ::*
Lazar Mojsov, President of the Presidium (1980–1981) ::*
Dušan Dragosavac, President of the Presidium (1981–1982) ::*
Mitja Ribičić, President of the Presidium (1982–1983) ::*
Dragoslav Marković, President of the Presidium (1983–1984) ::*
Ali Shukrija, President of the Presidium (1984–1985) ::*
Vidoje Žarković, President of the Presidium (1985–1986) ::*
Milanko Renovica, President of the Presidium (1986–1987) ::*
Boško Krunić, President of the Presidium (1987–1988) ::*
Stipe Šuvar, President of the Presidium (1988–1989) ::*
Milan Pančevski, President of the Presidium (1989–1990) :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Ivan Ribar, President of the Presidency (1945–1953) ::*
Josip Broz Tito, President (1953–1980) ::*
Lazar Koliševski, President of the Presidency (1980) ::*
Cvijetin Mijatović, President of the Presidency (1980–1981) ::*
Sergej Kraigher, President of the Presidency (1981–1982) ::*
Petar Stambolić, President of the Presidency (1982–1983) ::*
Mika Špiljak, President of the Presidency (1983–1984) ::*
Veselin Đuranović, President of the Presidency (1984–1985) ::*
Radovan Vlajković, President of the Presidency (1985–1986) ::*
Sinan Hasani, President of the Presidency (1986–1987) ::*
Lazar Mojsov, President of the Presidency (1987–1988) ::*
Raif Dizdarević, President of the Presidency (1988–1989) ::*
Janez Drnovšek, President of the Presidency (1989–1990) ::*
Borisav Jović, President of the Presidency (1990–1991) ::*
Sejdo Bajramović, Acting President of the Presidency (1991) ::*
Stjepan Mesić, President of the Presidency (1991) ::*
Branko Kostić, Acting President of the Presidency (1991–1992) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Josip Broz Tito, Prime minister (1941–1963) ::*
Petar Stambolić, Prime minister (1963–1967) ::*
Mika Špiljak, Prime minister (1967–1969) ::*
Mitja Ribičič, Prime minister (1969–1971) ::*
Džemal Bijedić, Prime minister (1971–1977) ::*
Veselin Đuranović, Prime minister (1977–1982) ::*
Milka Planinc, Prime minister (1982–1986) ::*
Branko Mikulić, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*
Ante Marković, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*
Aleksandar Mitrović, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) •
Yugoslavia:
Federal Republic of Yugoslavia/ Serbia and Montenegro :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Dobrica Ćosić, President (1992–1993) ::*
Miloš Radulović, Acting President (1993) ::*
Zoran Lilić, President (1993–1997) ::*
Srđa Božović, Acting President (1997) ::*
Slobodan Milošević, President (1997–2000) ::*
Vojislav Koštunica, President (2000–2003) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Milan Panić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Radoje Kontić, Prime minister (1993–1998) ::*
Momir Bulatović, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*
Zoran Žižić, Prime minister (2000–2001)
Yugoslavia: Bosnia and Herzegovina •
Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina :*President (
complete list) – ::*
Alija Izetbegović, President (1992–1997) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Jure Pelivan, Prime minister (1992) ::*
Mile Akmadžić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Haris Silajdžić, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*
Hasan Muratović, Prime minister (1996–1997) •
Bosnia and Herzegovina :*High Representatives (
complete list) – ::*
Carl Bildt, High Representative (1995–1997) ::*
Carlos Westendorp, High Representative (1997–1999) ::*
Wolfgang Petritsch, High Representative (1999–2002) :*Presidency (
complete list) – ::*Chairmen of the Presidency (
complete list) – :::*
Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen (1996–1998) :::*
Živko Radišić, Chairmen (1998–1999) :::*
Ante Jelavić, Chairmen (1999–2000) :::*
Alija Izetbegović, Chairmen (2000) :::*
Živko Radišić, Chairmen (2000–2001) ::*Bosniak members of the Presidency (
complete list) – :::*
Alija Izetbegović, Member (1996–2000) :::*
Halid Genjac, Member (2000–2001) ::*Croat members of the Presidency (
complete list) – :::*
Krešimir Zubak, Member (1996–1998) :::*
Ante Jelavić, Member (1998–2001) ::*Serb members of the Presidency (
complete list) – :::*
Momčilo Krajišnik, Member (1996–1998) :::*
Živko Radišić, Member (1998–2002) :*Chairmen of the Council of Ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Haris Silajdžić,
Boro Bosić, Co-Chairmen (1997–1999) ::*
Haris Silajdžić,
Svetozar Mihajlović, Co-Chairmen (1999–2000) ::*
Spasoje Tuševljak, Chairman (2000) ::*
Martin Raguž, Chairman (2000–2001) •
Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia – :*
Fikret Abdić, Governor (1993–1995)
Yugoslavia: Croatia • Republic of
Croatia :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Franjo Tuđman, President (1990–1999) ::*
Vlatko Pavletić, Acting President (1999–2000) ::*
Zlatko Tomčić, Acting President (2000) ::*
Stjepan Mesić, President (2000–2010) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Stjepan Mesić, Prime minister (1990) ::*
Josip Manolić, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*
Franjo Gregurić, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Hrvoje Šarinić, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Nikica Valentić, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Zlatko Mateša, Prime minister (1995–2000) ::*
Ivica Račan, Prime minister (2000–2003) •
Republic of Serbian Krajina :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Milan Babić, President (1991–1992) ::*
Mile Paspalj, Acting President (1992–1992) ::*
Goran Hadžić, President (1992–1994) ::*
Milan Martić, President (1994–1995) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Dušan Vještica, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Risto Matković, Acting Prime minister (1992–1992) ::*
Zdravko Zečević, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Đorđe Bjegović, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Borislav Mikelić, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Milan Babić, Prime minister (1995–1995) •
United Nations Transitional Administration for Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Sirmium – :
United Nations protectorate, 1996–1998 Yugoslavia: Macedonia •
Republic of Macedonia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Kiro Gligorov, President (1991–1999) ::*
Boris Trajkovski, President (1999–2004) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Nikola Kljusev, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Branko Crvenkovski, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*
Ljubčo Georgievski, Prime minister (1998–2002)
Yugoslavia: Slovenia •
Slovenia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Milan Kučan, President (1991–2002) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Lojze Peterle, Prime minister (1990–1992) ::*
Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (1992–2000) ::*
Andrej Bajuk, Prime minister (2000) ::*
Janez Drnovšek, Prime minister (2000–2002)
Europe: Baltic states Estonia • Republic of
Estonia :*
Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Lennart Meri, President (1992–2001) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Otto Tief, Prime minister (1945–1963) ::*
Edgar Savisaar, Acting Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Tiit Vähi, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*
Mart Laar, Prime minister (1992–1994) ::*
Andres Tarand, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Tiit Vähi, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*
Mart Siimann, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Mart Laar, Prime minister (1999–2002)
Latvia • Republic of
Latvia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Guntis Ulmanis, President (1993–1999) ::*
Vaira Vīķe-Freiberga, President (1999–2007) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Ivars Godmanis, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*
Valdis Birkavs, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Māris Gailis, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Andris Šķēle, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*
Guntars Krasts, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*
Vilis Krištopans, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Andris Šķēle, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*
Andris Bērziņš, Prime minister (2000–2002)
Lithuania • Republic of
Lithuania :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Vytautas Landsbergis, Chairman of the Supreme Council (1991–1992) ::*
Algirdas Brazauskas, President (1992–1998) ::*
Valdas Adamkus, President (1998–2003) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Kazimira Prunskienė, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*
Albertas Šimėnas, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Aleksandras Abišala, Prime minister (1992) ::*
Bronislovas Lubys, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Adolfas Šleževičius, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*
Laurynas Stankevičius, Prime minister (1996) ::*
Gediminas Vagnorius, Prime minister (1996–1999) ::*
Irena Degutienė, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*
Rolandas Paksas, Prime minister (1999) ::*
Irena Degutienė, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*
Andrius Kubilius, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*
Rolandas Paksas, Prime minister (2000–2001)
Europe: British Isles Ireland •
Republic of Ireland :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Seán T. O'Kelly, President (1945–1959) ::*
Éamon de Valera, President (1959–1973) ::*
Erskine Hamilton Childers, President (1973–1974) ::*
Cearbhall Ó Dálaigh, President (1974–1976) ::*
Patrick Hillery, President (1976–1990) ::*
Mary Robinson, President (1990–1997) ::*
Mary McAleese, President (1997–2011) :*
Taoiseachs (
complete list) – ::*
John A. Costello, Taoiseach (1948–1951) ::*
Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1951–1954) ::*
John A. Costello, Taoiseach (1954–1957) ::*
Éamon de Valera, Taoiseach (1957–1959) ::*
Seán Lemass, Taoiseach (1959–1966) ::*
Jack Lynch, Taoiseach (1966–1973) ::*
Liam Cosgrave, Taoiseach (1973–1977) ::*
Jack Lynch, Taoiseach (1977–1979) ::*
Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1979–1981) ::*
Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach (1981–1982) ::*
Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1982) ::*
Garret FitzGerald, Taoiseach (1981–1987) ::*
Charles Haughey, Taoiseach (1987–1992) ::*
Albert Reynolds, Taoiseach (1992–1994) ::*
John Bruton, Taoiseach (1994–1997) ::*
Bertie Ahern, Taoiseach (1997–2008)
United Kingdom •
United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
George VI, King (1936–1952) ::*
Elizabeth II, Queen (1952–2022) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Clement Attlee, Prime minister (1945–1951) ::*
Winston Churchill, Prime minister (1951–1955) ::*
Anthony Eden, Prime minister (1955–1957) ::*
Harold Macmillan, Prime minister (1957–1963) ::*
Alec Douglas-Home, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*
Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1964–1970) ::*
Edward Heath, Prime minister (1970–1974) ::*
Harold Wilson, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*
James Callaghan, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*
Margaret Thatcher, Prime minister (1979–1990) ::*
John Major, Prime minister (1990–1997) ::*
Tony Blair, Prime minister (1997–2007)
Europe: Central Austria •
Austria :*
Federal Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Theodor Körner, President (1951–1957) ::*
Adolf Schärf, President (1957–1965) ::*
Franz Jonas, President (1965–1974) ::*
Rudolf Kirchschläger, President (1974–1986) ::*
Kurt Waldheim, President (1986–1992) ::*
Thomas Klestil, President (1992–2004) :*
Chancellors (
complete list) – ::*
Leopold Figl, Chancellor (1945–1953) ::*
Julius Raab, Chancellor (1953–1961) ::*
Alfons Gorbach, Chancellor (1961–1964) ::*
Josef Klaus, Chancellor (1964–1970) ::*
Bruno Kreisky, Chancellor (1970–1983) ::*
Fred Sinowatz, Chancellor (1983–1986) ::*
Franz Vranitzky, Chancellor (1986–1997) ::*
Viktor Klima, Chancellor (1997–2000) ::*
Wolfgang Schüssel, Chancellor (2000–2007) •
Allied-occupied Austria :*American zone High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
Walter J. Donnelly, High Commissioner (1950–1952) ::*
Llewellyn Thompson, High Commissioner (1952–1955) :*British zone High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
Harold Caccia, High Commissioner (1950–1954) ::*
Geoffrey Wallinger, High Commissioner (1954–1955) :*French zone High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
Antoine Béthouart, High Commissioner (1945–1955) ::*, High Commissioner (1950–1954) ::*, High Commissioner (1954–1955) ::*, High Commissioner (1955) ::*
François Seydoux de Clausonne, High Commissioner (1955) :*Soviet zone Commanders (
complete list) – ::*
Vladimir Petrovich Sviridov, High Commissioner (1949–1953) ::*
Ivan Ilyichev, High Commissioner (1953–1955)
Czechoslovakia •
Czechoslovak Socialist Republic :*General Secretaries (
complete list) – ::*
Klement Gottwald, General Secretary (1948–1953) ::*
Antonín Novotný, General Secretary (1953–1968) ::*
Alexander Dubček, General Secretary (1968–1969) ::*
Gustáv Husák, General Secretary (1969–1987) ::*
Miloš Jakeš, General Secretary (1987–1989) ::*
Karel Urbánek, General Secretary (1989) :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Klement Gottwald, President (1948–1953) ::*
Antonín Zápotocký, President (1953–1957) ::*
Antonín Novotný, President (1957–1968) ::*
Ludvík Svoboda, President (1968–1975) ::*
Gustáv Husák, President (1976–1989) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Antonín Zápotocký, Prime minister (1948–1953) ::*
Viliam Široký, Prime minister (1953–1963) ::*
Jozef Lenárt, Prime minister (1963–1968) ::*
Oldřich Černík, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*
Lubomír Štrougal, Prime minister (1970–1988) ::*
Ladislav Adamec, Prime minister (1988–1989) •
Czech and Slovak Federative Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Václav Havel, President (1989–1992) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Marián Čalfa, Prime minister (1989–1992) ::*
Jan Stráský, Prime minister (1992) •
Czech Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Václav Havel, President (1993–2003) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Václav Klaus, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*
Josef Tošovský, Prime minister (1998) ::*
Miloš Zeman, Prime minister (1998–2002) •
Chechen Republic of Ichkeria (
complete list) – :*
Dzhokhar Dudayev, President (1991–1996) :*
Zelimkhan Yandarbiyev, President (1996–1997) :*
Aslan Maskhadov, President (1997–2000) •
Slovakia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Vladimír Mečiar, Acting President (1993) ::*
Michal Kováč, President (1993–1999) ::*
Rudolf Schuster, President (1999–2004) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vladimír Mečiar, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Jozef Moravčík, Prime minister (1994) ::*
Vladimír Mečiar, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::*
Mikuláš Dzurinda, Prime minister (1998–2006)
Germany •
Allied-occupied Germany :*High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
John J. McCloy, High Commissioner (1949–1952) ::*
Walter J. Donnelly, High Commissioner (1952) ::*
Samuel Reber, High Commissioner (1952–1953) ::*
James B. Conant, High Commissioner (1953–1955) :*High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
Ivone Kirkpatrick, High Commissioner (1950–1953) ::*
Frederick Millar, High Commissioner (1953–1955) :*High Commissioners (
complete list) – ::*
André François-Poncet, High Commissioner (1949–1955) :*Commanders (
complete list) – ::*
Vasily Chuikov, Chief Administrator (1949), Chairman of Control Commission (1949–1953) ::*
Vladimir Semyonov, High Commissioner (1953–1954) ::*
Georgy Pushkin, High Commissioner (1954–1955) •
East Germany :*General Secretaries (
complete list) – ::*
Walter Ulbricht, General Secretary (1950–1953), First Secretary (1953–1971) ::*
Erich Honecker, First Secretary (1971–1976), General Secretary (1976–1989) ::*
Egon Krenz, General Secretary (1989) :*Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Wilhelm Pieck, President (1949–1960) ::*
Walter Ulbricht, Chairmen of the State Council (1960–1973) ::*
Willi Stoph, Chairmen of the State Council (1973–1976) ::*
Erich Honecker, Chairmen of the State Council (1976–1989) ::*
Egon Krenz, Chairmen of the State Council (1989) ::*
Manfred Gerlach, Chairmen of the State Council (1989–1990) ::*
Sabine Bergmann-Pohl, Presidents of the Volkskammer (1990) :*Chairman of the Council of Ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Otto Grotewohl, Chairman (1949–1964) ::*
Willi Stoph, Chairman (1964–1973) ::*
Horst Sindermann, Chairman (1973–1976) ::*
Willi Stoph, Chairman (1976–1989) ::*
Hans Modrow, Chairman (1989–1990) ::*
Lothar de Maizière, Chairman (1990) •
West Germany :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Theodor Heuss, President (1949–1959) ::*
Heinrich Lübke, President (1959–1969) ::*
Gustav Heinemann, President (1969–1974) ::*
Walter Scheel, President (1974–1979) ::*
Karl Carstens, President (1979–1984) ::*
Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany (1984–1990), President of reunified Germany (1990–1994) :*
Chancellors (
complete list) – ::*
Konrad Adenauer, Chancellor (1945–1963) ::*
Ludwig Erhard, Chancellor (1963–1966) ::*
Kurt Georg Kiesinger, Chancellor (1966–1969) ::*
Willy Brandt, Chancellor (1969–1974) ::*
Helmut Schmidt, Chancellor (1974–1982) ::*
Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998) • Federal Republic of
Germany :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Richard von Weizsäcker, President of West Germany (1984–1990), President of reunified Germany (1990–1994) ::*
Roman Herzog, President (1994–1999) ::*
Johannes Rau, President (1999–2004) :*
Chancellors (
complete list) – ::*
Helmut Kohl, Chancellor of West Germany (1982–1990), Chancellor of reunified Germany (1990–1998) ::*
Gerhard Schröder, Chancellor (1998–2005)
Hungary •
Hungarian People's Republic :*
General Secretaries (
complete list) – ::*
Mátyás Rákosi, General Secretary (1948–1956) ::*
Ernő Gerő, General Secretary (1956) ::*
János Kádár, General Secretary (1956–1988) ::*
Károly Grósz, General Secretary (1988–1989) ::*
Rezső Nyers, Party President (1989) :*
Chairmen of the Presidential Council (
complete list) – ::*
Sándor Rónai, Chairman (1950–1952) ::*
István Dobi, Chairman (1952–1967) ::*
Pál Losonczi, Chairman (1967–1987) ::*
Károly Németh, Chairman (1987–1988) ::*
Brunó Ferenc Straub, Chairman (1988–1989) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
István Dobi, Prime minister (1949–1952) ::*
Mátyás Rákosi, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*
Imre Nagy, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*
András Hegedüs, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*
Imre Nagy, Prime minister (1956) ::*
János Kádár, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*
Ferenc Münnich, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*
János Kádár, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::*
Gyula Kállai, Prime minister (1965–1967) ::*
Jenő Fock, Prime minister (1967–1975) ::*
György Lázár, Prime minister (1975–1987) ::*
Károly Grósz, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*
Miklós Németh, Prime minister (1988–1989) •
Hungary: Third Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Mátyás Szűrös, Acting President (1989–1990) ::*
Árpád Göncz, President (1990–2000) ::*
Ferenc Mádl, President (2000–2005) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Miklós Németh, Provisional Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*
József Antall, Prime minister (1990–1993) ::*
Péter Boross, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Gyula Horn, Prime minister (1994–1998) ::*
Viktor Orbán, Prime minister (1998–2002)
Liechtenstein •
Liechtenstein :*
Sovereign Princes (
complete list) – ::*
Franz Josef II, Prince (1938–1989) ::*
Hans-Adam II, Prince (1989–present) :*Heads of government (
complete list) – ::*
Alexander Frick, Prime minister (1945–1962) ::*
Gerard Batliner, Prime minister (1962–1970) ::*
Alfred Hilbe, Prime minister (1970–1974) ::*
Walter Kieber, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*
Hans Brunhart, Prime minister (1978–1993) ::*
Markus Büchel, Prime minister (1993) ::*
Mario Frick, Prime minister (1993–2001)
Poland •
Polish People's Republic :*Party leaders (
complete list) – ::*
Bolesław Bierut, General Secretary (1948–1956) ::*
Edward Ochab, First Secretary (1956) ::*
Władysław Gomułka, First Secretary (1956–1970) ::*
Edward Gierek, First Secretary (1970–1980) ::*
Stanisław Kania, First Secretary (1980–1981) ::*
Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary (1981–1989) ::*
Mieczysław Rakowski, First Secretary (1989–1990) :*
Chairman of the Council of State (
complete list) – ::*
Bolesław Bierut, President (1947–1952) ::*
Aleksander Zawadzki, Chairman (1952–1964) ::*
Edward Ochab, Chairman (1964–1968) ::*
Marian Spychalski, Chairman (1968–1970) ::*
Józef Cyrankiewicz, Chairman (1970–1972) ::*
Henryk Jabłoński, Chairman (1972–1985) ::*
Wojciech Jaruzelski, Chairman (1985–1989), President (1989) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Józef Cyrankiewicz, Prime minister (1947–1952) ::*
Bolesław Bierut, Prime minister (1952–1954) ::*
Józef Cyrankiewicz, Prime minister (1954–1970) ::*
Piotr Jaroszewicz, Prime minister (1970–1980) ::*
Edward Babiuch, Prime minister (1980) ::*
Józef Pińkowski, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*
Wojciech Jaruzelski, Prime minister (1981–1985) ::*
Zbigniew Messner, Prime minister (1985–1988) ::*
Mieczysław Rakowski, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*
Czesław Kiszczak, Prime minister (1989) ::*
Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime minister (1989–1991) • Republic of
Poland :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Wojciech Jaruzelski, President (1989–1990) ::*
Lech Wałęsa, President (1990–1995) ::*
Aleksander Kwaśniewski, President (1995–2005) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Tadeusz Mazowiecki, Prime minister (1989–1991) ::*
Jan Krzysztof Bielecki, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Jan Olszewski, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Waldemar Pawlak, Prime minister (1992) ::*
Hanna Suchocka, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Waldemar Pawlak, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Józef Oleksy, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*
Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*
Jerzy Buzek, Prime minister (1997–2001)
Switzerland •
Switzerland (
complete list) – :*
Eduard von Steiger, President of the Confederation (1951) :*
Karl Kobelt, President of the Confederation (1952) :*
Philipp Etter, President of the Confederation (1953) :*
Rodolphe Rubattel, President of the Confederation (1954) :*
Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1955) :*
Markus Feldmann, President of the Confederation (1956) :*
Hans Streuli, President of the Confederation (1957) :*
Thomas Holenstein, President of the Confederation (1958) :*
Paul Chaudet, President of the Confederation (1959) :*
Max Petitpierre, President of the Confederation (1960) :*
Friedrich Traugott Wahlen, President of the Confederation (1961) :*
Paul Chaudet, President of the Confederation (1962) :*
Willy Spühler, President of the Confederation (1963) :*
Ludwig von Moos, President of the Confederation (1964) :*
Hans-Peter Tschudi, President of the Confederation (1965) :*
Hans Schaffner, President of the Confederation (1966) :*
Roger Bonvin, President of the Confederation (1967) :*
Willy Spühler, President of the Confederation (1968) :*
Ludwig von Moos, President of the Confederation (1969) :*
Hans-Peter Tschudi, President of the Confederation (1970) :*
Rudolf Gnägi, President of the Confederation (1971) :*
Nello Celio, President of the Confederation (1972) :*
Roger Bonvin, President of the Confederation (1973) :*
Ernst Brugger, President of the Confederation (1974) :*
Pierre Graber, President of the Confederation (1975) :*
Rudolf Gnägi, President of the Confederation (1976) :*
Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1977) :*
Willi Ritschard, President of the Confederation (1978) :*
Hans Hürlimann, President of the Confederation (1979) :*
Georges-André Chevallaz, President of the Confederation (1980) :*
Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1981) :*
Fritz Honegger, President of the Confederation (1982) :*
Pierre Aubert, President of the Confederation (1983) :*
Leon Schlumpf, President of the Confederation (1984) :*
Kurt Furgler, President of the Confederation (1985) :*
Alphons Egli, President of the Confederation (1986) :*
Pierre Aubert, President of the Confederation (1987) :*
Otto Stich, President of the Confederation (1988) :*
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, President of the Confederation (1989) :*
Arnold Koller, President of the Confederation (1990) :*
Flavio Cotti, President of the Confederation (1991) :*
René Felber, President of the Confederation (1992) :*
Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (1993) :*
Otto Stich, President of the Confederation (1994) :*
Kaspar Villiger, President of the Confederation (1995) :*
Jean-Pascal Delamuraz, President of the Confederation (1996) :*
Arnold Koller, President of the Confederation (1997) :*
Flavio Cotti, President of the Confederation (1998) :*
Ruth Dreifuss, President of the Confederation (1999) :*
Adolf Ogi, President of the Confederation (2000)
Europe: East Belarus • Republic of
Belarus :*
Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Stanislau Shushkevich, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1991–1994) ::*
Vyacheslav Nikolayevich Kuznetsov, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994) ::*
Myechyslaw Hryb, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1994) ::*
Alexander Lukashenko, President (1994–present) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vyacheslav Kebich, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*
Mikhail Chigir, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*
Sergey Ling, Prime minister (1996–2000) ::*
Vladimir Yermoshin, Prime minister (2000–2001)
Moldova • Republic of
Moldova :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Mircea Snegur, President (1990–1997) ::*
Petru Lucinschi, President (1997–2001) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Valeriu Muravschi, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Andrei Sangheli, Prime minister (1992–1997) ::*
Ion Ciubuc, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Serafim Urechean, Acting Prime minister (1999) ::*
Ion Sturza, Prime minister (1999) ::*
Dumitru Braghiș, Prime minister (1999–2001) •
Transnistria :*Heads of State (
complete list) – ::*
Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Provisional Supreme Soviet (1990), of the Republic (1990–1991) ::*
Andrey Manoylov, Acting Chairman of the Republic (1991) ::*Igor Smirnov, Chairman of the Republic (1991), President (1991–2011) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Stanislav Moroz, Acting Prime minister (1990)
Romania •
Socialist Republic of Romania :*General Secretaries (
complete list) – ::*
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary (1944–1954) ::*
Gheorghe Apostol, General Secretary (1954–1955) ::*
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, General Secretary (1955–1965) ::*
Nicolae Ceaușescu, General Secretary (1965–1989) :*
Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Constantin Ion Parhon, President of the Provisional Presidium (1947–1948), President of the Presidium (1948–1952) ::*
Nicolae Ceaușescu, President of the State Council (1967–1974), President (1974–1989) :*
Presidents of the council of ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Petru Groza, Prime minister (1947–1952) ::*
Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej, Prime minister (1952–1955) ::*
Chivu Stoica, Prime minister (1955–1961) ::*
Ion Gheorghe Maurer, Prime minister (1961–1974) ::*
Manea Mănescu, Prime minister (1974–1979) ::*
Ilie Verdeț, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*
Constantin Dăscălescu, Prime minister (1982–1989) • Republic of
Romania :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Ion Iliescu, President (1989–1996) ::*
Emil Constantinescu, President (1996–2000) ::*
Ion Iliescu, President (2000–2004) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Petre Roman, Acting Prime minister (1989–1990), Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*
Theodor Stolojan, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Nicolae Văcăroiu, Prime minister (1992–1996) ::*
Victor Ciorbea, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*
Gavril Dejeu, Interim Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Radu Vasile, Prime minister (1999) ::*
Alexandru Athanasiu, Interim Prime minister (1999) ::*
Mugur Isărescu, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*
Adrian Năstase, Prime minister (2000–2004)
Russia •
Soviet Union :*General Secretary (
complete list) – ::*
Nikita Khrushchev, General Secretary (1953–1964) ::*
Leonid Brezhnev, First Secretary (1964–1966), General Secretary (1966–1982) ::*
Yuri Andropov, General Secretary (1982–1984) ::*
Konstantin Chernenko, General Secretary (1984–1985) ::*
Mikhail Gorbachev, General Secretary (1985–1991) :*
Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Nikolay Shvernik, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1946–1953) ::*
Kliment Voroshilov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1953–1960) ::*
Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1960–1964) ::*
Anastas Mikoyan, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1964–1965) ::*
Nikolai Podgorny, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1965–1977) ::*
Leonid Brezhnev, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1977–1982) ::*
Yuri Andropov, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1983–1984) ::*
Konstantin Chernenko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1984–1985) ::*
Andrei Gromyko, Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet (1985–1988) ::*
Mikhail Gorbachev, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet (1988–1990), president (1990–1991) :*Heads of governments (
complete list) – ::*
Joseph Stalin, Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (1941–1946), Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1946–1953) ::*
Georgy Malenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1953–1955) ::*
Nikolai Bulganin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1955–1958) ::*
Nikita Khrushchev, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1958–1964) ::*
Alexei Kosygin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1964–1980) ::*
Nikolai Tikhonov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1980–1985) ::*
Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (1985–1991) ::*
Valentin Pavlov, Prime minister (1991) ::*
Ivan Silayev, Chairman of the Interstate Economic Committee (1991) •
Russia :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Boris Yeltsin, President (1991–1999) ::*
Vladimir Putin, Acting President (1999–2000), President (2000–2008) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Boris Yeltsin, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Viktor Chernomyrdin, Prime minister (1992–1998) ::*
Sergey Kiriyenko, Prime minister (1998) ::*
Yevgeny Primakov, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Sergei Stepashin, Prime minister (1999) ::*
Vladimir Putin, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*
Mikhail Kasyanov, Prime minister (2000–2004)
Ukraine •
Ukraine :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Leonid Kravchuk, President (1991–1994) ::*
Leonid Kuchma, President (1994–2005) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vitold Fokin, Acting Prime minister (1990–1991), Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Valentyn Symonenko, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*
Leonid Kuchma, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Yukhym Zvyahilsky, Acting Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Vitaliy Masol, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Yevhen Marchuk, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*
Pavlo Lazarenko, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*
Vasyl Durdynets, Acting Prime minister (1997) ::*
Valeriy Pustovoitenko, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Viktor Yushchenko, Prime minister (1999–2001)
Europe: Nordic Denmark •
Denmark :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Frederik IX, King (1947–1972) ::*
Margrethe II, Queen (1972–2024) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Erik Eriksen, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*
Hans Hedtoft, Prime minister (1953–1955) ::*
H. C. Hansen, Prime minister (1955–1960) ::*
Viggo Kampmann, Prime minister (1960–1962) ::*
Jens Otto Krag, Prime minister (1962–1968) ::*
Hilmar Baunsgaard, Prime minister (1968–1971) ::*
Jens Otto Krag, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*
Anker Jørgensen, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*
Poul Hartling, Prime minister (1973–1975) ::*
Anker Jørgensen, Prime minister (1975–1982) ::*
Poul Schlüter, Prime minister (1982–1993) ::*
Poul Nyrup Rasmussen, Prime minister (1993–2001)
Finland •
Finland :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Juho Kusti Paasikivi, President (1946–1956) ::*
Urho Kekkonen, President (1956–1982) ::*
Mauno Koivisto, President (1982–1994) ::*
Martti Ahtisaari, President (1994–2000) ::*
Tarja Halonen, President (2000–2012) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*
Sakari Tuomioja, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*
Ralf Törngren, Prime minister (1954) ::*
Urho Kekkonen, Prime minister (1954–1956) ::*
Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*
V. J. Sukselainen, Prime minister (1957) ::*
Rainer von Fieandt, Prime minister (1957) ::*
Reino Kuuskoski, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*
Karl-August Fagerholm, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
V. J. Sukselainen, Prime minister (1959–1961) ::*
Martti Miettunen, Prime minister (1961–1962) ::*
Ahti Karjalainen, Prime minister (1962–1963) ::*
Reino Ragnar Lehto, Prime minister (1963–1964) ::*
Johannes Virolainen, Prime minister (1964–1966) ::*
Rafael Paasio, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*
Mauno Koivisto, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*
Teuvo Aura, Prime minister (1970) ::*
Ahti Karjalainen, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*
Teuvo Aura, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*
Rafael Paasio, Prime minister (1972) ::*
Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1972–1975) ::*
Keijo Liinamaa, Prime minister (1975) ::*
Martti Miettunen, Prime minister (1975–1977) ::*
Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1977–1979) ::*
Mauno Koivisto, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*
Kalevi Sorsa, Prime minister (1982–1987) ::*
Harri Holkeri, Prime minister (1987–1991) ::*
Esko Aho, Prime minister (1991–1995) ::*
Paavo Lipponen, Prime minister (1995–2003)
Iceland •
Iceland :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Sveinn Björnsson, President (1944–1952) ::*
Ásgeir Ásgeirsson, President (1952–1968) ::*
Kristján Eldjárn, President (1968–1980) ::*
Vigdís Finnbogadóttir, President (1980–1996) ::*
Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson, President (1996–2016) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Steingrímur Steinþórsson, Prime minister (1950–1953) ::*
Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1953–1956) ::*
Hermann Jónasson, Prime minister (1956–1958) ::*
Emil Jónsson, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
Ólafur Thors, Prime minister (1959–1963) ::*
Bjarni Benediktsson, Prime minister (1963–1970) ::*
Jóhann Hafstein, Prime minister (1970–1971) ::*
Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime minister (1971–1974) ::*
Geir Hallgrímsson, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*
Ólafur Jóhannesson, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*
Benedikt Sigurðsson Gröndal, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*
Gunnar Thoroddsen, Prime minister (1980–1983) ::*
Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime minister (1983–1987) ::*
Þorsteinn Pálsson, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*
Steingrímur Hermannsson, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*
Davíð Oddsson, Prime minister (1991–2004)
Norway •
Norway :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Haakon VII, King (1905–1957) ::*
Olav V, King (1957–1991) ::*
Harald V, King (1991–present) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1945–1951) ::*
Oscar Torp, Prime minister (1951–1955) ::*
Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1955–1963) ::*
John Lyng, Prime minister (1963) ::*
Einar Gerhardsen, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*
Per Borten, Prime minister (1965–1971) ::*
Trygve Bratteli, Prime minister (1971–1972) ::*
Lars Korvald, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*
Trygve Bratteli, Prime minister (1973–1976) ::*
Odvar Nordli, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*
Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1981) ::*
Kåre Willoch, Prime minister (1981–1986) ::*
Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1986–1989) ::*
Jan P. Syse, Prime minister (1989–1990) ::*
Gro Harlem Brundtland, Prime minister (1990–1996) ::*
Thorbjørn Jagland, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*
Kjell Magne Bondevik, Prime minister (1997–2000) ::*
Jens Stoltenberg, Prime minister (2000–2001)
Sweden •
Sweden :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Gustaf VI Adolf, King (1950–1973) ::*
Carl XVI Gustaf, King (1973–present) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Tage Erlander, Prime minister (1946–1969) ::*
Olof Palme, Prime minister (1969–1976) ::*
Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*
Ola Ullsten, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*
Thorbjörn Fälldin, Prime minister (1979–1982) ::*
Olof Palme, Prime minister (1982–1986) ::*
Ingvar Carlsson, Prime minister (1986–1991) ::*
Carl Bildt, Prime minister (1991–1994) ::*
Ingvar Carlsson, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*
Göran Persson, Prime minister (1996–2006)
Europe: Southcentral Italy •
Italy :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Luigi Einaudi, President (1948–1955) ::*
Giovanni Gronchi, President (1955–1962) ::*
Antonio Segni, President (1962–1964) ::*
Giuseppe Saragat, President (1964–1971) ::*
Giovanni Leone, President (1971–1978) ::*
Sandro Pertini, President (1978–1985) ::*
Francesco Cossiga, President (1985–1992) ::*
Oscar Luigi Scalfaro, President (1992–1999) ::*
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, President (1999–2006) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Alcide De Gasperi, Prime minister (1946–1953) ::*
Giuseppe Pella, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*
Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1954) ::*
Mario Scelba, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*
Antonio Segni, Prime minister (1955–1957) ::*
Adone Zoli, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*
Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
Antonio Segni, Prime minister (1959–1960) ::*
Fernando Tambroni, Prime minister (1960) ::*
Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1960–1963) ::*
Giovanni Leone, Prime minister (1963) ::*
Aldo Moro, Prime minister (1963–1968) ::*
Giovanni Leone, Prime minister (1968) ::*
Mariano Rumor, Prime minister (1968–1970) ::*
Emilio Colombo, Prime minister (1970–1972) ::*
Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1972–1973) ::*
Mariano Rumor, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*
Aldo Moro, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*
Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1976–1979) ::*
Francesco Cossiga, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*
Arnaldo Forlani, Prime minister (1980–1981) ::*
Giovanni Spadolini, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*
Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1982–1983) ::*
Bettino Craxi, Prime minister (1983–1987) ::*
Amintore Fanfani, Prime minister (1987) ::*
Giovanni Goria, Prime minister (1987–1988) ::*
Ciriaco De Mita, Prime minister (1988–1989) ::*
Giulio Andreotti, Prime minister (1989–1992) ::*
Giuliano Amato, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Carlo Azeglio Ciampi, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Silvio Berlusconi, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Lamberto Dini, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*
Romano Prodi, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*
Massimo D'Alema, Prime minister (1998–2000) ::*
Giuliano Amato, Prime minister (2000–2001)
Malta •
Crown Colony of Malta (
complete list) – :
British protectorate, 1800–1813; British crown colony, 1813–1964 :
For details see the United Kingdom under British Isles, Europe •
State of Malta :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Elizabeth II, Queen (1964–1974) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Giorgio Borġ Olivier, Prime minister (1962–1971) ::*
Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984) • Republic of
Malta :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Anthony Mamo, President (1974–1976) ::*
Anton Buttigieg, President (1976–1981) ::*
Albert Hyzler, Acting President (1981–1982) ::*
Agatha Barbara, President (1982–1987) ::*
Paul Xuereb, Acting President (1987–1989) ::*
Ċensu Tabone, President (1989–1994) ::*
Ugo Mifsud Bonnici, President (1994–1999) ::*
Guido de Marco, President (1999–2004) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Dom Mintoff, Prime minister (1971–1984) ::*
Karmenu Mifsud Bonnici, Prime minister (1984–1987) ::*
Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime minister (1987–1996) ::*
Alfred Sant, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*
Eddie Fenech Adami, Prime minister (1998–2004)
San Marino •
San Marino :*
Captains Regent (
1900–present) – ::*
Marino Della Balda,
Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1950–1951) ::*
Alvaro Casali,
Romolo Giacomini, Captains Regent (1951) ::*
Domenico Forcellini,
Giovanni Terenzi, Captains Regent (1951–1952) ::*
Domenico Morganti,
Mariano Ceccoli, Captains Regent (1952) ::*
Arnaldo Para,
Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1952–1953) ::*
Vincenzo Pedini,
Alberto Reffi, Captains Regent (1953) ::*
Giordano Giacomini,
Giuseppe Renzi, Captains Regent (1953–1954) ::*
Giuseppe Forcellini,
Secondo Fiorini, Captains Regent (1954) ::*
Agostino Giacomini,
Luigi Montironi, Captains Regent (1954–1955) ::*
Domenico Forcellini,
Vittorio Meloni, Captains Regent (1955) ::*
Primo Bugli,
Giuseppe Maiani, Captains Regent (1955–1956) ::*
Mario Nanni,
Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1956) ::*
Mariano Ceccoli,
Eugenio Bernardini, Captains Regent (1956–1957) ::*
Giordano Giacomini,
Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1957) ::*
Federico Bigi,
Alvaro Casali,
Pietro Giancecchi,
Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti, Provisional Captains Regent (1957) ::*
Marino Valdes Franciosi,
Federico Micheloni, Captains Regent (1957–1958) ::*
Zaccaria Giovanni Savoretti,
Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1958) ::*
Domenico Forcellini,
Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1958–1959) ::*
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi,
Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1959) ::*
Giuseppe Forcellini,
Ferruccio Piva, Captains Regent (1959–1960) ::*
Alvaro Casali,
Gino Vannucci, Captains Regent (1960) ::*
Eugenio Reffi,
Pietro Giancecchi, Captains Regent (1960–1961) ::*
Federico Micheloni,
Giancarlo Ghironzi, Captains Regent (1961) ::*
Giovanni Vito Marcucci,
Pio Galassi, Captains Regent (1961–1962) ::*
Domenico Forcellini,
Francesco Valli, Captains Regent (1962) ::*
Antonio Maria Morganti,
Agostino Biordi, Captains Regent (1962–1963) ::*
Leonida Suzzi Valli,
Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1963) ::*
Giovan Luigi Franciosi,
Domenico Bollini, Captains Regent (1963–1964) ::*
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi,
Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1964) ::*
Giuseppe Micheloni,
Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1964–1965) ::*
Ferruccio Piva,
Federico Carattoni, Captains Regent (1965) ::*
Alvaro Casali,
Pietro Reffi, Captains Regent (1965–1966) ::*
Francesco Valli,
Emilio Della Balda, Captains Regent (1966) ::*
Giovanni Vito Marcucci,
Francesco Maria Francini, Captains Regent (1966–1967) ::*
Vittorio Rossini,
Alberto Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1967) ::*
Domenico Forcellini,
Romano Michelotti, Captains Regent (1967–1968) ::*
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi,
Dante Rossi, Captains Regent (1968) ::*
Pietro Giancecchi,
Aldo Zavoli, Captains Regent (1968–1969) ::*
Ferruccio Piva,
Stelio Montironi, Captains Regent (1969) ::*
Alvaro Casali,
Giancarlo Ghironzi, Captains Regent (1969–1970) ::*
Francesco Valli,
Eusebio Reffi, Captains Regent (1970) ::*
Simone Rossini,
Giuseppe Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1970–1971) ::*
Luigi Lonfernini,
Attilio Montanari, Captains Regent (1971) ::*
Federico Carattoni,
Marino Vagnetti, Captains Regent (1971–1972) ::*
Marino Benedetto Belluzzi,
Giuseppe Micheloni, Captains Regent (1972) ::*
Rosolino Martelli,
Bruno Casali, Captains Regent (1972–1973) ::*
Francesco Maria Francini,
Primo Bugli, Captains Regent (1973) ::*
Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari,
Giovan Luigi Franciosi, Captains Regent (1973–1974) ::*
Ferruccio Piva,
Giordano Bruno Reffi, Captains Regent (1974) ::*
Francesco Valli,
Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1974–1975) ::*
Alberto Cecchetti,
Michele Righi, Captains Regent (1975) ::*
Giovanni Vito Marcucci,
Giuseppe Della Balda, Captains Regent (1975–1976) ::*
Clelio Galassi,
Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1976) ::*
Primo Bugli,
Virgilio Cardelli, Captains Regent (1976–1977) ::*
Alberto Lonfernini,
Antonio Lazzaro Volpinari, Captains Regent (1977) ::*
Giordano Bruno Reffi,
Tito Masi, Captains Regent (1977–1978) ::*
Francesco Valli,
Enrico Andreoli, Captains Regent (1978) ::*
Ermenegildo Gasperoni,
Adriano Reffi, Captains Regent (1978–1979) ::*
Marino Bollini,
Lino Celli, Captains Regent (1979) ::*
Giuseppe Amici,
Germano De Biagi, Captains Regent (1979–1980) ::*
Pietro Chiaruzzi,
Primo Marani, Captains Regent (1980) ::*
Giancarlo Berardi,
Rossano Zafferani, Captains Regent (1980–1981) ::*
Gastone Pasolini,
Maria Lea Pedini-Angelini, Captains Regent (1981) ::*
Mario Rossi,
Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1981–1982) ::*
Giuseppe Maiani,
Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1982) ::*
Libero Barulli,
Maurizio Gobbi, Captains Regent (1982–1983) ::*
Adriano Reffi,
Massimo Roberto Rossini, Captains Regent (1983) ::*
Renzo Renzi,
Germano De Biagi, Captains Regent (1983–1984) ::*
Gloriana Ranocchini,
Giorgio Crescentini, Captains Regent (1984) ::*
Marino Bollini,
Giuseppe Amici, Captains Regent (1984–1985) ::*
Enzo Colombini,
Severiano Tura, Captains Regent (1985) ::*
Pier Paolo Gasperoni,
Ubaldo Biordi, Captains Regent (1985–1986) ::*
Marino Venturini,
Ariosto Maiani, Captains Regent (1986) ::*
Giuseppe Arzilli,
Maurizio Tomassoni, Captains Regent (1986–1987) ::*
Renzo Renzi,
Carlo Franciosi, Captains Regent (1987) ::*
Rossano Zafferani,
Gianfranco Terenzi, Captains Regent (1987–1988) ::*
Umberto Barulli,
Rosolino Martelli, Captains Regent (1988) ::*
Luciano Cardelli,
Reves Salvatori, Captains Regent (1988–1989) ::*
Mauro Fiorini,
Marino Vagnetti, Captains Regent (1989) ::*
Gloriana Ranocchini,
Leo Achilli, Captains Regent (1989–1990) ::*
Adalmiro Bartolini,
Ottaviano Rossi, Captains Regent (1990) ::*
Cesare Gasperoni,
Roberto Bucci, Captains Regent (1990–1991) ::*
Domenico Bernardini,
Claudio Podeschi, Captains Regent (1991) ::*
Edda Ceccoli,
Marino Riccardi, Captains Regent (1991–1992) ::*
Germano De Biagi,
Ernesto Benedettini, Captains Regent (1992) ::*
Romeo Morri,
Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1992–1993) ::*
Patrizia Busignani,
Salvatore Tonelli, Captains Regent (1993) ::*
Gian Luigi Berti,
Paride Andreoli, Captains Regent (1993–1994) ::*
Alberto Cecchetti,
Fausto Mularoni, Captains Regent (1994) ::*
Renzo Ghiotti,
Luciano Ciavatta, Captains Regent (1994–1995) ::*
Marino Bollini,
Settimio Lonfernini, Captains Regent (1995) ::*
Pier Natalino Mularoni,
Marino Venturini, Captains Regent (1995–1996) ::*
Pier Paolo Gasperoni,
Pietro Bugli, Captains Regent (1996) ::*
Maurizio Rattini,
Gian Carlo Venturini, Captains Regent (1996–1997) ::*
Paride Andreoli,
Pier Marino Mularoni, Captains Regent (1997) ::*
Luigi Mazza,
Marino Zanotti, Captains Regent (1997–1998) ::*
Alberto Cecchetti,
Loris Francini, Captains Regent (1998) ::*
Pietro Berti,
Paolo Bollini, Captains Regent (1998–1999) ::*
Antonello Bacciocchi,
Rosa Zafferani, Captains Regent (1999) ::*
Marino Bollini,
Giuseppe Arzilli, Captains Regent (1999–2000) ::*
Maria Domenica Michelotti,
Gian Marco Marcucci, Captains Regent (2000) ::*
Gianfranco Terenzi,
Enzo Colombini, Captains Regent (2000–2001)
Vatican •
Vatican City :*
Sovereign (
complete list) – ::*
Pius XII, Sovereign (1939–1958) ::*
John XXIII, Sovereign (1958–1963) ::*
Paul VI, Sovereign (1963–1978) ::*
John Paul I, Sovereign (1978) ::*
John Paul II, Sovereign (1978–2005) :*President of the Governorate (
complete list) – ::*
Nicola Canali, President of the Governorate (1939–1961) ::*
Amleto Giovanni Cicognani, President of the Governorate (1961–1969) ::*
Jean-Marie Villot, President of the Governorate (1969–1979) ::*
Agostino Casaroli, President of the Governorate (1979–1984) ::*
Sebastiano Baggio, President of the Governorate (1984–1990) ::*
Rosalio José Castillo Lara, President of the Governorate (1990–1997) ::*
Edmund Szoka, President of the Governorate (1997–2006)
Europe: Southwest Andorra •
Andorra :*Episcopal
Co-Princes (
complete list) – ::*
Ramon Iglesias i Navarri, Episcopal Co-Prince (1943–1969) ::*
Ramon Malla Call, Interim Episcopal Co-Prince (1969–1971) ::*
Joan Martí i Alanis, Episcopal Co-Prince (1971–2003) :*French
Co-Princes (
complete list) – ::*
Vincent Auriol, French Co-Prince (1947–1954) ::*
René Coty, French Co-Prince (1954–1959) ::*
Charles de Gaulle, French Co-Prince (1959–1969) ::*
Alain Poher, Acting French Co-Prince (1969) ::*
Georges Pompidou, French Co-Prince (1969–1974) ::*
Alain Poher, Acting French Co-Prince (1974) ::*
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, French Co-Prince (1974–1981) ::*
François Mitterrand, French Co-Prince (1981–1995) ::*
Jacques Chirac, French Co-Prince (1995–2007) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Òscar Ribas Reig, Prime minister (1982–1984) ::*
Josep Pintat-Solans, Prime minister (1984–1990) ::*
Òscar Ribas Reig, Prime minister (1990–1994) ::*
Marc Forné Molné, Prime minister (1994–2005)
Portugal •
Second Portuguese Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Óscar Carmona, President (1935–1951) ::*
António de Oliveira Salazar, Acting President (1951) ::*
Francisco Craveiro Lopes, President (1951–1958) ::*
Américo Thomaz, President (1958–1974) :*
Presidents of the Council of Ministers (
complete list) – ::*
António de Oliveira Salazar, President of the Council of Ministers (1933–1968) ::*
Marcello Caetano, President of the Council of Ministers (1968–1974) • Third Republic of
Portugal :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
National Salvation Junta:
António de Spínola (President),
Francisco da Costa Gomes,
Jaime Silvério Marques,
Diogo Neto,
Carlos Galvão de Melo,
José Pinheiro de Azevedo,
António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of state (1974) ::*
António de Spínola, President (1974) ::*
Francisco da Costa Gomes, President (1974–1976) ::*
António Ramalho Eanes, President (1976–1986) ::*
Mário Soares, President (1986–1996) ::*
Jorge Sampaio, President (1996–2006) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
National Salvation Junta:
António de Spínola,
Francisco da Costa Gomes,
Jaime Silvério Marques,
Diogo Neto,
Carlos Galvão de Melo,
José Pinheiro de Azevedo,
António Rosa Coutinho, Acting Head of government (1974) ::*
Adelino da Palma Carlos, Prime minister (1974) ::*
Vasco Gonçalves, Prime minister (1974–1975) ::*
José Pinheiro de Azevedo, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*
Vasco de Almeida e Costa, Acting Prime minister (1976) ::*
Mário Soares, Prime minister (1976–1978) ::*
Alfredo Nobre da Costa, Prime minister (1978) ::*
Carlos Alberto da Mota Pinto, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*
Maria de Lourdes Pintasilgo, Prime minister (1979–1980) ::*
Francisco de Sá Carneiro, Prime minister (1980) ::*
Diogo de Freitas do Amaral, Acting Head of government (1980–1981) ::*
Francisco Pinto Balsemão, Prime minister (1981–1983) ::*
Mário Soares, Prime minister (1983–1985) ::*
Aníbal Cavaco Silva, Prime minister (1985–1995) ::*
António Guterres, Prime minister (1995–2002)
Spain •
Francoist Spain :*Heads of state (
complete list) – ::*
Francisco Franco, Caudillo (1936–1975) ::*
Alejandro Rodríguez de Valcárcel, President of the Regency (1975) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Francisco Franco, Prime minister (1936–1973) ::*
Luis Carrero Blanco, Prime minister (1973) ::*
Torcuato Fernández-Miranda, Acting Prime minister (1973) ::*
Carlos Arias Navarro, Prime minister (1973–1975) • Kingdom of
Spain :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Juan Carlos I, King (1975–2014) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Carlos Arias Navarro, Prime minister (1975–1976) ::*
Fernando de Santiago y Díaz, Acting Prime minister (1976) ::*
Adolfo Suárez, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*
Leopoldo Calvo-Sotelo, Prime minister (1981–1982) ::*
Felipe González, Prime minister (1982–1996) ::*
José María Aznar, Prime minister (1996–2004)
Europe: West Belgium •
Belgium :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Leopold III, King (1934–1951) ::*
Charles, Prince Regent (1944–1950) ::*
Baudouin, King (1951–1993) ::*
Albert II, King (1993–2013) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Joseph Pholien, Prime minister (1950–1952) ::*
Jean Van Houtte, Prime minister (1952–1954) ::*
Achille Van Acker, Prime minister (1954–1958) ::*
Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1958–1961) ::*
Théo Lefèvre, Prime minister (1961–1965) ::*
Pierre Harmel, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*
Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime minister (1966–1968) ::*
Gaston Eyskens, Prime minister (1968–1973) ::*
Edmond Leburton, Prime minister (1973–1974) ::*
Leo Tindemans, Prime minister (1974–1978) ::*
Paul Vanden Boeynants, Prime minister (1978–1979) ::*
Wilfried Martens, Prime minister (1979–1981) ::*
Mark Eyskens, Prime minister (1981) ::*
Wilfried Martens, Prime minister (1981–1992) ::*
Jean-Luc Dehaene, Prime minister (1992–1999) ::*
Guy Verhofstadt, Prime minister (1999–2008)
France •
French Fourth Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Vincent Auriol, President (1947–1954) ::*
René Coty, President (1954–1959) :*
President of the Council of ministers (
complete list) – ::*
René Pleven, Prime minister (1950–1951) ::*
Henri Queuille, Prime minister (1951) ::*
René Pleven, Prime minister (1951–1952) ::*
Edgar Faure, Prime minister (1952) ::*
Antoine Pinay, Prime minister (1952–1953) ::*
René Mayer, Prime minister (1953) ::*
Joseph Laniel, Prime minister (1953–1954) ::*
Pierre Mendès France, Prime minister (1954–1955) ::*
Christian Pineau, Prime minister (1955) ::*
Edgar Faure, Prime minister (1955–1956) ::*
Guy Mollet, Prime minister (1956–1957) ::*
Maurice Bourgès-Maunoury, Prime minister (1957) ::*
Félix Gaillard, Prime minister (1957–1958) ::*
Pierre Pflimlin, Prime minister (1958) ::*
Charles de Gaulle, Prime minister (1958–1959) •
France:
Fifth Republic :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Charles de Gaulle, President (1959–1969) ::*
Alain Poher, Acting President (1969) ::*
Georges Pompidou, President (1969–1974) ::*
Alain Poher, Acting President (1974) ::*
Valéry Giscard d'Estaing, President (1974–1981) ::*
François Mitterrand, President (1981–1995) ::*
Jacques Chirac, President (1995–2007) :*
Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Michel Debré, Prime minister (1959–1962) ::*
Georges Pompidou, Prime minister (1962–1968) ::*
Maurice Couve de Murville, Prime minister (1968–1969) ::*
Jacques Chaban-Delmas, Prime minister (1969–1972) ::*
Pierre Messmer, Prime minister (1972–1974) ::*
Jacques Chirac, Prime minister (1974–1976) ::*
Raymond Barre, Prime minister (1976–1981) ::*
Pierre Mauroy, Prime minister (1981–1984) ::*
Laurent Fabius, Prime minister (1984–1986) ::*
Jacques Chirac, Prime minister (1986–1988) ::*
Michel Rocard, Prime minister (1988–1991) ::*
Édith Cresson, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Pierre Bérégovoy, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Édouard Balladur, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Alain Juppé, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*
Lionel Jospin, Prime minister (1997–2002)
Luxembourg •
Luxembourg :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Charlotte, Grand Duchess (1919–1964) ::*
Jean, Grand Duke (1964–2000) ::*
Henri, Grand Duke (2000–present) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Pierre Dupong, Prime minister (1937–1953) ::*
Joseph Bech, Prime minister (1953–1958) ::*
Pierre Frieden, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
Pierre Werner, Prime minister (1959–1974) ::*
Gaston Thorn, Prime minister (1974–1979) ::*
Pierre Werner, Prime minister (1979–1984) ::*
Jacques Santer, Prime minister (1984–1995) ::*
Jean-Claude Juncker, Prime minister (1995–2013)
Monaco •
Monaco :*
Sovereign Prince (
complete list) – ::*
Rainier III, Prince (1949–2005) :*Minister of State (
complete list) – ::*
Pierre Voizard, Minister of state (1950–1953) ::*
Henry Soum, Minister of state (1953–1959) ::*
Émile Pelletier, Minister of state (1959–1962) ::*
Pierre Blanchy, Acting Minister of state (1962–1963) ::*
Jean Reymond, Minister of state (1963–1966) ::*
Paul Demange, Minister of state (1966–1969) ::*
François-Didier Gregh, Minister of state (1969–1972) ::*
André Saint-Mleux, Minister of state (1972–1981) ::*
Jean Herly, Minister of state (1981–1985) ::*
Jean Ausseil, Minister of state (1985–1991) ::*
Jacques Dupont, Minister of state (1991–1994) ::*
Paul Dijoud, Minister of state (1994–1997) ::*
Michel Lévêque, Minister of state (1997–2000) ::*
Patrick Leclercq, Minister of state (2000–2005)
Netherlands •
Kingdom of the Netherlands :*
Monarchs (
complete list) – ::*
Juliana, Queen (1948–1980) ::*
Beatrix, Queen (1980–2013) :*
Prime ministers of the Netherlands; from 1954, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kingdom of the Netherlands (
complete list) – ::*
Willem Drees, Prime minister (1948–1958) ::*
Louis Beel, Prime minister (1958–1959) ::*
Jan de Quay, Prime minister (1959–1963) ::*
Victor Marijnen, Prime minister (1963–1965) ::*
Jo Cals, Prime minister (1965–1966) ::*
Jelle Zijlstra, Prime minister (1966–1967) ::*
Piet de Jong, Prime minister (1967–1971) ::*
Barend Biesheuvel, Prime minister (1971–1973) ::*
Joop den Uyl, Prime minister (1973–1977) ::*
Dries van Agt, Prime minister (1977–1982) ::*
Ruud Lubbers, Prime minister (1982–1994) ::*
Wim Kok, Prime minister (1994–2002)
Eurasia: Caucasus Armenia •
Armenia :*
Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Levon Ter-Petrosyan, President (1991–1998) ::*
Robert Kocharyan, President (1998–2008) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vazgen Manukyan, Prime minister (1990–1991) ::*
Gagik Harutyunyan, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Khosrov Harutyunyan, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Hrant Bagratyan, Prime minister (1993–1996) ::*
Armen Sargsyan, Prime minister (1996–1997) ::*
Robert Kocharyan, Prime minister (1997–1998) ::*
Armen Darbinyan, Prime minister (1998–1999) ::*
Vazgen Sargsyan, Prime minister (1999) ::*
Aram Sargsyan, Prime minister (1999–2000) ::*
Andranik Margaryan, Prime minister (2000–2007)
Azerbaijan •
Azerbaijan :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Ayaz Mutallibov, President (1991–1992) ::*
Yagub Mammadov, Acting President (1992) ::*
Ayaz Mutallibov, President (1992) ::*
Isa Gambar, Acting President (1992) ::*
Abulfaz Elchibey, President (1992–1993) ::*
Heydar Aliyev, President (1993–2003) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Hasan Hasanov, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Firuz Mustafayev, Acting Prime minister (1992) ::*
Rahim Huseynov, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Ali Masimov, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*
Panah Huseynov, Prime minister (1993) ::*
Surat Huseynov, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Fuad Guliyev, Prime minister (1994–1996) ::*
Artur Rasizade, Prime minister (1996–2003) •
Republic of Artsakh :*Heads of State (
complete list) – ::*
Artur Mkrtchyan, Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992) ::*
Georgi Petrosian, Acting Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1992–1993) ::*, Acting Chairmen of the Supreme Council (1993–1994) ::*
Robert Kocharyan, President (1994–1997) ::*
Leonard Petrosyan, President (1997) ::*
Arkadi Ghukasyan, President (1997–2007) :*Presidents of the National Assembly (
complete list) – ::*
Leonard Petrosyan, President of the National Assembly (1991–1992) ::*
Artur Mkrtchyan, President of the National Assembly (1992) ::*
Georgi Petrosian Acting President of the National Assembly (1992–1993) ::*, President of the National Assembly (1993–1996) ::*
Arthur Tovmasyan, President of the National Assembly (1996–1997) ::*
Oleg Yesayan, President of the National Assembly (1997–2005)
Georgia •
Georgia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Zviad Gamsakhurdia, President (1991–1992) ::*
Eduard Shevardnadze, President (1992–2003) :*Heads of government (
complete list) – ::*
Murman Omanidze, Acting Prime minister (1991) ::*
Besarion Gugushvili, Prime minister (1991–1992) ::*
Tengiz Sigua, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Eduard Shevardnadze, Acting Prime minister (1993) ::*
Otar Patsatsia, Prime minister (1993–1995) ::*
Niko Lekishvili, State minister (1995–1998) ::*
Vazha Lortkipanidze, State minister (1998–2000) ::*
Giorgi Arsenishvili, State minister (2000–2001) •
Abkhazia, has limited recognition:
Georgia claims Abkhazia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Vladislav Ardzinba, President (1994–2005) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Vazha Zarandia, Prime minister (1992–1993) ::*
Sokrat Jinjolia, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Gennadi Gagulia, Prime minister (1995–1997) ::*
Sergei Bagapsh, Prime minister (1997–1999) ::*
Viacheslav Tsugba, Prime minister (1999–2001) •
South Ossetia, has limited recognition:
Georgia claims South Ossetia :*Presidents (
complete list) – ::*
Znaur Gassiev, Head of state (1991–1992) ::*
Torez Kulumbegov, Head of state (1992–1993) ::*
Lyudvig Chibirov, Head of state (1993–2001), President (1996–2001) :*Prime ministers (
complete list) – ::*
Oleg Teziev, Prime minister (1991–1993) ::*
Gerasim Khugayev, Prime minister (1993–1994) ::*
Feliks Zassiev, Prime minister (1994–1995) ::*
Vladislav Gabarayev, Prime minister (1995–1996) ::*
Valeriy Hubulov, Acting Prime minister (1996) ::*
Aleksandr Shavlokhov, Prime minister (1996–1998) ::*
Merab Chigoev, Prime minister (1998–2001) ==Oceania==